i ##Diseases Common to Gymnosperm Trees1.01.0lGYMNOSPERM TREE DISEASE COMPONENT OF THE MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM CREATED BY ROGER WOESTE CXAttdataFirst Year Growth VThis refers to the area between the apex of the twig and the first node on the twig.Second or Third Year Growth NThis refers to the area between the first node and the second or third node. Nondiscreat TNo distint or specific area of infection or complete infestation with disgression.Brownish  Yellowish Purplish Reddish  White Spots  Brown Spots  Yellow Spots  Black Spots Webbing Present DThis refers to thin silken threads left by some species of insects. No Webbing 8If no silken threads are seen around the effected area. Needle Hollow qWhere a pathogen has consumed the tissue between the outer leaf surfaces and left behind the shell of the leaf.Needle Being Mined When a pathogen eats the inner layer of leaf material. May not appear hollow, but definate feeding has occured within the outer leaf layers.Needle Being Mined at Sheath {This refers to the distint entry point of some pathogens. And the consuming of the leaf from the vasicle or the sheath.Holes Visibly Present &You can see holes on the leaf surface. Apex of Leaf Dying Leaf death occuring at the tip where the base of the leaf seems uneffected or less effected. This often leads to a complete death of the leaf. Whole Leaf Dying 8The whole leaf is dead or dying, but still on the tree. Early Dehiscence This refers to the loss of leaves. All trees lose all or some of there leaves naturally due to seasonal change. What you are looking for is when the tree is unusually or prematurly losing leaves. Twig Dead 2Twig or leaves on the twig show no signs of life. Twig Stunted +This refers to reduced growth in the twig. Twig Deformed 8This is refering to abnoramal growth pattern in a twig. Single Gall with Chambers ;A singular gall that has multiple compartments with in it. Multiple Galls `Many galls lumped together with a knotty appearence. The galls are independant of each other. Buds Dying 2Buds are not proper color and have lost function. Buds Being Mined !Buds being eaten from the inside. Ginko biloba Abies Larix Picea Pinus  Pseudotsuga Tsuga  Juniperus Thuja  Metasequoia Taxodium Taxus  Ginko biloba Abies concolor  Larix decidua  Picea abies  Picea glauca Picea orientales  Picea pungens  Pinus mugo  Pinus nigra Pinus resinosa  White Bands 0A linear white area that wraps around the leaf. Yellow Stripes hA yellow stripe that is orientated lengthwise on the leaf that is not a part of the tree's morphology. Pinus strobus Pinus sylvestris $Pseudotsuga menziesii %Tsuga candensis &Juniperus chinensis &Juniperus horizontalis &Juniperus virginiana 'Thuja occidentalis 'Thuja orientalis (Metasequoia glyptostoboides )Taxodium distichum *Taxus cuspidata Beetle ^An insect with a hard exoskeleton that covers and protects the insect and it's papery wings. Winged Insect Any insects with wings.Larvae [A immature stage in some insects life cycle. An example would be catapillers or maggots.+Large Lesions on Trunk +Small Lesions on Branches  Dimpled Galls %Galls with indentations in some form. Spiked Galls FGalls with appendages. Some resemble pineapples, yet smaller in size.,Plant has Bracts :Bracts are leaf-like appendages that are not true leaves., Twig Swelling A swelling within the twig.- Resin seapage 2Amber colored fluid that is produced by the tree.3From Base to Apex +The tree is dying from the ground upwards.3From Apex to Base *The tree is dying from the top downwards.