-H YDatabase for XID TutorialThis database is included for use with the XID Identification System Tutorial, included with the program documentation. The tutorial illustrates using the program to identify non-grasslike weeds.- CXAttdata!Amaranthaceae (pigweed, amaranth) Herbaceous annuals or perennials. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers small and greenish, petals lacking. Each flower subtended by a small, usually spine-like bract. Ovary 1-celled and 1-seeded.Anacardiaceae (poison-oak,-ivy) Shrubs or trees with milky or resinous juice. Many species dermal-toxic. Fruits 1-celled and 1-seeded, dry or fleshy. Leaves alternate, often compound.Asteraceae (sunflower, daisy) The flowers are arranged in heads which resemble a larger flower. The 2 types of flowers (ray & disk or tube & ligulate) can occur together or separately. Seeds often with hairs (pappus) attached."Apiaceae (parsley, carrot, celery) Flowers in simple or compound umbels. Herbaceous, aromatic annuals or peren- nials. Stems often hollow. Leaves simple or compound to dissected. Ovary inferior Fruit splitting into 2 1-seeded sectionsAgavaceae (yucca) Evergeen, perennial, herbaceous or semi- woody with a basal rosette of long, narrow leaves. Sepals and petals simi- lar, yellow to white. This family is very similar to the Liliaceae.Apocynaceae (dogbane) Perennial herbs, vines, or shrubs with milky juice and usually opposite leaves. Very similar to the milkweed family. Fruit often a pod of downy seeds. Many species are poisonous.Asclepiadaceae (milkweed) Perennial shrubs, vines, or herbs usually with milky juice. Leaves simple, opposite, alternate, or whorled. Fruit a pod of downy seeds; the seeds often arranged like fish scales.Boraginaceae (borage) Flowers tubular with 5 lobes. The flowers arranged in a coiled cluster (scorpoid cyme). Fruit of 4 nutlets. Leaves often bristly hairy.Brassicaceae (mustard) Petals 4, free to the base. Stamens usually 6, (4 long & 2 short). The fruit a 2-celled superior ovary, often long and narrow (silique) or short & broad (silicle). Often with a "hot" taste.Cactaceae (cactus) Fleshy plants of arid environments. The leaves reduced to a variety of spines. Often confused with some of the spurges which occupy the same sites and are sim- ilar in apearance, but have milky juice.Campanulaceae (bellflower) Petals united, flowers regular to str- ongly irregular. Ovary inferior, fruit usually a capsule of 2-5 cells. Leaves simple, alternate, or all basal. Milky juice sometimes present.Cannabaceae (marijuana) Flowers inconspicuous, leaves alternate. In the U.S. represented only by mari- juana, an annual with palmately compound leaves, and hops, a perennial vine with 3-lobed leaves. Both species glandular.Capparaceae (caper) Foul smelling herbs or shrubs. Very similar to Cruciferae. Petals 4, stamens 6 to many, leaves usually trifoliate or palmately compound. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, often with a prominent stipe.Caryophyllaceae (chickweed) Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves simple and entire, usually opposite. Petals 4-5, often bilobed at the tip. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, styles 2-5.Chenopodiaceae (lambsquarters) Flowers tiny, greenish, petals lacking. Leaves often covered with a whitish mealy substance. Fruit 1-celled and 1- seeded, plants often found in alkaline or saline soils.Clusiaceae (St. John's wort) Leaves opposite, simple, usually sessile and punctate. Stamens many, styles 3. Fruit a capsule, seeds very small. Same as HypericaceaeConvolvulaceae (morningglory) Herbs, or more often vines, climbing by twining stems. Petals united to form a tube or funnel. Fruit a 1-4 celled capsule, commonly with 1-4 seeds. Juice sometimes milky.Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, gourd) Climbing or trailing herbs with alter- nate leaves and usually tendrils. Leaves palmately veined and rough (scabrous). Fruit a gourd (pepo), melon, or berry, sometimes a spiny capsule. Often bitter.Dipsacaceae (teasel) Similar to Asteraceae, flowers in dense heads, petals united, ovary inferior. Leaves opposite, entire to pinnately lobed. Herbaceous plants with four distinct stamens.Elaeagnaceae (Russian olive) Shrubs or small trees. The leaves and young stems covered with shiny peltate or stellate hairs causing a golden or silvery color. Fruit a 1-seeded, pithy berry.Equisetaceae (horsetail) Distinctive erect, herbaceous plants with hollow, ridged, silicaceous stems. Some stems apparently naked, tipped by a spike of spore producing structures, others with whorled branches.Euphorbiaceae (spurge) Herbaceous annuals or perennials with milky, often acrid, juice. Leaves alter- nate, opposite, or whorled. Flowers often subtended by showy bracts. Fruit a 3-celled capsule.Fabaceae (pea, bean, legume) Fruit shaped like a pea or bean. Leaves often compound. Tendrils sometimes present. Flowers regular or irregular. A very large and variable family. Also see Mimosaceae and Caesalpiniaceae.Geraniaceae (geranium) Annual or perennial herbs with 5 white, blue or purple to pinkish petals. Fruit of 5 carpels, long beaked, the carpels separating at maturity. Leaves with prominent stipules.Iridaceae (iris) Perennials with linear, parallel veined leaves. Flowering stems erect, flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Petals apparently 6, showy; stamens 3, ovary inferior.Juncaginaceae (arrow grass) Flowering stems naked, flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. Leaves all basal, long and narrow, round in cross section. Plants of moist, often alkaline, sites.Labiatae (mint) Same as Lamiaceae.Lamiaceae (mint) Flowers tubular, regular to strongly irregular, often verticillate. Sepals forming a tube. Leaves opposite, often toothed, stems square. Plants often aromatic, fruit 4 nutlets.Liliaceae (lily) Herbaceous perennials with parallel to arcuate venation. Flowers showy with 3, or apparently 6, petals. Ovary superior, stamens 6. Roots commonly bulbs or corms, occasionally rhizomes.Lythraceae (loosestrife) Flowers regular, petals 4-7, from a long hypanthium which is free from the ovary. Leaves mostly opposite. Plants of wet sites. Style 1, fruit a 2-6 celled capsule.Malvaceae (mallow) Leaves palmately veined, simple to palmately lobed, alternate and stipulate. Petals 5, stamens many, forming a column (monodelphous). Carpels 2 to many. Pubescence often stellate.Onagraceae (evening primrose) Annual to perennial herbaceous plants. Petals white, yellow, or pinkish purple. Ovary inferior, fruit a 2-5 celled capsule. Flower parts often in fours.Oxalidaceae (wood sorrel) Annual or perennial herbs with stolons, rhizomes, or scaly bulbs. Leaves ternate (trifoliolate) with obcordate leaflets. Fruit an elongate 5-celled capsule. Leaves with a distinct sweet-sour taste.Papaveraceae (poppy) Annual to perennial herbs with milky or watery juice. Sepals 2-3, petals common- ly 4 but sometimes 6, 8, or 12. Stamens numerous, ovary superior. Fruit 1-celled capsule opening by valves or pores.Plantaginaceae (plantain) Herbaceous plants mostly with basal leaves. Small flowers in spikes terminating the naked stems. Leaves with parallel veins. Fruit a 2-celled capsule, seeds mucilaginous when wet.Polygonaceae (dock, knotweed) Annual to perennial herbs or vines. The weedy genera with sheathing membranous stipules (ocreae). Both the flowers and fruit appearing triangular in cross section.Polypodiaceae (fern) jNon-flowering plants with all basal leaves. Spores produced from structures on the backs of the leaves. Pink to Red  Red-orange Orange  Yellow-orange Yellow  Yellow-green Portulacaceae (purslane) yFleshy plants with simple, entire leaves. Flowers with 4 or 5 petals but only 2 sepals. Styles 2-7, fruit a capsule.Ranunculaceae (buttercup) Herbaceous annuals to perennials usually with 0, 5 or many petals and numerous stamens. The carpels separate, forming achenes or follicles. Stipules lacking.Rosaceae (rose) Large and very diverse family, including annual and perennial herbs, trees and shrubs. Some common characters include: numerous stamens, 5 petals, stipulate alternate leaves, hypanthium present.Rubiaceae (bedstraw, madder) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite to whorled leaves. Flowers small with 4 white petals and 4 stamens. Ovary inferior of 2 united, 1-seeded carpels.Scrophulariaceae (snapdragon) A large and extremely diverse family. Some common characteristics include: petals united, stamens attached to the petals, flowers often irregular and sho- wy. Ovary superior, fruit 2-celled