q /|DGymnosperm Trees3.13.0GYMNOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM Created by Dr. Roger D Meicenheimer, Roger Woeste, and Elizabeth J Hooven, 1997 DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. LAST UPGRADE DEC 2004.q CXAttdata Evergreen ]Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Determine how many years leaves are retained on the twigs. A tree is evergreen if it retains leaves for at least two years, that is there are still leaves associated with the nodes of two year old twigs.Leaf Persistance_evergreen.jpg; Deciduous dIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Determine how many years leaves are retained on the twigs. A tree is deciduous if it only retains leaves for one year, that is there are leaf scars but no leaves associated with the nodes of two year old twigs.Leaf Persistance_deciduous.jpg;Sessile on a Peg 0Leaf lacks a petiole (more or less round structure at the base of the leaf lamina that connects with the stem in the node region) and is borne on a semi-woody peg that extends away from the twig surface. Pegs do not abscise with leaves and remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision.Petiolate on a Peg 7Leaf has a distinct petiole (more or less round structure at the base of the leaf lamina that connects with the stem in the node region) and is borne on a semi-woody peg that extends away from the twig surface. Pegs do not abscise with leaves and remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision. Petiolate Having a distinct more or less round structure at the base of the leaf lamina that connects the lamina with the stem in the node region.$2 Leaves per Fascicle Two leaves are borne within a cluster (fascicle) surrounded by either papery or woody scales. The fascicle is a determinant axillary bud subtended by a scale leaf.Leaf Arrangement_twoleaves.jpg;$3 Leaves per Fascicle Three leaves are borne within a cluster (fascicle) surrounded by either papery or woody scales. The fascicle is a determinant axillary bud subtended by a scale leaf.$5 Leaves per Fascicle Five leaves are borne within a cluster (fascicle) surrounded by either papery or woody scales. The fascicle is a determinant axillary bud subtended by a scale leaf. Leaf Arrangement_fiveleaves.jpg;$On Indeterminate Short Shoot Multiple leaves (> 5) are borne on an indeterminant short axillary stems on elongated twigs. Each short shoot is subtended by a leaf or leaf scar on the main twig.Leaf Arrangement_shoots.jpg;< 1 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width).&Leaf Characteristics_length-less1.jpg; 1.1 - 3.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width).(Leaf Characteristics_length-1.1-3.5.jpg; 3.6 - 6.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width).(Leaf Characteristics_length-3.6-6.5.jpg;> 6.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width).+Leaf Characteristics_length-greater6.5.jpg;< = 2 mm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length).%Leaf Characteristics_width-less2.jpg;> 2 mm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length).%Leaf Characteristics_width-more2.jpg; Elliptical When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Elliptical leaf scars have unequal diameters in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions giving them an elliptical shape.Leaf Scar_elliptical.jpg;0Orangish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Flower Color_orangish.jpg;0Blackish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Bud Scale Color_Blackish.jpg; Ginkoaceae Pinaceae  Cupressaceae Bluish "Berry" Like &The female cone scales are fused together to form a solid spherical structure often confused with a "berry". The outer surface of the cone is covered with a waxy deposit which gives the structure a bluish coloration. The wax can be rubbed off to reveal the underlying green color of the cone.Seed Morphology_blue.jpg;I Spherical ]You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side. Spherical cones have more or less equal diameters in all dimensions.Cone Characteristics_shape.jpg;I Egg Shaped You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side. Egg shaped cones have have a broader basal diameter which tapers to a narrower apical diameter to give them an overall tapered oval shape resembling an egg.Cone Characteristics_shape.jpg;I Cylindrical You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side. Cylindrical cones are much longer than they are wide. Sides of the cone are more or less parallel with one another.Cone Characteristics_shape.jpg;Stiff Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Stiff leaves are rigid and do not easily bend when brushed against with your hand.Flexible Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Flexible leaves can be bent almost in half before they break.Brittle Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Brittle leaves snap or break almost immediately when they are bent.Soft Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Soft leaves are very pliable, offering little or no resistance when brushed against with your hand. Not threatening to the touch. DecurrentHaving an extension of tissue occurring down the stem below the point of insertion of the leaf (node region of stem) that forms a wing or ridge of tissue.Bluish mLeaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration. Leaf