-White Callus Formation 8White crust formation usually formed on resin seapages. Buds Being Eaten +Buds being consumed and parts are missing.Twig Being Eaten CArea of the twig are missing due to the consumption by a pathogen.3Tree Growth Stunted nThe tree is unusually small for it's age or growth has stopped due to a pathogen or enviromental conditions.Grayish  Leaves Formed Into Tube 1 1 to 10 cm 1 11 to 20 cm 1> 21 cm /Orangish /Brownish /Grayish 2 Witch's Broom ?A mass of twigs at the end of a branch that resembles a broom.2Branch Stunted 1Branches underdeveloped and appear to be stubby.Holes in Outer Bark gSome pathogens bore into the tree in order to get at the part of the tree that the pathogen requires.Inner Bark has Uniform Tunnels rThis can only be seen by the removal of bark. Some pathogens carve intricate patterns into the precabmium layer.Holes Form a Linear Pattern FHoles usually high up in the tree used for food forage by some birds.Multiple Medium Sized Holes :Holes used as nesting sites for several species of birds.Singular Large Hole 7Large holes are usually found at the base of the tree. Resin Seapage 2Amber colored viscous fluid produced by the tree. Black Masses 6Black areas on the bark that may be fluid or powdery.4Leaf Death is Polar tLeaf death is restricted to a paticular part of the tree. Either the base or apex or a paticular side of the tree.4Leaf Death is Nondiscret \Leaf death doesn't occur in a specific region of the tree, yet the whole tree is effected.Beetle SAn insect that has a hard exoskeleton that protects it and it's paper thin wings.Larvae 9An immature insect stage such as catapillers or maggots. Winged Insect >Any insect that has appendages used for flight such as moths."Leasions at the Base of Tree -Large diseased area at the base of the tree." Bark Damage 'Bark may be eaten or partially removed."Branches Missing Large branches are missing."Irregular Elongated Lesions $Long disease areas that are exposed.2 Orange Masses lOrange globose masses some having several long pedulant appendages. Can reach tennis ball size or larger. White Masses aCallus formations on the bark formed by some pathogens. Usually forms on top of resin seapages.Non-winged Insect An insect that lacks wings.Twig has White Spots 1Twig has area of white hat may be calus or waxy.! Cones Spotted 7The cone has circular areas of non-simular coloration.5 Cones Stunted #Cones are unusually underdeveloped.5Cones Irregular 9Cones are misshappen or unusually curved in some manner.Blackish Clear Sticky Spots /Greenish /Pinkish Twig is Blackened HTwig has areas of black which may be pitch masses(resinous) or powdery.Twigs Being Bored aWhere a pathogen has eaten the central area of the twig and left the outer regions of the twig. Leaves Bent Downwards gThis refers to when the leaf is not orientated as it should be normally. This is also called flaging.Non-winged Insect ,A wingless insect such as mites or weevils.2White Silken Masses gWhitish tan silken pathes found on the bark of large to smaller branches is what you are looking for.Whitish Sections of Leaf Missing DAreas of the leaf have been eaten and visible sections are missing.Twig Has Small Cankers 3Small necrotic bumps apparent on the twig surface.Sawdust Present Around Holes WThis refers to wood particles that have been removed by the pathogen and are visible.2Bark Being Eaten >Sections of bark being consumed down to the precambian layer.Webbed Mass of Leaf Fragments 6A nest-like dwelling composed of dead leaf fragments. Twig Swelling dThis refers to the unusual thicking of the twig that can occur sometimes the twig becomes bulbous.2Branch Flagging This refers to non-normal orientation of the branch to larger branches. Usually the branch is dying and hanging towards the ground.White Spittle Masses 9White foamy masses that are around the base of the leaf.J CXMenudataGymnosperm Diseases Injury to LeavesDThis is refering to the photosynthetic vegetative area of the tree. Injury to TwigsEThis section is refering to the outermost and youngest woody growth. , !Injury to Trunk or Large BranchesHThis section is refering to the larger structural branches of the tree.2+-Entire Tree Dying."Leaves Being EatenExamine the leaves carefully to evaluate