cap.Solanaceae (nightshade) The 5 petals united, stamens attached to the petals. Style 1, ovary superior, forming a 2-celled capsule or berry. Plants often unpleasantly aromatic. Many species containing toxic alkaloids.Tamaricaceae (tamarix) Delicately branched shrubs or small trees with tiny, juniper-like leaves. Flowers pink, very small, but showy in mass. Usally found in wet areas, particularly in alkaline soils.Typhaceae (cattail) Aquatic to semi-aquatic plants with erect stems and leaves. The leaves very long, flattened, and linear with paral- lel veins. Flowers tiny, in terminal spikes. Seeds tiny, fluffy & windblown.Urticaceae (stinging nettle) Annual to perennial herbs, sometimes with stinging hairs. Flowers tiny, greenish, with no petals, in axillary clusters, male and female flowers separate. Leaves often serrate.Verbenaceae (verbena) Herbaceous plants with opposite, entire leaves, and square stems. Petals 5, united into a tube. Flowers regular or irregular. Fruit of 4 nutlets. Similar to Lamiaceae.Violaceae (violet) Annual or perennial herbs with simple, alternate, prominently stipulate leaves. Flowers strongly irregular with 5 separate petals. Fruit a superior 3- celled capsule.Zygophyllaceae (puncture-vine) Herbs or shrubs with opposite, compound or dissected leaves. Flowers with 5 petals and 10-15 stamens. Fruit a 4-5 celled capsule, berry, or schizocarp.Green Blue  Blue-purple Purple  Red-purple White  Brown/Black  Multi-colored 1 Axillary cluster A tight group of flowers in the inner angle between the leaf base and the stem. If the leaves are paired (opposite), the flowers may appear to go all the way around the stem. AXCLUSTR.bmp2 Axillary racemes Flowers arranged similar to PIT Fig.1529 (Pg. 160) and arising from the inner angle of the leaf and stem. Note that each flower is on a short stalk. If no stalk is present, see "spike." AXRACEME.bmp3 Axillary spikes A spike is a long, narrow stem with the flowers attached directly to it along its length (PIT Fig. 1007 Pg. 95). An axillary spike arises from the inner angle of the leaf and the stem. AXSPIKE.bmp4 Axillary umbel An umbel is a group of flowers whose stems arise from a common point (like an umbrella). See PIT Figs. 1202-1203, Pg. 113. An axillary umbel arises from the inner angle of the leaf and the stem. AXUMBEL.bmp,Two-rayed (dolabriform) Under magnification these hairs look like small mining picks with their handles stuck in the ground. The two rays run parallel to the main vein. PIT Figure 306, Page 31.6 Compound umbel A large, umbrella-like cluster of flowers made up of small umbrella-like clusters of flowers. The typical arrangement in the family Umbelliferae. PIT: Fig. 1528d Page 159. COMPUMBL.bmp7 Corymb A corymb is a flat-topped cluster of flowers where (unlike an umbel) the rays originate from different levels on the stem. PIT: Fig.232 Pg.25. CORYMB.bmp8 Cyme (simple or branched) Highly variable in shape, size, and the amount of branching. The critical feature is that the oldest (most mature) flower is at the end of the stem. PIT: Fig. 1528 Page 159CYME.bmp9 Head A group of flowers tightly clustered together and often resembling a single, larger flower (sunflower is a good example). Typical of the family Compositae. PIT: Figs. 426-427 Pg. 43HEAD.bmp10 Internodal cluster A cluster of flowers arising from the stem between the places where the leaves arise. This is very unusual and is not illustrated in PIT, however Fig. 486 Pg. 49 shows an internode. INTNOCLU.bmp11 Internodal racemes An elongate stem of flowers (PIT: Fig. 842) which arises from the stem between where the leaves arise (the internode). PIT Fig. 486, Pg. 49 shows an internode. INTNORAC.bmp 12 Panicle A highly branched group of flowers arising at the top of the plant. A common and variable inflorescence. PIT: Fig. 1528e Pg. 160 PANICLE.bmp!13 Panicle(s) arising opp. leaves uA highly branched group of flowers arising on the other side of the stem from where a leaf arises. Very uncommon. PANOPPLF.bmp 14 Scorpioid Literally "scorpion-like" referring to a group of flowers which coil at the tip of the inflorescence like a scorpion's tail. PIT: Figure 941 Page 89. SCORPOID.bmp15 Simple umbel A cluster of flowers whose stems all arise from a single point forming an umbrella shape. See also "compound umbell." PIT Figs. 1202-1203 Page 112 SIMPUMBL.bmp16 Solitary, axillary A single flower arising from the base of the leaf. Can be confusing as flowers can be subtended by small leaf-like structures called "bracts." If you are unsure use "or." SOLAXIL.bmp17 Solitary, terminal A single flower terminating the main stem. This is the simplest of all of the inflorescence types. PIT: Figure 1528e Page 160. SOLTERM.bmp18 Terminal raceme An elongate group of flowers terminating the main stem of the plant. Each flower on a small, unbranched stem. PIT: Figure 842 Page 81 RACEME.bmp19 Terminal spike An elongate group of flowers terminating the main stem of the plant. Each flower attached directly to the main stem. PIT: Figure 1007 Page 95. SPIKE.bmp0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >10 Completely free to base @Petals not connected to each other. PIT: Figure 1553, Page 163. PETSEPNO.bmp!United at base only (<25% length) Petals grown together for less than 25% of their length thus forming a very short tube at the base. HTIP: no information available. PETSEPSH.bmpUnited from 25% - 75% length _Petals joined together to form a tube approximately half their length. HTIP: no information. PETSEPME.bmpUnited > 75% of length Petals joined together to form a tubular flower of various shapes. The number of petals can be determined by counting the lobes at the end of the tube. PIT: Figure 1552, Page 163. PETSEPLO.bmpBilobed gEach petal with a notch at the center of the tip. Bilobed petals are common in the chickweed family. PETTIPBI.bmpErose FThe petal tips irregularly jagged with short teeth. This is unusual. PETTIPER.bmp Laciniate _Petal tips irregularly jagged, similar to "erose" but with much longer and narrower segments. PETTIPLA.bmpPointed ;Petal tips abruptly or gradually tapered to a sharp point. PETTIPPO.bmpRounded *Petals with a broad, smooth, rounded tip. PETTIPRO.bmpSquare ;Petal tips broad and blunt without rounded tips or angles. PETTIPSQ.bmpToothed Petal tips regularly toothed. This is very unusual. Check to see if your plant is in the Compositae family and what you're looking at is really a ray flower (it will have a seed attached). PETTIPTO.bmpFlowers regular |A flower in which the top and bottom and right and left sides are symmetrical (actinomorphic). PIT: Figure 1553 Page 163. FLWRREG.bmpFlowers slightly irregular One-half of the flower will appear slightly different than the opposite half. Usually caused by two petals stuck together or one petal being larger than the others. FLWRSLIR.bmpFlowers strongly irregular Irregular ( zygomorphic) flowers can appear in various strange shapes such as orchids and snap-dragons. Also typical of legumes and mints. PIT: Fgs. 1577, 1581, 1582 Pgs. 166-167 FLWRIEG.bmp < 1 mm (< .04 inch)  1 mm (.04 inch)  2 mm (.08 inch)  3 mm (.12 inch)  4 mm (.16 inch)  5 mm (.20 inch)  6 mm (.24 inch)  7 mm (.28 inch)  8 mm (.32 inch)  9 mm (.36 inch)  1.0 cm (.40 inch)  1.5 cm (.6 inch)  2.0 cm (.8 inch)  2.5 cm (1.0 inch)  3.0 cm (1.2 inches)  3.5 cm (1.4 inches)  4.0 cm (1.6 inches)  4.5 cm (1.8 inches)  5.0 cm (2.0 inches)  > 5.0 cm (> 2.0 inches)  < 1 mm (< .04 inch)  1 mm (.04 inch)  2 mm (.08 inch)  3 mm (.12 inch)  4 mm (.16 inch)  5 mm (.20 inch)  6 mm (.24 inch)  7 mm (.28 inch)  8 mm (.32 inch)  9 mm (.36 inch)  1.0 cm (.40 inch)  1.5 cm (.60 inch)  2.0 cm (.80 inch)  2.5 cm (1.0 inch)  3.0 cm (1.2 inches)  3.5 cm (1.4 inches)  4.0 cm (1.6 inches)  4.5 cm (1.8 inches)  5.0 cm (2.0 inches)  > 5.0 cm (> 2.0 inches)  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  >10  Completely free to base ?Sepals not joined to each other and attached only at the base. SEPSEPNO.bmp United at base < 25% length QSepals joined only at the base forming a small cup at the bottom of the flower. SEPSEPSH.bmp United from 25% - 75% length uSepals joined for approximately half their length, forming a short tube around the petals (if petals are present). SEPSEPME.bmp United > 75% of length ySepals joined for most of their length forming a tube. To count the sepals look for the lobes at the end of the tube. SEPSEPLO.bmp Laciniate 1Sepal tips with long, jagged, irregular margins. SEPTIPLA.bmp Pointed dSepals coming to an abrupt, short point. If the point is spiny, use spine-like instead of pointed. SEPTIPPO.bmp Rounded &Sepal tips blunt with rounded outline. SEPTIPRO.bmp Spine-like tSepal tips forming spines or thorns. These can be used as a bur to disseminate the fruit or to protect the seeds. SEPTIPSP.bmp Square !Sepal tips blunt but not rounded. SEPTIPSQ.bmp Toothed %Sepal tips with small, regular teeth. SEPTIPTO.bmp Unisexual (monoecious/dioecious) Female flowers separate from the male flowers either on the same or different plants. PIT: Figure 756 Page 73 (female). PIT: Figure 1030 Page 97 (male). FLSEXUNI.bmpBisexual (perfect) 7Individual flowers contain both male and female parts. FLSEXBI.bmp0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 9 10 >10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 >10 Stamens NOT attached to corolla OStamens free. Attached to the base of the flower. PIT: Figure 1644, Page 176 STATTNO.bmpStamens attached to corolla eStamens attached to the petals. This is most common in tubular flowers. PIT: Figure 1643, Page 176 STATTYES.bmpFilaments or anthers NOT united 9Stamens free from each other. PIT: Figure 1644, Page 176 STAMFREE.bmpFilaments united, monodelphous OThe filaments stuck to each other, forming a tube. PIT: Figure 1650, Page 176 STAMMONO.bmpFilaments united, diadelphous The filaments stuck together forming two groups; commonly one group contain- ing only one stamen. PIT: Figure 1647, Page 176 STAMDIAD.bmpAnthers united, syngynoecious The anthers united in a ring, surround- ing the ovary. Typical of the Compositae family but otherwise rare. PIT: Figure 1645 Page 176 STAMSYNG.bmpCarpels united (or one) Also called syncarpous. The ovary appearing as a single unit. It can have 1 to several stigmas and styles. A cross-section may reveal 1 or more sections. PIT Figure 1093, Page 103. UNITCARP.bmpCarpels separated The ovary divided into numerous sections each with its own style (apocarpous). This appears only in a small number of plants but is common in the buttercup and rose families. PIT Fig. 58, Page 8. SEPCARP.bmp0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 9 10 >10 Superior (hypogynous) \The petals and sepals attached at the base of the ovary or fruit. PIT Figure 458, Page 46. OVARYSUP.bmpHalfway (perigynous) The petals and sepals forming a tube (called a hypanthium) and arising separately approximately halfway up the length of the ovary or fruit. PIT Figure 716, Page 69. OVARYHLF.bmpInferior (epigynous) Petals and sepals attached at the upper tip of the ovary or fruit. In other words, the ovary or fruit below the attachment of the petals and sepals. PIT Figure 337, Page 34. OVARYINF.bmp         Achene yThe typical fruit of the Compositae family. Therefore, a sunflower seed is a good example. PIT Figure 1733a, Page 187 ACHENE.bmp Berry, black 1A black fleshy fruit. PIT Figure 1733, Page 187. BERRY.bmp Berry, blue 1A blue fleshy fruit. PIT Figure 1733a, Page 187. BERRY.bmp Berry, green A green fleshy fruit. Many berries are green when immature but change to some other color when they ripen. Try to use a ripe fruit when possible. PIT Figue 1733a, Page 187. BERRY.bmp Berry, red A red fleshy fruit. Some fruits are red only at maturity while others are red when immature and change to another color as they ripen. Try to use a mature fruit. PIT Fig. 1733a, Page 187. BERRY.bmp Berry, white lA white fleshy fruit. Many white berries are known or suspected to be toxic. PIT Figure 1733a, Page 187. BERRY.bmpBerry, yellow/orange/brown A fleshy fruit in any of the various shades of yellow, orange, tan, brown etc. Be sure that this color has not been caused by decay. PIT Figure 1733a, Page 187. BERRY.bmpCapsule, 1-celled tA dry, hollow container (fruit) of seeds which, upon cross-section, shows no partitions. PIT Figure 149, Page 17. CAPSULES.bmpCapsule, 2-celled A dry, hollow container (fruit) of seeds which, upon cross-section, shows one partition and two chambers. PIT Figure 149, Page 17. CAPSULES.bmpCapsule, 3-celled A dry, hollow container (fruit) of seeds which, upon cross-section, shows three partitions and three chambers. PIT Figure 149, Page 17. See also PIT Figure 201, Page 22. CAPSULES.bmpCapsule, > 3-celled A dry, hollow container (fruit) of seeds which, upon cross-section, shows more than three partitions forming more than three chambers. PIT Figure 149, Page 17. CAPSULES.bmpFollicle A dry, hollow fruit much like a capsule but splitting down the side rather than at the tip. Common in the milkweed and buttercup families. PIT Figure 388, Page 39. FOLLICLE.bmpLegume Literally the fruit from the familiy Leguminosae. Often but not always similar to peas or beans in appearance. PIT Figure 522, Page 51. LEGUME.bmp Nutlets, 4 The fruit consisting of 4, hard, one-seeded segments. Typical of only a small number of families including borages, mints, and verbenas. PIT Figure 620, Page 61. NUTLETS.bmp Schizocarp A fruit which splits apart into sections at maturity. In the Umbelliferae family the fruits split into 2 parts. In some other families they split into many parts. PIT Figure 935, Page 89. SCHIZO.bmpUtricle A small, dry fruit with 1 seed, similar to an achene, but generally with a thin- ner outer shell. Typical of the pigweed lambsquarters, and some other families. PIT Figure 1228, Page 114. UTRICLE.bmp< 1 mm (.04 inch) 1 mm (.04 inch) 2 mm (.08 inch) 3 mm (.12 inch) 4 mm (.16 inch) 5 mm (.20 inch) 6 mm (.24 inch) 7 mm (.28 inch) 8 mm (.32 inch) 9 mm (.36 inch) 1.0 cm (.40 inch) 1.5 cm (.60 inch) 2.0 cm (.80 inch) 2.5 cm (1.0 inch) 3.0 cm (1.2 inches) 3.5 cm (1.4 inches) 4.0 cm (1.6 inches) 4.5 cm (1.8 inches) 5.0 cm (2.0 inches) 6.0 cm (2.4 inches) 7.0 cm (2.8 inches) 8.0 cm (3.2 inches) 9.0 cm (3.6 inches) 1.0 dm (4.0 inches) > 1.5 dm (> 6.0 inches) < 1 mm (<.04 inch) 1 mm (.04 inch) 2 mm (.08 inch) 3 mm (.12 inch) 4 mm (.16 inch) 5 mm (.20 inch) 6 mm (.24 inch) 7 mm (.28 inch) 8 mm (.32 inch) 9 mm (.36 inch) 1.0 cm (.40 inch) 1.5 cm (.60 inch) 2.0 cm (.80 inch) 2.5 cm (1.0 inch) 3.0 cm (1.2 inches) 3.5 cm (1.4 inches) 4.0 cm (1.8 inches) Fruit or seed NOT bur-like Fruit or seed bur-like  All basal As in a dandelion where the leaves are all at the base of the flowering stem. A plant must have "bolted" before this arrangement can be determined. See "scapose" PIT Figure 928, Page 88. ALLBASAL.bmp Alternate wOnly 1 leaf per node. These usually alternating from one side of the stem to the other. PIT Figure 1410a, Page 144. ALTERNAT.bmpAlternate below, opposite above Leaves at the base of the plant are alternate in arrangement. Those near the top, are opposite in arrangement. A very rare occurence. PIT Figures 1410a-1410b, Pages 145-146 ALTOPP.bmpOpposite Two leaves originating from the same node on opposite sides of the stem. Plants with this arrangement sometimes have square stems. PIT Figure 652, Page 64. OPPOSITE.bmpOpposite below, alternate above The leaves on the lower part of the plant are opposite in arrangement and the leaves on the upper part of the plant are alternate in arrangement. PIT Figures 1410a-1410b, Pages 144-145. OPPALT.bmpWhorled 3 per node Three leaves emerging from the same node. Whorled is one of the most unusual leaf arrangements and therefore very significant. PIT Figure 1410b, Page 145. WHRLTHR.bmpWhorled 4 per node Four leaves emerging from the same node. Whorled is one of the most unusual leaf arrangements and therefore very significant. PIT Figure 1410b, Page 145. WHRLFOUR.bmpWhorled 5 - 8 per node Five to eight leaves emerging from the same node. Whorled is one of the most unusual leaf arrangements and therefore very significant. PIT Figure 1410b, Page 145. WHRLFIVE.bmpWhorled > 8 per node More than 8 leaves emerging from the same node. Whorled is one of the most unusual leaf arrangements and therefore very significant. PIT Figure 1410b, Page 145. MANYWHRL.bmpBifoliolate (2 leaflets) SA leaf with only 2 leaflets; these paired at the end of the leaf stem. VERY rare. BIFOLIAT.bmp"Compound even pinnate < 9 leaflets tA pinnately compound leaf with no leaflet at the end and 4 or less pairs of leaflets. PIT Figure 1392a, Page 138. EVPINNA.bmp"Compound even pinnate > 9 leaflets tA pinnately compound leaf with no leaflet at the end and 5 or more pairs of leaflets. PIT Figure 1392a, Page 138. EVPINNB.bmp!Compound odd pinnate < 8 leaflets sA pinnately compound leaf with a leaflet at the end and 3 or less pairs of leaflets. PIT Figure 1392a, Page 138. ODDPINNA.bmp!Compound odd pinnate > 8 leaflets sA pinnately compound leaf with a leaflet at the end and 4 or more pairs of leaflets. PIT Figure 1392a, Page 138. ODDPINNB.bmp Compound palmate 4 or 5 leaflets A compound leaf with 4 or 5 sections originating from