Color_bluish.jpg; Yellowish Leaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration. Yellowish leaves are usually visible in the fall on some deciduous species. Be sure that this coloration is characteristic of the tree rather than a disease symptom.Leaf Color_yellowish.jpg;Two white lines on underside Two prominent white lines that run longitudinally along the leaf are stomata that are linearly arranged. Use a handlens to facilitate observation of these lines.Leaf Color_twowhite.jpg;Numerous white lines More than two prominent white lines that run longitudinally along the leaf are stomata that are linearly arranged. Use a handlens to facilitate observation of these lines.Leaf Color_lotswhite.jpg;+Glaucous Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.Twisted >Having leaves with a distinct twist along their vertical axes.0Greenish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Bud Scale Color_Greenish.jpg;< = 2 mm Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.Twig Width.jpg;2 - 5 mm Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.Twig Width.jpg;>5 mm Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.Twig Width.jpg;$Whorled More than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed.Leaf Arrangement_whor.jpg;&Broad Fan Shaped ZHaving a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaf with the broadest part of lamina at apex. WhorledMore than two leaf scars are found at each node region of the twig. Scars are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of scars associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed.#Leaf Scar Arrangement_whorled2.jpg; Peg-like projections Leaves were borne on a semi-woody peg that extends away from the twig surface. Pegs do not abscise with leaves and remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision.Leaf Scar_peg.jpg; Slightly raised cushion Leaves were borne on the apical end of a raised cushion that extends slightly away on the apical side of the twig surface and is decurrent on the basal side. These raised cushions remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision.Leaf Scar_cushion.jpg;5Vertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in elongated vertical strips of various widths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks.&Trunk Bark Texture_verticalstrips.jpg;H Pyramidial ;Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of the tree is much wider than the apex like the Aztec and Egyptian Pyramids.Tree Shape_pyramidal.jpg;5Rough _Trunk bark has relatively rough texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks.Trunk Bark Texture_Rough.jpg;HConical Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. Tree is cone-shaped with the base of the crown distinctly wider than the apex. There is not as great a difference between the base and apex in conical as compared to pyramidal shaped trees.Tree Shape_conical.jpg;HShrub `Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. Tree Shape_shrub.jpg;H Spreading vTree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The tree diverges outward in a horizontal direction with the branches grow more or less straight out in the horizontal plane in spreading trees.&Acicular Having a long and very narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. Needle-like.Flattened in Cross Section EHaving a leaf that is more or less flattened in the transverse plane.Taxaceae Picea Pinus  Juniperus Thuja  Pseudotsuga Abies Larix Tsuga Quadrangular in Cross Section 5Having a leaf that is square in the transverse plane.< 2.0 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg;2.1 cm - 5.0 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg;5.1 cm - 7.0 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg;> 7.1 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg; < 2.0 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg; 2.1 cm - 5.0 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg; 5.1 cm - 7.0 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg; > 7.1 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg;BrownishLeaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration. Brownish leaves are usually visible in the fall on some deciduous species. Be sure that this coloration is characteristic of the tree rather than a disease symptom.Taxodium,GreenishpThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Bud Scale Color_Greenish.jpg;OrangishYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones.Ovuilferous Scale Color.jpg;Ginkgo MetasequoiaTaxusBluishYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones.Ovuilferous Scale Color.jpg;Orange Fleshy Seed CoatLarge (ca 2.5 cm diameter) seeds are completely enclosed in an orange fleshy seed coat at maturity. Initially this structure is green. At maturity the seed coat emits a foul odor similar to rancid butter (butyric acid).Seed Morphology_orange.jpg; Wing like extension of seed coat{Seed coat has flat papery wing like extensions. Seed may be located in the center or toward one end of the wing structure.Seed Morphology_wing.jpg; Cryptomeria$ Alternate  rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another.Leaf Arrangement_Alt.jpg;$ Opposite  eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig.Leaf Arrangement_Opp.jpg;&Subulate SHaving short, narrow, flat, stiff, awl-shaped leaves that taper to a sharp point. &Scale pHaving small inconspicuous leaves that are typically appressed tightly to the stem and have overlapping margins.