whether or not the missing portions of the effected area has been consumed. Irregular edges and knaw marks are a good indication. zLeaves DiscoloredOIt is best to mark all the colors that apply to the discoloration of the leaf.yOpLeaves SpottediSpotting refers to specific areas of infection by a pathogen whereas only a certain area is discolored.q  Leaves Hollow or Being Mined/This refers to the inner portions of the leaf. Leaves Unusually StripedSome Gymnosperm species have striping that occurs normally on the leaves be sure when looking at a sample that you determine that the striping does not normally occur and there is damage.12 Galls PresentoAn outgrowth on a plant that is caused by a pathogen. The outgrowths usually are somewhat spherical in form.DE Family/GenerawIf you are not sure of the tree family or genus refer to the MUDES Gymnosperm identification portion of the database.Genera/SpeciesaIf you are not sure of the genera or the species refer to the Gymnosperm Tree portion of MUDES. $%&'()* Buds Damaged.Buds occur at nodes and at the tips of twigs.L Gingoales Pinaceae !Twig Dying or StuntedBLook for large areas of leaf death or deformation of twig growth. Mltu{~ Cupressaceae"#$%Insects PresentkSome insects are mobile look for clues of insect presence such as sawdust, knaw marks, or waste products.?A@k Taxaceae& Ginko'Growth Year EffectedzLook along the twig and count the number of internodes from the apex of the twig to determine the growth year effected. Abies( Larix) Picea*+,- Pinus./034Woody Galls Present?A woody outgrowth that disrupt the normal tree growth or form./1 Pitch MassesePitch masses refers to the loss of fluid from the tree a sort of tree bleeding of vital substances.^j_Bark Being TunneledThis can be best viewed from area of removed bark. But removing the bark will just futher damage the tree so it's best to look for other signs in some cases.YZ|Large Holes in Bark[\]Injury to Cones>This refers to the female reproductive structure of conifers.!5Insects Presentbcdw Leaves DyingLeaves naturally die, some gymnosperms lose leaves annually and most keep leaves for several growing seasons before they die.vPCones Discolored7Look for areas of discoloration on the cone structure.mPhysical DamageOThis is refering to human or animal damage where visible section are damaged.efgh Pseudotsuga5 Tsuga6 Juniperus789 Thuja:; Metasequoia< Taxodium= Taxus>Lesions5A local well defined disease area usually elongated.BC Plant PresentSome parisitic plants exist and can do considerable damage to trees. When looking for this make sure you know the leaf forms of the host as not to confuse the host from the parasite.GFCankersESunken in lesion in the cortical tissue of a plant's stems or roots.KH Tree Dying34 Gall ColorMark all the colors that apply.sTrUV Gall Size'Mark the size or sizes that best apply.QRSBranch DeformedWXix}.Form of DiebackIJN.Leaves Presenta`Cones DisformedSome cones are irregular due to enviromental factors check multiple cones to establish the norm and look closely for indications of the presence of a pathogen.no:Feild and Lab Guide to Plant Path. Blanchard,Tatter. 1981.Sulfer dioxide poisiningπ^ SunscorchπdTaxus mealybugπSTemperature damageπ Tip mothsπ Tussock mothπ,White pine aphidπ8White pine tube mothπWhite pine weevilπ] Wooly adelgidπYellow headed spruce sawflyπ:Zimmerman pine mothi CXItemrec52861)63166478D68?347016/88 &10071301>29150'38-4636603118170703286 7417292230B547988+4830131095 76687 12719410020114524090196.6273153112114151#62"258163 2270967432@848048754876150$22%40*8681134,9680!5678(5683A46E48778724873-4152:468107225024311222068210276102496832998116172146240904614574138269425914788114=4224104C74;47822226413857149691-3<88 2164269425270282defaultdefault CXDatablock P0@@<  ` Z@@@0\AA0]H X 49Td@Y&@0  @<"@  P!  90YX  H0 @ Bo   P@0$p@@XRH@!@AXo@ @<@@< 0@$H@ J@<@ h0` `\0EC P" @@ P @*`B>@@ A,@C<``@h d0! 9 @  0(@@ H 9