a single point -- like the fingers from the palm of your hand. As shown in PIT Figure 675, Page 66. PALMA.bmpCompound palmate > 5 leaflets A compound leaf with 5 or more segments originating from a single point -- like the fingers from the palm of your hand. PIT Figure 675, Page 66. PALMB.bmpPalmately dissected Leaf divided into many irregularly shaped, small segments. The primary segments radiating from a single point. Similar to PIT Figure 691, Page 67 though referring to another term. PALMDISS.bmpPinnately dissected Leaf divided into many irregularly shaped segments. The primary segments radiating outward along a central axis like the pieces of a feather (pinnate means feather-like). PIT Fg 1399b Pg 141 PINNDISS.bmpSimple (including lobed leaves) A leaf which is neither compound nor dissected into small segments. This is the most common leaf type. Note that both figures 585 and 585 in PIT page 986 are simple leaves. SIMPLE.bmpTrifoliolate (3 leaflets) A leaf with 3 similar leaf-like segments. This is the classic clover leaf. This type of leaf is sometimes referred to as ternate. PIT Figures 1160 and 1163 Page 108. TRIFOL.bmpFoliaceous < 2 mm (< .08 inch) CStipules green and leaf-like, but very small; less than 2 mm long. STIPFOL.bmp Foliaceous 2-4 mm (.08 - .16 in) 1Stipules green and leaf-like; 2 mm to 4 mm long. STIPFOL.bmp!Foliaceous 4-10 mm (.16 - .40 in) 2Stipules green and leaf-like, 4 mm to 10 mm long. STIPFOL.bmpFoliaceous > 10 mm (> .40 inch) 2Stipules green and leaf-like; at least 1 cm long. STIPFOL.bmpGlands jGlands are small, rounded structures which, in this case, appear at the base of the leaf stem (petiole). STIPGLND.bmpLacking =No additional structures found at the base of the leaf stem. STIPLACK.bmpMembranous, entire Membraneous stipules wrap around the main stem of the plant above the attach- ment of the leaf base. This is indica- tive of the rhubarb family (Polygon- aceae). STIPMEMB.bmpMembranous, laciniate A membraneous stipule which wraps around the main stem of the plant above the attachment of the leaf base. This stipule has a loose, irregularly "torn" appearance at the tip. STIPLACI.bmpScarious A stipule which is dry and papery in texture. Caution: some membraneous stipules become dry and papery with age but were moist and pliable when young. STIPSCAR.bmpAbsent Present  Arcuate The veins originating from the mid-vein, like pinnate veins, but then turning and running parallel to the leaf margin forming an arc. Similar to the lower veins PIT Figure 1396, Page 139. VENARCU.bmp Palmate The main veins originating from a central point at the base of the leaf and radiating like the fingers of your hand (i.e., like a maple leaf). PIT Figure 674, Page 66. VENPALM.bmp Parallel uAll of the veins running parallel to each other and the leaf margin. As in a grass leaf. PIT Figure 685, Page 67. VENPARAL.bmp Pinnate The veins radiating to the sides of the main vein like the pieces of a feather (pinnate means feather-like). PIT Figure 701, Page 68. VENPINN.bmp!Petiole absent (leaf sessile) zNo leaf stem present. The leaf blade appearing to attach directly to the branch or main stem. PIT Figure 972, Page 92. PETRATNO.bmp!Petiole < 25% total length iPetiole short, less than 25% of the total length of the leaf (less than 1/3 the length of the blade). PETRATSH.bmp!Petiole 25% - 75% total length FPetiole from somewhat shorter to somewhat longer than the leaf blade. PETRATME.bmp!Petiole > 75% total length 4Petiole at least 3 times as long as the leaf blade. PETRATLO.bmp"< 5 mm (< .20 inch) "5 - 10 mm (.20 - .40 inch) "1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch) "2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches) "4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches) "1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches) "2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches) "4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet) "> 6 dm (> 2.0 feet) #< 1 mm (< .04 inch) #1 - 5 mm (.04 - .20 inch) #5 - 10 mm (.20 - .40 inch) #1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch) #2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches) #4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches) #1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches) #2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches) #4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet) #> 6 dm (> 2.0 feet) $1 Cordate (heart) CHeart-shaped with rounded basal lobes. PIT Figure 1389a, Page 133. CORDATE.bmp$2 Deltoid (triangular) DTriangular, like the Greek symbol Delta PIT Figure 1389a, Page 133. DELTOID.bmp$ 3 Elliptic )A long oval. PIT Figure 1389a, Page 133. ELLIPTIC.bmp$4 Hastate (spear-head) YWith the lobes at the base flared outward like a spearhead. PIT Figure 1389b, Page 133. HASTATE.bmp$ 5 Lanceolate Narrow with the sides converging to a pointed tip. PIT Figure 1389b, Page 133. Many lanceolate leaves are narrower than shown here. LANCEOL.bmp$6 Linear or filiform Long and narrow with parallel sides. PIT Figure 1389b, Page 133. Filiform means thread-like and is even more narrow than linear. LINEAR.bmp$7 Lyrate wLiterally, shaped like a fiddle held by its neck. The terminal lobe is much the largest. PIT Figure 1389b Page 133. LYRATE.bmp$8 Oblanceolate The prefix "ob" means backwards. There- fore this looks like a lanceolate leaf attached by its tip. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. OBLANCE.bmp$9 Oblong lThe sides nearly parallel and the body of the blade 2-4 times as long as wide. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. OBLONG.bmp$ 10 Obovate IThe opposite of ovate, largest near the tip. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. OBOVATE.bmp$11 Orbicular (round) Literally round, shaped like a dinner plate. May be somewhat indented at the attachment of the leaf stem. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. ORBICUL.bmp$12 Oval 1A compressed circle. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134.OVAL.bmp$13 Ovate ^The opposite of obovate. Like an oval but largest near the base. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. OVATE.bmp$14 Palmately 3 lobed Three lobes spreading like fingers of your hand. Remember, lobes can be rounded, pointed, irregular, etc. PIT Figure 1162, Page 108. PLMTHREE.bmp$15 Palmately 4 - 5 lobed Four or five lobes, spreading like the fingers of your hand. Lobes can be pointed, rounded, irregular etc. PIT Figure 1399c, Page 142 (palmatifid). PLMFOUR.bmp$16 Palmately > 5 lobed _A lobed leaf with more than 5 lobes originating from a central point at the base of the leaf. MANYPALM.bmp$17 Pinnately lobed A lobed leaf with the lobes radiating to the sides of the main vein like the sections of a feather (pinnate means feather-like). Think of the classic oak leaf or dandelion leaf. PINNLOBE.bmp$18 Reniform (kidney) Broadly rounded at the tip and broadly heart-shaped at the base, giving the general appearance of a kidney bean. PIT Figure 869, Page 83. RENIFORM.bmp$ 19 Runcinate qLike a dandelion leaf, with the lobes pointed backwards towards the base of the leaf. PIT Figure 906, Page 86. RUNCINAT.bmp$20 Sagittate (arrowhead) [With the lobes at the base pointed backwards, like an arrowhead. PIT Figure 913, Page 87. SAGGITT.bmp%"Petiolule absent (leaflet sessile) 5Leaflet attached directly to the leaf stem (rachis). PETULEAB.bmp%Petiolule < 25% total length KLeaflet stem (petiolule) is less than 1/3 the length of the leaflet blade. PETULESH.bmp% Petiolule 25% - 75% total length [Leaflet stem (petiolule) from somewhat longer to somewhat shorter than the leaflet blade. PETULELO.bmp&< 5 mm (< .20 inch) &5 - 10 mm (.20 - .40 inch) &1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch) &2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches) &4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches) &1 -2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches) &> 2 dm (> 8.0 inches) '< 5 mm (< .20 inch) '5 - 10 mm (.20 - .40 inch) '1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch '2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches) '4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches) '1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches) '> 2 dm (> 8.0 inches) ( 2 Elliptic -An elongate oval. PIT Figure 1389, Page 133. LFLTSHEL.bmp( 3 Lanceolate yLong and narrow, the sides converging to a pointed tip. Often narrower than ilustrated in PIT Figure 1389b, Page 133. LFLTSHLA.bmp(4 Linear or filiform ~Long and narrow with parallel sides. PIT Figure 1389b, Page 133. Filiform is even skinnier than shown in this illustration. LFLTSHLI.bmp( 5 Obcordate tTypical of an Oxalis leaflet. Literally heart-shaped and attached at the narrow end. PIT Figure 1389b, Page 133. LFLTSHOC.bmp(6 Oblanceolate ULike a lanceolate leaf, but attached at the narrow end. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. LFLTSHOL.bmp(7 Oblong aThe sides nearly parallel and the blade 2-4 times as long as broad. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. LFLTSHOG.bmp( 8 Obovate JThe opposite of ovate, broadest near the tip. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. LFLTSHOO.bmp(9 Orbicular (round) ?Round, shaped like a dinner plate. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. LFLTSHOR.bmp(10 Oval 1A compressed circle. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. LFLTSHVL.bmp(11 Ovate IA compressed circle, largest near the base. PIT Figure 1389c, Page 134. LFLTSHVT.bmp(12 Palmately 3 lobed With 3 lobes, radiating like the fingers of your hand. Remember, lobes can be pointed, rounded, irregular etc. PIT Figure 1162, Page 108. LFLTSHTH.bmp(13 Palmately 4 - 5 lobed UWith 4 or 5 lobes radiating like the fingers of your hand. PIT Figure 674, Page 66. LFLTSHFO.bmp(14 Palmately > 5 lobed GA lobed leaflet with more than 5 lobes radiating from a central point. LFLTSHPA.bmp(15 Pinnately lobed A lobed leaflet with the lobes radiating to the sides of the main vein like the pieces of a feather (pinnate means feather-like). PIT Figures 746-747, Page 73. LFLTSHPI.bmp)Crenate hLeaf margin with small, uniform, rounded teeth. Often somewhat wavy as well. PIT Figure 239, Page 25. LFMRGCRE.bmp)Dentate Literally "toothed" as in the word "dentist". In this program, all large teeth are referred to as "dentate" regardless of orientation. PIT Figure 275, Page 29. LFMRGDEN.bmp- Succulent )Entire y"Entire" means smooth, without lobes, teeth, etc. This is a very common type of leaf margin. PIT Figure 329, Page 33. LFMRGENT.bmp)Lobed QWith the margin divided into obvious, large divisions. PIT Figure 746, Page 72. LFMRGLOB.bmp)Parted _With the lobes extending inward greater than half way to the midrib. PIT Figure 747, Page 72. LFMARPTD.bmp)Serrate "Serrate" is the same root word as "serrated" and "serrations," all of which mean "like the teeth of a saw." Very similar to "dentate" but with the teeth pointed forward. PIT Fg. 970 Pg 91 LFMRGSER.bmp)Serrate, doubly "Serrate" means "like the teeth of a saw." "Doubly serrate" or "biserrate" means with each of the larger teeth having smaller teeth along its margin. PIT Figure 1399a, Page 141. LFMRGSDB.bmp)Undulate (sinuate, repand) "Undulate" and "sinuate" refer to a wavy leaf margin. These "waves" can be in 1 or 2 planes, i.e, the same plane as the leaf surface or at right angles to it. PIT Figure 1210, Page. 112 LFMRGUND.bmp*Acute (cuneate) sThe sides abruptly converging to a triangular base. Often referred to as "cuneate". PIT Figure 1390a, Page 135. BASEACUT.bmp* Attenuate ITapering and becoming very long and narrow. PIT Figure 1390a, Page 135. BASEACUM.bmp* Auriculate Auricles are literally "ears" formed at the base of the leaf. "Auriculate" leaf bases are often very similar to hastate, saggitate, or cordate bases. Use the "or" command. PIT Figure 1390a, Pg. 135 BASEAUR.bmp*Clasping A "clasping" leaf is one without a leaf stem which wraps around the branch at the point of attachment. Clasping the branch often forms auricles at the base. PIT Figure 178, Page 20. BASECLSP.bmp*Cordate Literally "heart-shaped." With two, large, rounded lobes at the base. Leaves with cordate bases may or may not be cordate in overall shape. PIT Figure 1390a, Page 135. BASECORD.bmp+Notched (emarginate, retuse) sThe leaf tip with a deep or shallow indentation at the center of the tip. PIT Figures 1391b-1391c, Pages 136-137. LFTIPNOT.bmp*Hastate `With the basal lobes pointed out to the sides like an "arrowhead." PIT Figure 1390a, Page 135. BASEHAST.bmp*Oblique |The 2 sides of the leaf base very uneven. The leaf, therefore, appearing skewed or lopsided. PIT Figure 1390b, Page 135. BASEOBLQ.bmp* Perfoliate "Perfoliate" literally means "through the leaf." These blade bases wrap all the way around the stem causing this appearance. PIT Figure 1389d, Page 134. BASEPERF.bmp*Rounded VThe 2 sides of the base coming together to form a curve. PIT Figure 1390b, Page 135. BASEROND.bmp* Sagittate ~"Saggitate" literally means shaped like a "spearhead." The two basal lobes pointing backwards. PIT Figure 1390b, Page 135. BASESAGG.bmp*Truncate "Truncate" means "square." Therefore, a "truncate" blade base is one where the sides form a right angle from the base. PIT Figure 1390b, Page 135. BASETRUN.bmp+ Acuminate @Gradually narrowed to a long point. PIT Figure 1391a, Page 136. LFTIPACU.bmp+Acute @Abruptly narrowed to a short point. PIT Figure 1391a, Page 136. LFTIPACT.bmp+Aristate DWith a small, stiff bristle at the tip. PIT Figure 1391a, Page 136. LFTIPARI.bmp)Ciliate With stiff hairs evenly spaced along the margin. These hairs sometimes occur along the whole margin but more often occur only at the base. PIT Figure 168, Page 19. LFMRGCIL.bmp+ Mucronate kWith a short, non-spiny, nipple-like appendage in the center of the leaf tip. PIT Figure 1391b, Page 136. LFTIPMUC.bmp+Rounded (obtuse) "Obtuse" = rounded. One of those terms created by scientists to make themselves sound mysterious, which is somewhat "obtuse!" PIT Figure 1391c, Page 137. LFTIPRND.bmp5Juice NOT milky jThe sap of the plant a colorless liquid. Do not attempt to use this character- istic on dried specimens.+ Tridentate With 3 teeth at the tip. Big sagebrush is named Artemisia tridentata because its leaves have this kind of tip. PIT Figure 1159, Page 108. LFTIPTRI.bmp+Truncate 4Squared off at the tip. PIT Figure 1391c, Page 137. LFTIPTRU.bmp,Antrorsely pubescent The hairs directed forward towards the tip of the leaf or leaflet. PIT Figure 54, Page 8. This illustration shows this type of hair on a branch. ANTRORS.bmp, Canescent The surface covered with a dense mat of short hairs giving it a white, grayish, or silvery appearance. PIT Figure 144, Page 17.,Floccose bWith tufts of loose, wooly hairs unevenly distributed over the surface. PIT Figure 381, Page 38. FLOCCOSE.bmp,Glabrous (NO hairs) )With no hairs. Often smooth and shiny. GLABROUS.bmp, Glandular Sticky, spherical structures which can tip a hair, like the head of a pin, or be attached directly to the surface. Glandular plants are often smelly. PIT Figure 407, Page 41. GLANDUL.bmp,Glaucous With a bluish-white, waxy film covering the surface. This film is easily wiped off with your finger. The fruit of many plums and the new growth of elderberry and box-elder are glaucous.,Hirsute dCovered with long, somewhat stiff hairs. "Hirsute" literally means hairy. PIT Figure 444, Page 44. HIRSUTE.bmp,Hispid qStiff, bristly, nasty hairs. This type of hairiness is typical of the borage family. PIT Figure 446, Page 45. HISPID.bmp,Lower leaf surface more hairy It is rather common to have more hair on the lower surface than the upper sur- face. This condition is more pronounced in some plants., Puberulent hWith a covering of very tiny, short, soft hairs. The diminutive of pubescent. PIT Figure 817, Page 79., Pubescent Loosely used to mean any type of hairs, i.e., pubescent vs. glabrous. In the context of this program, "pubescent" means a covering of short, soft, hairs. PIT Figure 818, Page 79. PUBESC.bmp,Punctate VAppearing to have small holes or pits in the blade surface. PIT Figure 821, Page 79. PUNCTATE.bmp,Retrorsely pubescent With the hairs pointed downward or toward the base. PIT Figure 876, Page 84. This illustration shows retrorse hairs on a branch rather than a leaf. RETRORS.bmp,Scabrous (like sand paper) xRough and scratchy like sandpaper. Squash leaves are a good example of this type of surface. PIT Figure 923, Page 88. SCABROUS.bmp,Scurfy (mealy) A loose, granular substance on the sur- face. As if the plant had been sprinkled with cornmeal. These granules are some- times sparkly. Typical of the lambs- quarters family. PIT Figure 945, Pg 89., Sericeous TWith long, soft, silky hairs which lay along the surface. PIT Figure 969, Page 91.,Setose :With sparse, bristle-like hairs. PIT Figure 973, Page 92.,Sparsely hairy .Only a few hairs. They can be of any type. ,Spiny or prickly Usually not covering the entire surface, but on the marginal lobes, tip, midvein, etc. Include from very rigid structures to those unable to break the skin. As in thistles.,Stellate (star shaped) Literally "star-shaped." These hairs can be exquisite when viewed through a hand lens or