q /|DGymnosperm Trees3.13.0GYMNOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM Created by Dr. Roger D Meicenheimer, Roger Woeste, and Elizabeth J Hooven, 1997 DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. LAST UPGRADE DEC 2004.q CXAttdata Evergreen ]Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Determine how many years leaves are retained on the twigs. A tree is evergreen if it retains leaves for at least two years, that is there are still leaves associated with the nodes of two year old twigs. GTHLP2.jpg Deciduous dIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Determine how many years leaves are retained on the twigs. A tree is deciduous if it only retains leaves for one year, that is there are leaf scars but no leaves associated with the nodes of two year old twigs. GTHLP2.jpg&Sessile on a Peg 0Leaf lacks a petiole (more or less round structure at the base of the leaf lamina that connects with the stem in the node region) and is borne on a semi-woody peg that extends away from the twig surface. Pegs do not abscise with leaves and remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision. GTHLP5.jpg&Petiolate on a Peg 7Leaf has a distinct petiole (more or less round structure at the base of the leaf lamina that connects with the stem in the node region) and is borne on a semi-woody peg that extends away from the twig surface. Pegs do not abscise with leaves and remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision. GTHLP5.jpg& Petiolate Having a distinct more or less round structure at the base of the leaf lamina that connects the lamina with the stem in the node region. GTHLP5.jpg$2 Leaves per Fascicle Two leaves are borne within a cluster (fascicle) surrounded by either papery or woody scales. The fascicle is a determinant axillary bud subtended by a scale leaf. GTHLP3.jpg$3 Leaves per Fascicle Three leaves are borne within a cluster (fascicle) surrounded by either papery or woody scales. The fascicle is a determinant axillary bud subtended by a scale leaf. GTHLP3.jpg$5 Leaves per Fascicle Five leaves are borne within a cluster (fascicle) surrounded by either papery or woody scales. The fascicle is a determinant axillary bud subtended by a scale leaf. GTHLP3.jpg$On Indeterminate Short Shoot Multiple leaves (> 5) are borne on an indeterminant short axillary stems on elongated twigs. Each short shoot is subtended by a leaf or leaf scar on the main twig. GTHLP3.jpg< 1 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). GTHLP9.jpg 1.1 - 3.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). GTHLP9.jpg 3.6 - 6.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). GTHLP9.jpg> 6.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). GTHLP9.jpg< = 2 mm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). GTHLP9.jpg> 2 mm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). GTHLP9.jpg  Elliptical When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Elliptical leaf scars have unequal diameters in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions giving them an elliptical shape.0Orangish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.0Blackish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Ginkoaceae Pinaceae  Cupressaceae Bluish "Berry" Like &The female cone scales are fused together to form a solid spherical structure often confused with a "berry". The outer surface of the cone is covered with a waxy deposit which gives the structure a bluish coloration. The wax can be rubbed off to reveal the underlying green color of the cone. Gthlp32.jpgI Spherical ]You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side. Spherical cones have more or less equal diameters in all dimensions. GTHLP22.jpgI Egg Shaped You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side. Egg shaped cones have have a broader basal diameter which tapers to a narrower apical diameter to give them an overall tapered oval shape resembling an egg. GTHLP22.jpgI Cylindrical You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side. Cylindrical cones are much longer than they are wide. Sides of the cone are more or less parallel with one another. GTHLP22.jpgStiff Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Stiff leaves are rigid and do not easily bend when brushed against with your hand. GTHLP2.jpg Flexible Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Flexible leaves can be bent almost in half before they break. GTHLP2.jpg Brittle Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Brittle leaves snap or break almost immediately when they are bent. GTHLP2.jpgSoft Determine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. Soft leaves are very pliable, offering little or no resistance when brushed against with your hand. Not threatening to the touch. GTHLP2.jpg& DecurrentHaving an extension of tissue occurring down the stem below the point of insertion of the leaf (node region of stem) that forms a wing or ridge of tissue.Bluish mLeaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration.  Yellowish Leaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration. Yellowish leaves are usually visible in the fall on some deciduous species. Be sure that this coloration is characteristic of the tree rather than a disease symptom.Two white lines on underside Two prominent white lines that run longitudinally along the leaf are stomata that are linearly arranged. Use a handlens to facilitate observation of these lines.Numerous white lines More than two prominent white lines that run longitudinally along the leaf are stomata that are linearly arranged. Use a handlens to facilitate observation of these lines.+Glaucous Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.& Twisted >Having leaves with a distinct twist along their vertical axes. GTHLP2.jpg-Glaucous Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the stem an overall whitish coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the darker stem tissue that lies beneath.- Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.0Greenish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.< 2 mm Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.2 - 5 mm Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.>5 mm Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.