&Linear Having a long and narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than four times longer than broad. Can be flat, triangular, or square in transverse plane.( Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.Leaf Apex_acuminate.jpg;(Acute uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.Leaf Apex_acute.jpg;(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc.Leaf Apex_rounded.jpg;( Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex.Leaf Apex_emarginate.jpg;*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions.Entire Leaf Margin.jpg;* Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate).Serrulate Leaf Margin.jpg;+ Glandular If there are glands on the leaf lamina, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. Alternate vThere is only one leaf scar at each node. Scars at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another.Leaf Scar_alternate.jpg; Opposite Two leaf scars are found directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of scars associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. "Oppositly Arranged Leaf Scars.jpg; Small and inconspicuous When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Small and inconspicuous scars are leaf scars that you need a hand lens to see clearly.Leaf Scar_small.jpg; Readily Visible When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Readily visible leaf scars can be seen easily with the unaided eye.Leaf Scar_visible.jpg; Circular &When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Circular leaf scars have more or less the same diameter in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions giving them a circular shape.Leaf Scar_circular.jpg;,Brownish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Bud Scale Color_Brownish.jpg;,Reddish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Bud Scale Color_Reddish.jpg;,Grayish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Bud Scale Color_Grayish.jpg;,Blackish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Bud Scale Color_Blackish.jpg;, Yellowish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Bud Scale Color_Yellowish.jpg; Smooth QTwig has smooth texture that is only interupted by lenticels, leaf and bud scars.Twig Texture_smooth.jpg; Rough Twig has rough texture that reflects the uneven development of the outer bark. Leaf and bud scars at node regions typically have a smoother texture than that of internode regions of the twig.Twig Texture_rough.jpg;0Brownish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Bud Scale Color_Brownish.jpg;0Reddish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Bud Scale Color_Reddish.jpg;0 Yellowish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Bud Scale Color_Yellowish.jpg;0Grayish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Bud Scale Color_Grayish.jpg;5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks.Trunk Bark Texture_Smooth.jpg;5Ridges and Furrows Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks.Trunk Bark Texture_ridges.jpg;5Plate like scales Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks.)Trunk Bark Texture_Plate Like Scales.jpg;7Rounded Ridges VOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened..round ridges.jpg;7 Scaly Ridges ]Outer-most part of the ridges are more or less flat and textured with small scale-like units.Scaly Ridges.jpg;7Irregular Ridge Pattern DNo regular pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges.Irregular Ridge.jpg;7Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. Rectangular ridges.jpg;6Thin (< 0.6 cm) Measure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Thin bark usually has a smooth, strip, or plate-like texture. GTHLP17.jpg;6!Average Thickness (0.6 to 2.5 cm) Measure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Average thickness bark usually has a plate-like or ridge/furrow texture. GTHLP17.jpg;6Very Thick (> 2.5 cm) yMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Very Thick bark usually has a ridge/furrow texture. GTHLP17.jpg;8Very thin (< 3 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension.Very thin.jpg;8Broad (> 25 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. Broad.jpg;8Narrow (3 - 25 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. Narrow.jpg;3Brownish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Brown.jpg;3Grayish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Grey.jpg;3Whitish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_White.jpg;3 Yellowish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Yellow.jpg;3Orangish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Orange.jpg;3Reddish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Red.jpg;3Blackish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Black.jpg;3Tannish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Tan.jpg;4Whitish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_White.jpg;4 Yellowish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Yellow.jpg;4Orangish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Orange.jpg;4Reddish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Red.jpg;4Tannish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Tan.jpg;4Brownish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Brown.jpg;4Grayish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Grey.jpg;4Blackish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Outer