microscsope and are only found in a few plant families. PIT Figure 1034, Page 97. STELLATE.bmp,Stinging hairs You will recognize these when you touch them! Generally plants with this fea- ture are referred to as "nettles." How- ever some "nettles" merely have spines. PIT Figure 1226, Page 114.,Strigose hWith short, stiff, flattened hairs. Very similar in texture to "scabrous." PIT Figure 1053, Page 1053., Tomentose PDensely covered with a matted tangle of soft hairs. PIT Figure 1130, Page 106. TOMENTUM.bmp,Uncinate (hooked) Hooked at the tip, giving the surface a velcro-like feel and hence, clinging to clothing, fur, etc. PIT Figure 1209, Page 112. UNCINATE.bmp,Villous (silky) bWith long, soft, wavy hairs. These give the surface a silky texture. PIT Figure 1252, Page 116. VILLOUS.bmp- Not succulent 5 Juice milky The juice of the plant a colored and often rather thick liquid. It is generally white but may also be orange and can dry a variety of colors./ Herbaceous J"Herbaceous" stems die completely, or die back to ground level each year./ Semi-woody "Semi-woody" refers to perennial stems which are less rigid and thickened than normally considered "woody." Rabbit- brush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) is a good example./Woody A stem which persists year after year. Each year another layer of tissue is added (growth rings), and the stems become rigid and thickened. Trees, shrubs, and some vines (called lianas).0 Hollow (flower stem at maturity) Many large, herbaceous plants have hollow flowering stems. To qualify for this character the diameter of the open space should be at least twice the thickness of the walls which surround it HOLLOW.bmp0Oval A round stem, which has been somewhat flattened. Roll it between your fingers and this will become evident. This characteristic is uncommon in broadleaf plants, but important in grasses. STEMOVAL.bmp0Ridged Many plants display prominent longitud- inal ridges on the stem. However this information is often lacking from writ- ten descriptions. RIDGED.bmp0Round 3This is the most common stem cross- section shape. STMROUND.bmp0Square Although many people think that a square stem infers a member of the mint family, there are actually many families with this characteristic. "Square" stems are usually accompanied by opposite leaves. STMSQARE.bmp0Winged The "wings" of a stem are broad, flat- tened, longitudinal ridges. These often are extensions of the leaf bases. The difference between wings and ridges is a matter of degree. Use "or" if unsure. STEMWING.bmp1 Stem leafless No leaves on the flowering stems; such as a dandelion. In some cases this is technically incorrect as the "stem" is actually a peduncle. Use only for stems which originate at ground level. STMNAKED.bmp1Stem leaves greatly reduced "Greatly reduced" refers to the rela- tionship between the basal leaves and the stem leaves, with the stem leaves being much the smaller. STLVSRED.bmp1Stem uniformly leafy Virtually all trees and shrubs have leafy "stems" although they are often thought of as branches. If the leaves near the base are the same size as those above, it is uniformly leafy. STMSLFY.bmp2Main stem unbranched A simple stem terminating in an inflorescence; like a dandelion. Use this character only for stems which originate at ground level. STMUNBR.bmp2Main stem branched PA branched stem will have several inflorescences, at least one on each branch. STMBRCHD.bmp3 Bulb or Corm An enlarged, spherical stem base below ground. Although bulbs and corms are technically quite different, it is not necessary to distinguish between them. PIT Fg 124, page 15; Fg 223, Pg.24. BULBCORM.bmp3Fibrous _A cluster of narrow, string-like roots; these often much branched. PIT Figure 1278, Page 122. FIBROUS.bmp3 Rhizomatous Used here to denote any horizontal, underground, reproductive structures. In either woody or herbaceous species this often results in large, dense pat- ches of plants. PIT Fig. 882, Page 84. RHIZOMES.bmp3Rooting at the nodes Roots appearing from the stem at the bases of the leaves. This is relatively common in aquatic and semi- aquatic species. PIT Figure 1280, Page 122. ROOTNODE.bmp3 Stoloniferous aA horizontal, above ground stem. As in the "runners" on a strawberry. PIT Figure 1045, Page 98. STOLONS.bmp3Tap Root The root an elongation of the main stem. PIT Figure 1097, Page 103. While a taproot is often somewhat thickened it can be much narrower than illustrated in HTIP. TAPROOT.bmp3Tuberous An enlarged, thickened root portion of the root system, as in a potato. These are starchy structures used for food storage and vegetative reproduction. PIT Figure 1184, Page 110. TUBEROUS.bmpMelon or Gourd A thick-skinned (rind), dry to fleshy fruit with many seeds. Also called a "pepo". Typical of the family Cucurbitaceae. PIT Figure 707 Page 69. MELON.bmpCrassulaceae (stonecrop, sedum) Succulent, glabrous herbs or shrubs with entire, simple leaves. Petal tips usually pointed. Petals, sepals, and separate carpels all 4-5. Plants of arid environments.6Spines or Thorns ABSENT xA plant without spines or thorns. Keep in mind that a plant which has not yet flowered, may later have spiny flowers. SPINENO.bmp6 Spines on flowers or fruits only Many species use spines or thorns to protect or disseminate their fruits. These species are often spineless else- where on the plant, i.e., puncturevine, yellow starthistle, jimsonweed, etc. SPINEFLW.bmp6Spines on leaves and/or stems One of the easiest features to recog- nize. Many species protect themselves with spines or thorns on the leaves and/or stems, i.e., thistles, cactus, buffalobur, pricklepoppy, etc. SPINELVS.bmp6"Spines on flowers and leaves/stems This category is used for those species which have spines on both the sexual and vegetative structures. This can be very diagnostic, but plants must be mature before it can be determined. SPINEALL.bmp7 Not aromatic The majority of plants do not contain aromatic chemicals in their leaves. If the aroma of your specimen is slight (even grass has a minor odor) then it is not considered aromatic.7Aromatic 8Annual An "annual" grows from seed, flowers, produces seed, and dies in one year. Check the root system. Since it has been in the ground for only a short time, it will be whiteish in color.8Biennial A "biennial" produces a rosette (PIT: Fig. 894, Pg. 85) during its first year. The second year it "bolts," flowers, produces seed, and dies. Look for rosettes and bolts in the field.8 Perennial A "perennial" lives for more than two years. Many perennials die back to the ground each year. Since the roots are several years old, they will be dark colored and more or less woody.9 Prostrate Plants whose stems lie flat upon the ground. This is very distinctive and important in identification. Note: some vines may be prostrate if they have nothing to climb upon. HABITPRO.bmp9Spreading ascending These plants creep along the ground at the base and often for much of the length of the stem, but the tips of the stems eventually become erect. HABITSPR.bmp9Erect, columnar (narrow) An erect, narrow plant forming a "column" in general outline. Most coiferous trees (firs, spruces, etc.) are columnar in shape while most others are not (ie. oaks, maples, etc.) HABITCOL.bmp9Erect, spherical (bushy) bA much branched, bushy plant which is round in outline. Woodiness is not inferred by this shape. HABITSPH.bmp9 Climbing vine One of the most unusual and easy to recognize growth forms, the term "climb- ing" is included to differentiate from certain prostrate plants such as "pun- turevine." HABITCLI.bmp:< 1 cm (< .40 inch) :1 - 5 cm (.40 - 2.0 inches) :5 - 10 cm (2.0 - 4.0 inches) :1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches) :2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches) :4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet) :6 - 8 dm (2.0 - 2.6 feet) :8 - 10 dm (2.6 - 3.3 feet) :1 - 1.5 meters (3.3 - 5.0 feet) :!1.5 - 2.0 meters (5.0 - 6.6 feet) :2 - 2.5 meters (6.6 - 8.3 feet) : 2.5 - 5 meters (8.3 - 16.6 feet) :!5.0 -10.0 meters (16.6 - 33 feet) ;Not wind disseminated Neither the seeds nor the whole plant are disseminated by the wind. These plants may use water, gravity, animals, etc..to disperse thier seeds.; Fruit, seed, or spore wind borne The plant's propagules spread by the wind. These will either be extremely small or have structures attached to the seeds which catch the wind. SEEDBLOW.bmp;!Entire plant mobilized-tumbleweed These are the tumbleweeds. At maturity the plant breaks off at ground level and "tumbles" in the wind, dispersing its seeds as it goes. These plants are always somewhat spherical in shape. PLANTBLW.bmp<Aquatic These plants require standing water. They may be attached to the bottom by their roots or not. An extremely diag- nostic character for this group.