$Whorled More than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. GTHLP3.jpg&Broad Fan Shaped ZHaving a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaf with the broadest part of lamina at apex. GTHLP5.jpg WhorledMore than two leaf scars are found at each node region of the twig. Scars are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of scars associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. Peg-like projections Leaves were borne on a semi-woody peg that extends away from the twig surface. Pegs do not abscise with leaves and remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision. Slightly raised cushion Leaves were borne on the apical end of a raised cushion that extends slightly away on the apical side of the twig surface and is decurrent on the basal side. These raised cushions remain visible on the twig for many years after leaf abscision.5Vertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in elongated vertical strips of various widths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. GTHLP16.jpg-Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.H Pyramidial ;Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of the tree is much wider than the apex like the Aztec and Egyptian Pyramids.5Rough _Trunk bark has relatively rough texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. GTHLP16.jpgHConical Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. Tree is cone-shaped with the base of the crown distinctly wider than the apex. There is not as great a difference between the base and apex in conical as compared to pyramidal shaped trees.HShrub `Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. H Spreading vTree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The tree diverges outward in a horizontal direction with the branches grow more or less straight out in the horizontal plane in spreading trees.&Acicular Having a long and very narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. Needle-like. GTHLP5.jpg& Flattened in Cross Section EHaving a leaf that is more or less flattened in the transverse plane. GTHLP5.jpgTaxaceae Picea Pinus  Juniperus Thuja  Pseudotsuga Abies Larix Tsuga &" Quadrangular in Cross Section 5Having a leaf that is square in the transverse plane.< 2.0 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Gthlp30.jpg2.1 cm - 5.0 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Gthlp30.jpg5.1 cm - 7.0 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Gthlp30.jpg> 7.1 cm You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Gthlp30.jpg < 2.0 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Gthlp30.jpg 2.1 cm - 5.0 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Gthlp30.jpg 5.1 cm - 7.0 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Gthlp30.jpg > 7.1 cm TYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Gthlp30.jpgBrownishLeaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration. Brownish leaves are usually visible in the fall on some deciduous species. Be sure that this coloration is characteristic of the tree rather than a disease symptom.Taxodium,GreenishpThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.OrangishYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones. Gthlp31.jpgGinkgo MetasequoiaTaxusBluishYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones. Gthlp31.jpgOrange Fleshy Seed CoatLarge (ca 2.5 cm diameter) seeds are completely enclosed in an orange fleshy seed coat at maturity. Initially this structure is green. At maturity the seed coat emits a foul odor similar to rancid butter (butyric acid). Gthlp32.jpg Wing like extension of seed coat{Seed coat has flat papery wing like extensions. Seed may be located in the center or toward one end of the wing structure. Gthlp32.jpg Cryptomeria$ Alternate  rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. GTHLP3.jpg$ Opposite  eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. GTHLP3.jpg&Subulate SHaving short, narrow, flat, stiff, awl-shaped leaves that taper to a sharp point. GTHLP5.jpg&Scale pHaving small inconspicuous leaves that are typically appressed tightly to the stem and have overlapping margins. GTHLP5.jpg&Linear Having a long and narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than four times longer than broad. Can be flat, triangular, or square in transverse plane. GTHLP5.jpg( Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. GTHLP6.jpg(Acute uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. GTHLP6.jpg(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. GTHLP6.jpg( Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex. GTHLP6.jpg*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. GTHLP7.jpg* Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). GTHLP7.jpg+Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.+ Glandular If there are glands on the leaf lamina, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. Alternate vThere is only one leaf scar at each node. Scars at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. Opposite Two leaf scars are found directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of scars associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another.  Small and inconspicuous When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Small and inconspicuous scars are leaf scars that you need a hand lens to see clearly. Readily Visible When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Readily visible leaf scars can be seen easily with the unaided eye. Circular &When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Circular leaf scars have more or less the same diameter in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions giving them a circular shape.,Brownish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.,Reddish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.,Grayish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.,Blackish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig., Yellowish pThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. Smooth QTwig has smooth texture that is only interupted by lenticels, leaf and bud scars. Rough Twig has rough texture that reflects the uneven development of the outer bark. Leaf and bud scars at node regions typically have a smoother texture than that of internode regions of the twig.0Brownish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.0Reddish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.0 Yellowish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.0Grayish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees.5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. GTHLP16.jpg5Ridges