Bark Color_Black.jpg;HBroad Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The tree is distinctly wider than it is tall in broad shaped tree. Make sure that the entire crown is alive, since some diseases kill branches from the apex toward the base.Tree Shape_broad.jpg;HRounded Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The overall outline or perimeter of the tree is well curved or rounded. The rounded shaped crown arises from the recurved more or less pendulous orientation of the branch system in the crown.Brownish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones.Ovuilferous Scale Color.jpg;Reddish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones.Ovuilferous Scale Color.jpg; Yellowish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones.Ovuilferous Scale Color.jpg;Tannish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones.Ovuilferous Scale Color.jpg;JThin Ovuliferous Scale You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. Thin scales are pliable with a transverse thickness more or less equal to that of a sheet of paper or thin cardboard. When a scale is wiggled with your finger its shape is easily distorted.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;JThick Ovuliferous Scale wYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. Thick scales are rigid to the point that the entire scale is immobile or moves as one unit when the scale is wiggled with your finger.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;J"Distinct Keel on Ovuliferous Scale You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. A distinct keel refers to a thickened ridge that runs along the central midrib of each scale giving the scale the shape of a sailboat keel when the apex of the scale is viewed from the side toward its point of attachment with the stem axis of the cone.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;J$Prickle at Apex of Ovuliferous Scale 2You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. A prickle is a more or less sharp pointed projection located at the apex (part farthest away from the point of attachment of the scale to the cone stem axis) of each ovuliferous scale. These are best detected by gently pressing your finger to the apical end of an ovuliferous scale or using a handlens for visualization.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;J%Ovuliferous Scales Are Fused Together @You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. In some taxa the individual ovuliferous scales are fused together to give the overall cone a solid construction. Be sure that you are looking at mature cones, since the ovuliferous scales of immature cones are typically very tightly compacted against one another but not fused with one another. Dissection of the cone may be helpful.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;Scarlet fleshy aril around seed Black seed (0.8 cm diameter) is enclosed in a scarlet fleshy aril that extents three fourths of the length of the seed. Initially the seed and aril are green. At maturity the fleshy aril is very sweet and edible. NOTE: The black seed SHOULD NOT be eaten!Seed Morphology_scarlet.jpg;K0Ovuliferous Bract Shorter than Ovuliferous Scale tYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. The longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous scale extends past the longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous bract.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;K/Ovuliferous Bract Longer than Ovuliferous Scale tYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. The longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous bract extends past the longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous scale.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;K1Ovuliferous Bract is Fused with Ovuliferous Scale }You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. In some taxa the ovuliferous bract is longitudinall fused with the ovuliferous scale to form a composite structure.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;K"Apex of Ovuliferous Bract is Lobed You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. In some taxa the apical end (part farthest removed from cone stem axis) of the ovuliferous bract is distinctly lobed (subdivided into smaller units).Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;L CXMenudataGymnosperm TreesDGYMNOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM CREATED BY DR. ROGER D. MEICENHEIMER, ROGER WOESTE, AND ELIZABETH J. HOOVEN, 1997 DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. CLICKABLE MENU CREATED BY KEVIN GOWSELL LAST UPGRADE DEC 2009. Gymno_main.jpg; !9HsLEAF PHYSICAL PROPERTIESdDetermine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves.$Leaf Characteristics_properties.jpg;s LEAF LENGTHThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). Leaf Characteristics_length.jpg; s LEAF WIDTHThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length).Leaf Characteristics_width.jpg; s LEAF COLOR Leaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration. Prominent white lines that run longitudinally along the leaf are stomata that are linearly arranged. Use a handlens to facilitate observation of these lines.Leaf Characteristics_color.jpg;J !s TWIG WIDTHIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.Twig Width.jpg;'()sFAMILIESIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!8sGENERAIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store! >TN;?O9:=KP<@s9FEMALE CONE WIDTH You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg;BCDEs9FEMALE CONE LENGTHTYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Cone Characteristics_length.jpg;FGHIsLEAF PERSISTENCEIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Determine how many years leaves are retained on the twigs.%Leaf Characteristics_persistance.jpg;s TWIG BARK TEXTUREThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig texture characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the twig between your fingers to determine the texture. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lensTwig Texture_main.jpg; !s LEAF SCAR ARRANGEMENTWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Leaf scar arrangement pertains to the number of scars at each node region of the twig and how these scars are oriented relative to one another. Examine the leaf scars at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest.Leaf Scar Arrangement_both.jpg;,s LEAF SCAR SHAPEWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees.Leaf Scar Shape.jpg;-.s9OVULIFEROUS SCALE COLORYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones.Ovuliferous Scale Color.jpg;dMefcQsSEED MORPHOLOGYSeed Morphology main.jpg;RlSsssss LEAF BASELeaf Characteristics_base.jpg;s LEAF GEOMETRY#A7ssssssssssLEAF CHARACTERISTICSLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen.Leaf Characteristics_Main.jpg; $(*&+sTWIG CHARACTERISTICSIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth.Twig Characteristics_three.jpg;, 0sTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS%Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process..$Trunk Bark Characteristics_main.jpg;578346sssLEAF ARRANGEMENTqLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Some species also bear leaves on short determinant or indeterminant axillary stems subtented by leaves or leaf scars. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest.%Leaf Characteristics_arrangement.jpg;*ss LEAF SHAPE0Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade in the longitudinal and transverse planes. Pay particular attention to the basal portion of the leaf where petioles may be found and to the node region of the stem where ridges or pegs may be found in association with the area of leaf insertion.Leaf Characteristics_shape.jpg;+6ss LEAF APEX&The apex is the tip of the leaf blade.Leaf Characteristics_apex.jpg;ss LEAF MARGINThe margin is the side of the leaf lamina. This can be assesed by looking at the edge with a hand lens or by carefully running your finger along the edge of the leaf. Leaf Characteristics_margin.jpg;s LEAF SURFACE Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.Leaf Surface.jpg;"s BUD SCALE COLORpThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Bud Scale Color_gymno.jpg;Lssss TWIG BARK COLORMThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.Twig Bark Color_con.jpg;%&&$'sss!OUTER BARK COLOR Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Gymno_Outerbark color main.jpg;KNMLQIJOs!INNER BARK COLORnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. Gymno_Outerbark color main2.jpg;RUTSWXYZs!TRUNK BARK TEXTURE Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.Trunk Bark Texture.jpg;426/5s!TRUNK BARK THICKNESSDMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark.Trunk Bark Thickness.jpg;BCDs!RIDGE/PLATE CHARACTERISTICSTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges.,Trunk Bark Characteristics_ridge&plates.jpg;78:@s!FURROW CHARACTERISTICSTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension.Trunk Bark Furrows.jpg;FHGsCONE CHARACTERISTICS,Some gymnosperms have a reproductive cycle that can take up to three years for completion. In these species, you may observe three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. These cone characteristics pertain to two year old cones.Cone Characteristics_main.jpg;I JKsssssssssssssss TREE SHAPETree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning.4135abs9FEMALE CONE SHAPEYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones. Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side.Cone Characteristics_shape.jpg;s9OVULIFEROUS SCALE MORPHOLOGYFemale cones consist of a collection of ovuliferous scales (bearing ovules from which seeds form) that are subtended by ovuliferous bracts at node regions of a central axis (the peduncle). The internodes are very reduced giving the collection of scales an overall compact cone structure. You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;ghijks9OVULIFEROUS BRACT MORPHOLOGY*Female cones consist of a collection of ovuliferous scales (bearing ovules from which seeds form) that are subtended by ovuliferous bracts at node regions of a central axis (the peduncle). The internodes are very reduced giving the collection of scales an overall compact cone structure. You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology.Cone Characteristics_scale.jpg;mnop,Manual of Cultivated Conifers. Krussman, G.9Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Micheal A. Dirr, 1990.9Trees of Northern U.S. and Canada. John L. Farrar, 1995.;Textbook of Dendrology. Harlow, Harrar, Hardin, White,1991.