and Furrows Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. GTHLP16.jpg5Plate like scales Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. GTHLP16.jpg7Rounded Ridges VOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened.. GTHLP18.jpg7 Scaly Ridges ]Outer-most part of the ridges are more or less flat and textured with small scale-like units. GTHLP18.jpg7Irregular Ridge Pattern DNo regular pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. GTHLP18.jpg7Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. GTHLP18.jpg6Thin (< 0.6 cm) Measure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Thin bark usually has a smooth, strip, or plate-like texture. GTHLP17.jpg6!Average Thickness (0.6 to 2.5 cm) Measure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Average thickness bark usually has a plate-like or ridge/furrow texture. GTHLP17.jpg6Very Thick (> 2.5 cm) yMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Very Thick bark usually has a ridge/furrow texture. GTHLP17.jpg8Very thin (< 3 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. GTHLP19.jpg8Broad (> 25 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. GTHLP19.jpg8Narrow (3 - 25 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. GTHLP19.jpg3Brownish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.3Grayish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.3Whitish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.3 Yellowish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.3Orangish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.3Reddish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.3Blackish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.3Tannish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4Whitish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4 Yellowish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4Orangish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4Reddish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4Tannish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4Brownish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4Grayish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.4Blackish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.HBroad Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The tree is distinctly wider than it is tall in broad shaped tree. Make sure that the entire crown is alive, since some diseases kill branches from the apex toward the base.HRounded Tree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The overall outline or perimeter of the tree is well curved or rounded. The rounded shaped crown arises from the recurved more or less pendulous orientation of the branch system in the crown.Brownish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones. Gthlp31.jpgReddish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones. Gthlp31.jpg Yellowish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones. Gthlp31.jpgTannish You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones. Gthlp31.jpgJThin Ovuliferous Scale You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. Thin scales are pliable with a transverse thickness more or less equal to that of a sheet of paper or thin cardboard. When a scale is wiggled with your finger its shape is easily distorted. GTHLP23.jpgJThick Ovuliferous Scale wYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. Thick scales are rigid to the point that the entire scale is immobile or moves as one unit when the scale is wiggled with your finger. GTHLP23.jpgJ"Distinct Keel on Ovuliferous Scale You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. A distinct keel refers to a thickened ridge that runs along the central midrib of each scale giving the scale the shape of a sailboat keel when the apex of the scale is viewed from the side toward its point of attachment with the stem axis of the cone. GTHLP23.jpgJ$Prickle at Apex of Ovuliferous Scale 2You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. A prickle is a more or less sharp pointed projection located at the apex (part farthest away from the point of attachment of the scale to the cone stem axis) of each ovuliferous scale. These are best detected by gently pressing your finger to the apical end of an ovuliferous scale or using a handlens for visualization. GTHLP23.jpgJ%Ovuliferous Scales Are Fused Together @You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. In some taxa the individual ovuliferous scales are fused together to give the overall cone a solid construction. Be sure that you are looking at mature cones, since the ovuliferous scales of immature cones are typically very tightly compacted against one another but not fused with one another. Dissection of the cone may be helpful. GTHLP23.jpgScarlet fleshy aril around seed Black seed (0.8 cm diameter) is enclosed in a scarlet fleshy aril that extents three fourths of the length of the seed. Initially the seed and aril are green. At maturity the fleshy aril is very sweet and edible. NOTE: The black seed SHOULD NOT be eaten! Gthlp32.jpgK0Ovuliferous Bract Shorter than Ovuliferous Scale tYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. The longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous scale extends past the longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous bract. GTHLP23.jpgK/Ovuliferous Bract Longer than Ovuliferous Scale tYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. The longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous bract extends past the longitudinal axis of the ovuliferous scale. GTHLP23.jpgK1Ovuliferous Bract is Fused with Ovuliferous Scale }You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. In some taxa the ovuliferous bract is longitudinall fused with the ovuliferous scale to form a composite structure. GTHLP23.jpgK"Apex of Ovuliferous Bract is Lobed You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. In some taxa the apical end (part farthest removed from cone stem axis) of the ovuliferous bract is distinctly lobed (subdivided into smaller units). GTHLP23.jpgL CXMenudataGymnosperm Trees !9HsLEAF PHYSICAL PROPERTIESdDetermine the physical properties of the leaves by visual observation, feel, and bending the leaves. GTHLP2.jpgs LEAF LENGTHThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole (round area of leaf at its base) straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). GTHLP9.jpg s LEAF WIDTHThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat or semicircular part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). GTHLP9.jpg s LEAF COLOR Leaves are typically green. Some species may have additive colors in addition the typical green coloration. Prominent white lines that run longitudinally along the leaf are stomata that are linearly arranged. Use a handlens to facilitate observation of these lines.J !s TWIG WIDTHIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment.'()sFAMILIESIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!8sGENERAIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store! >TN;?O9:=KP<@s9FEMALE CONE WIDTH You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone width pertains to two year old cones. Width is measured at the largest diameter of the cone perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cone. Gthlp30.jpgBCDEs9FEMALE CONE LENGTHTYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone length pertains to two year old cones. Length is measured from the basal most region of the scales of the cone, where the cone attaches to the stem, to its apex parallel to its longitudinal axis. Gthlp30.jpgFGHIsLEAF PERSISTENCEIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Determine how many years leaves are retained on the twigs.s TWIG BARK TEXTUREThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig texture characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the twig between your fingers to determine the texture. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens !s LEAF SCAR ARRANGEMENTWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Leaf scar arrangement pertains to the number of scars at each node region of the twig and how these scars are oriented relative to one another. Examine the leaf scars at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest.,s LEAF SCAR SHAPEWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees.-.s9OVULIFEROUS SCALE COLORYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale color pertains to the color of the scales comprising two year old cones. HCOLOR.JPGdMefcQsSEED MORPHOLOGY Gthlp32.jpgRlSssssssssssssssssLEAF CHARACTERISTICSLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. $(*&+sTWIG CHARACTERISTICSIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth.-, 0sTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS%Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process..578346sssLEAF ARRANGEMENTqLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Some species also bear leaves on short determinant or indeterminant axillary stems subtented by leaves or leaf scars. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. GTHLP3.jpg*ss LEAF SHAPE0Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade in the longitudinal and transverse planes. Pay particular attention to the basal portion of the leaf where petioles may be found and to the node region of the stem where ridges or pegs may be found in association with the area of leaf insertion. GTHLP5.jpg +6#A7ss LEAF APEX&The apex is the tip of the leaf blade. GTHLP6.jpgss LEAF MARGINThe margin is the side of the leaf lamina. This can be assesed by looking at the edge with a hand lens or by carefully running your finger along the edge of the leaf. GTHLP7.jpgs LEAF SURFACE Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. GTHLP8.jpg"s BUD SCALE COLORpThese characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig.Ls TWIG SURFACEIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth.0$%sss TWIG BARK COLORMThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. GTHLP15.jpg%&&$'sss!OUTER BARK COLOR Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.KNMLQIJOs!INNER BARK COLORnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.RUTSWXYZs!TRUNK BARK TEXTURE Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. GTHLP16.jpg426/5s!TRUNK BARK THICKNESSDMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. GTHLP17.jpgBCDs!RIDGE/PLATE CHARACTERISTICSTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges. GTHLP18.jpg78:@s!FURROW CHARACTERISTICSTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. GTHLP19.jpgFHGsCONE CHARACTERISTICS,Some gymnosperms have a reproductive cycle that can take up to three years for completion. In these species, you may observe three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. These cone characteristics pertain to two year old cones.I JKsssssssssssssss TREE SHAPETree shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the tree shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. GTHLP1.jpg4135abs9FEMALE CONE SHAPEYou may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Cone shape pertains to two year old cones. Assess the overall geometry of the longitudinal shape of the female cone as viewed from the side. GTHLP22.jpgs9OVULIFEROUS SCALE MORPHOLOGYFemale cones consist of a collection of ovuliferous scales (bearing ovules from which seeds form) that are subtended by ovuliferous bracts at node regions of a central axis (the peduncle). The internodes are very reduced giving the collection of scales an overall compact cone structure. You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous scale morphology pertains to the morphology of the scales comprising two year old cones. GTHLP23.jpgghijks9OVULIFEROUS BRACT MORPHOLOGY*Female cones consist of a collection of ovuliferous scales (bearing ovules from which seeds form) that are subtended by ovuliferous bracts at node regions of a central axis (the peduncle). The internodes are very reduced giving the collection of scales an overall compact cone structure. You may observe up to three sets of cones that are of different sizes, shapes, and color reflecting their relative ages on the same tree. Ovuliferous bract morphology pertains to the morphology of the bracts comprising two year old cones. Bracts subtend each ovuliferous scale. They may be difficult to see, depending on their size. Some papery bracts disintegrate as the cone matures. Dissection of the ovuliferous scales and bracts from the cone stem axis will greatly facilitate observations on bract morphology. GTHLP23.jpgmnop,Manual of Cultivated Conifers. Krussman, G.9Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Micheal A. Dirr, 1990.9Trees of Northern U.S. and Canada. John L. Farrar, 1995.;Textbook of Dendrology. Harlow, Harrar, Hardin, White,1991.