< Semi-aquatic These plants are found along shorelines, often within the zone of fluctuation so that they may be in the water at times and on the shore at others. Their roots can always reach the water table.<Seasonally saturated These are plants which grow in sites which are flooded during the wet season but dry out in the dry season. This can include flood plains, vernal pools, road ditches, etc.<Mesic The catch-all category for sites which are not particularly wet or dry; "mesic" means middle. Most farm ground, lawns, pastures, etc. fall into this category, as do the habitats of most plants.<Arid Those plants which are restricted to extremely dry sites (also referred to as "xeric" sites). Cactus is the classic example of a plant adapted to an "arid" site.=Absent VERY RARE, i.e., dodder and a few other parasitic or saprophytic plants. Lack of chlorophyll is an extremely diagnostic character.=Present With only a few exceptions, virtually all plants have chlorophyll. See the discussion under "Chlorophyll Absent" in this program.Aceraceae (maple) Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves. The leaves usually palmately lobed and veined but pinnately compound in box elder. Fruit made up of two 1-seeded, winged fruits (called samaras).Compositae (sunflower, daisy) Same as Asteraceae.Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort) Same as Clusiaceae.Leguminosae (pea, bean, legume) Same as Fabaceae.Umbelliferae (parsley, carrot) Same as Apiaceae.Cruciferae (mustard) Same as Brassicaceae.Bignoniaceae (bignonia) Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. The large showy flowers distinctly 2-lipped. Fruits are long, narrow, and woody with a central partition and winged seeds. Leaves opposite, alternate, or whorled.Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) Similar to Liliaceae. Perennial herbs with bulbs, corms, or rhizomes. Flowers often in a simple umbel. The 3 petals and 3 sepals usually all showy. Leaves linear and parallel veined.Molluginaceae (carpetweed) Annual herbs with narrow, simple leaves. Flowers small, arising from the leaf axils. Considered by some authors to be a subset of the Aizoaceae.Aizoaceae (horse purslane) Fleshy to succulent, often prostrate. Leaves simple, alternate, or opposite. Flowers inconspicuous in axillary clu- sters. Fruit a 1-5 celled capsule of many small seeds. Close to MolluginaceaePhytolaccaceae (pokeweed) Only Phytolacca included here. A hair- less perennial herb to 9 feet tall with simple, alternate leaves 10-30 cm long. Flowers in racemes 4-8 inches long. Fruit a juicy, purple berry. Berry, purple 3A purple fleshy fruit. PIT Figure 1733a, Page 187. BERRY.bmp:> 10.0 meters (> 33 feet) 1.5 dm (6.0 inches) > 4.0 cm (> 1.8 inches) Hippocastanaceae (buckeye) @Shrubs or small trees with opposite, palmately compound leaves.Nut A hard, 1-seeded fruit which does not split open at maturity. Examples include walnuts, acorns, almonds, pecans, etc. but NOT peanuts. PIT Figure 619, Page 61.NUT.bmpHaloragaceae (water milfoil) Emergent aquatic plants, the submersed leaves whorled and divided into linear pinnate segments. Flowers inconspicuous in whorls of 4-6 in the axils of the upper leaves.Simaroubaceae (quassia) Ailanthus a smooth barked tree often forming colonies. Leaves odd-pinnately compound with 11-41 leaflets. Each leaflet with a single glandular tooth at the base. Fruit winged with 2-5 seeds.Samara A winged fruit. These can vary in size and shape, but all are meant to aid in wind dissemination of the seeds. PIT Figure 916, Page 87. SAMARA.bmp"Betulaceae (alder, birch, filbert) Trees or shrubs with simple, petiolate, alternate leaves with serrate margins and pinnate venation. Male and female flowers separate. The male flowers in pendulous catkins.Corylaceae (hazelnut, filbert) wSome authors separate the genus Corylus (hazelnuts, filberts) from the family Betulaceae and place it in this family.5 Catkin (ament, cone) A small, often pendulous, cone-like cluster of flowers. Found in woody plants only and sometimes appearing before the leaves. PIT: Fig. 156 Pg. 18 CATKIN.bmpMoraceae (mulberry) yTrees or shrubs with milky juice and separate male and female flowers. Leaves alternate and simple or palmately lobed. Aggregate kA fruit composed of many separate parts such as raspberries or blackberries. PIT Figure 1733a, Page 187. AGGREGAT.bmpSapotaceae (wolly buckthorn) Somewhat thorny shrubs or small trees. The leaves simple, alternate to fascicled, dark glossy green on the upper surface and densely covered with white to brown hairs on the lower. Fascicled A group of leaves all apparently emerg- ing from a single point. Commonly used to describe the needles of pine trees which may be 1 to 5 per fascicle. PIT Figure 365, Page 36 FASCICLE.bmpSapindaceae (soapberry) Trees, shrubs, or vines with alternate ternate to pinnately compound leaves. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, stamens 8-10.Juglandaceae (walnut) Trees with large, alternate, pinnately compound leaves. Male flowers in catkins female flowers solitary or clustered at the tips of the branches. Fruit a nut surrounded by a fleshy or woody husk.Caesalpiniaceae (caesalpinia) Considered by many to be a sub-family of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae). The most distinctive features of this group are: sepals separate to the base and the up- per petal smaller than the side petals.Rhamnaceae (buckthorn) nShrubs or small trees. Leaves simple with arcuate venation. Fruit a capsule or berry-like, with 1-4 seeds.Ulmaceae (elm) Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves. The leaves often scabrous and oblique. Flowers small, greenish to yellowish, petals lacking. Fruit winged or berry-like.Cornaceae (dogwood) Perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves opposite with arcuate venation. Flowers small but sometimes subtended by showy bracts. Sepals, petals, stamens all 4. Fruit a 1-2 seeded berry.Mimosaceae (mimosa) Considered by some authors to be a sub- family of the Fabaceae. Distinguished primarily by its 2-3 times pinnately compound leaves and its dense clusters of flowers with exerted, showy stamens. Bipinnate A leaf which is branched and branched again; the second division forming the leaflets. The first division is called the "pinnae." (Just in case you wanted to know.) PIT Figure 106, Page 13. BIPINN.bmpEbenaceae (ebony) Represented here only by persimmon, a shrub or tree to 60 feet tall. Leaves thick and dark green, the blades oval to oblong 7-15 cm in length. The fruit a yellowish-brown berry 2-6 cm diameter.Oleaceae (olive) Trees or shrubs with opposite, pinnately compound leaves. Flowers in pendulous clusters from the axils of the previous years growth. Fruit 1-seeded and winged (samara). Fraxinus (ash).Cupressaceae (cypress, juniper) Evergreen trees or shrubs with over- lapping scale-like or needle-like leaves. Plants pungently aromatic. Some authors include this family in the Pinaceae.( 1 Deltoid WDeltoid means "triangular", as in the Greek symbol Delta. PIT Figure 1389a, Page 133. LFLTSHDE.bmpCaprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) Leaves opposite; trees, shrubs, or vines often with pithy stems. Petals united, stamens attached to the tube. Flowers regular or irregular, ovary inferior, fruit often a berry.9Floating "Floating" plants may or may not have their roots attached to the ground. In either case, the majority of the plant rests on the surface of the water. HABITFLO.bmp$ 21 Spatulate Shaped like the long, blunt instrument used to spread frosting. Broadly linear with a tapered base and a rounded tip. PIT Figure 1000, Page 94. SPATULAT.bmpPlatanaceae (sycamore) Only the genus Platanus (sycamore) included here. Large trees with scaly bark and alternate, large, palmately veined leaves. Fruit a pendulous ball of brown, hairy achenes.Salicaceae (willow, poplar) Trees or shrubs often found along the margins of water courses or other wet areas. Leaves alternate, simple, short, petiolate. Male and female flowers in catkins on separate trees.Fagaceae (oak) Trees or shrubs with separate male and female flowers. The male flowers in catkins, the female flowers in the leaf axils of the new growth, forming acorns. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate.Spines In some plants the stipules have been modified to form spines. This often results in a pair of spines at the base of each leaf. STIPSPIN.bmpAcanthaceae (acanthus) Herbaceous plants with simple, opposite leaves. Flowers tubular with 5 petals, symmetrical, or asymmetrical. Fruit a superior 2-celled capsule. Stamens 2 or 4. Very similar to the Scrophulariaceae.Alismataceae (water plantain) Aquatic plants with milky juice. The leaves all basal with long petioles (leaf stems). Flowers with 3 petals, white to rarely pinkish, and separate carpels. Tripinnate A compound leaf which is divided into 3 progressively smaller segments; the last set of segments are the leaflets. PIT Figure 1171, Page 109. TRIPINN.bmpLauraceae (laurel) sAromatic, often evergreen, trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple. Fruit a red or blue, single-seeded berry.Commelinaceae (spiderwort) Annual or perennial herbs with simple, alternate, parallel veined leaves. The leaf base forming a tubular sheath. 3 green sepals and 3 white or colored petals. Fruit a 2 or 3 celled capsule.Rutaceae (citrus, rue) Aromatic herbs or usually woody plants. Leaves often compound. Spines or thorns often present. Stamens twice as many as the petals.Cuscutaceae (dodder) Delicate twining, parasitic vines. Due to lacking chlorphyll the vines are a distinctive yellow to white. The leaves small and scalelike. Flowers small, yellow to white.Nyctaginaceae (four-o'clock) |Annual or perennial herbs with opposite, simple leaves. Flower clusters subtended by large, 5-parted, or 5-lobed bracts.Vitaceae (grape) Perennial vines with alternate leaves and tendrils opposite the leaves. Flowers small and greenish arranged in panicles arising opposite the leaves. Ovary superior, fruit a 1-4 seeded berryPedaliaceae (unicorn-plant) See Martyniaceae.Martyniaceae (devil's-claw) Large annuals, with sticky-fuzzy, round leaves. Petals united, flowers irregular and showy. Fruit a large- horned capsule which splits into 2 segments at maturity.Pinaceae (pine, fir, spruce) Evergreen trees with resinous wood and foliage. Leaves needle-like to linear and spirally arranged or in fascicles. Male flowers in small, soon deciduous cones. Female flowers in woody cones.Spore Spores are produced only by extremely primitive plants such as ferns and horsetails. These are microscopic in size. Do not confuse them with pollen grains from other types of plants. SPORES.bmpLoasaceae (loasa, blazing-star) Petals yellow to orange, stamens many. Herbaceous plants with rough clinging leaves. Ovary inferior, fruit a cylindrical, 1-3 celled capsule.Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf) Herbaceous plants; the flowers in scorpoid cymes or solitary. Stamens often exerted. Fruit a 1- celled capsule. Petals united, the stamens attached to the tube near the base.    ,Glochidiate (barbed) Hairs with a series of backwards pointing barbs. Leaves with this type of hair will readily cling to your clothing. PIT Figure 410, Page 41. GLOCHID.bmpPrimulaceae (primrose) Herbaceous annuals or perennials with simple, usually entire, basal or oppos- ite leaves. Stamens 5, free from and op- posite the petals. Style 1 with a capi- tate stigma. Fruit a 1-celled capsule.Proboscidiaceae (unicorn-plant) See Martyniaceae. Viscaceae (mistletoe) $Evergreen aerial parasites of trees.Saururaceae (lizard tail) Rhizomatous herbs with simple, alternate or mostly basal leaves. Flowers in a conical terminal spike subtended by conspicuous white bracts. Plants of wet often alkaline meadows. (Anemopsis)Pontederiaceae (pickerelweed) Aquatic to semi-aquatic, annual to per- ennial herbs. Leaves alternate sheathing at the base, with or without blades. Flowers apparently with 6 petals, these fused at the base forming a tube.Orobanchaceae (broomrape) Somewhat fleshy. Parasitic on the roots of many species; lacking chlorophyll and leaves. Flowers irregular, stamens 4; fruit a superior 1-celled capsule. Very similar to the Scrophulariaceae Fumariaceae (fumitory) Flowers showy and strongly irregular in racemes or panicles. Leaves dissected. Annual to perennial, herbaceous plants with watery juice.   Menispermaceae (moonseed) Vines of the southeastern U.S. with separate male and female flowers, no thorns or tendrils and simple alternate leaves. Fruit a one-seeded berry.Polemoniaceae (phlox) [Sepals and petals tubular, often elongate. The fruit a superior, three sectioned capsule.Passifloraceae (passion flower) Trees shrubs or tendril bearing vines. Commonly with a distinctive brightly colored fringed corona. The pistil with three carpels forming a berry or capsule.Ceratophyllaceae (hornwort) ~Submerged aquatic plants with whorled leaves which are divided into narrow three forked divisions. Common in quiet waters.9Submerged (mostly or totally) LThe entire plant beneath the surface of the water or only the tips exposed. HABITSUB.bmpHydrocharitaceae (frogbit) nSubmerged aquatic plants with simple, entire leaves. Flowers surrounded by a spathe of one to three bracts.Najadaceae (water-nymph) Submerged aquatic plants with opposite or whorled leaves. The flowers solitary in the leaf axils with one carpel and one stamen.Nymphaeaceae (water-lily) Large floating-leaved aquatic plants. Plants arising from large tuberous rhizomes. The flowers solitary and showy on long stalks.Nelumbonaceae (lotus) Large floating-leaved aquatic plants. Visually and taxonomically very similar to the Nymphaceae (water lily). Distinguished by having seeds with a large embryo and no perisperm.Potamogetonaceae (pondweed) Submerged aquatic plants with prominently stipular leaves. The flowers perfect with floral parts in fours. Inflorescence a pedunculate spike.Sterculiaceae (redweed) Plants woody or herbaceous with simple alternate leaves. Sepals and petals three to five, pistil one and superior, fruit a capsule.Santalaceae (sandlewood) Partly to wholly parasitic plants with simple entire leaves and three to six stamens. Perianth segments green, white or purple and connate.Berberidaceae (barberry) qHerbs or shrubs with mostly 4 or 5 whorls of 2-4 distinct members. Fruit a 1-several seeded follicle or berry.Resedaceae (mignonette) Flowers bearing a large sterile disk between the perianth segments and the stamens. The pistil is elongate and often open terminally even while immature.Ericaceae (heath, heather) aA very diverse group. Mostly shrubs with evergreen leaves. Plants prefering cool acidic soils.Dennstaedtiaceae (bracken-fern) This family is broken out of the Polypodiaceae by some authors based on having hairy rhizomes and branches arising from the petiole.Araceae (arum, calla-lilly) This family is typified by a spike-like inflorescence called a spadix sheathed by an elongate spathe. The common names of many species include the word "lilly" though they are quite dissimilar"Annonaceae (pawpaw, custard-apple) Trees or shrubs. The leaves alternate and simple, often aromatic. Sepals 3, Petals generally 6 in 2 whorls, stamens many, carpels usually many and united in a dry of fleshy mass.Azollaceae (mosquito-fern) Salviniaceae (mosquito-fern) "Cabombaceae (watershield, fanwort) Butomaceae (flowering rush) Callitrichaceae (waterstarwort) Casuarinaceae (beefwood) Celastraceae (bittersweet) Trees, shrubs or woody vines with simple membraneous to leathery leaves. The flowers small white, greenish or purplish. The ovary subtented by a glandular disk.Parkeriaceae (floatingfern) Myricaceae (sweet-gale) Tiliaceae (linden, basswood) Thymelaeaceae (daphne) Dioscoreaceae (yam) Elatinaceae (waterwort) Papilionaceae (pea, bean) Considered by many to be a sub-family of the Fabaceae. Flowers strongly irregular, with large upper banner, lower keel and two smaller wing petals.Araliaceae (aralia, ivy) Hippuridaceae (marestail) Aquifoliaceae (holly) Dioecious trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves that are either entire or dentate. Fruits small and berry like with 3-18 nutlets.Balsaminaceae (impatiens) Lemnaceae (duckweed) Very tiny floating aquatic plants often consisting solely of two to four very small (<5 mm) oval leaves and a tuft of fibrous roots.Linaceae (flax) ZLeaves alternate, glaucous, linear and entire. The flower parts ALL in multiplles of 5.Hamamelidaceae (sweetgum) Magnoliaceae (magnolia) Marsiliaceae (pepperwort) Mayacaceae (bogmoss) Myrtaceae (melaleuca) Nyssaceae (blackgum) Osmundaceae (cinnamon fern) Sparganiaceae (burreed) Orchidaceae (orchid) Lentibulariaceae (bladderwort) Xyridaceae (yelloweyed-grass) "Zannichelliaceae (horned pondweed) Melastomataceae (melastoma) Meliaceae (chinaberry) Gentianaceae (gentian) Loganiaceae (rustweed) Pyrolaceae (pyrola) Rhizophoraceae (mangrove) Grossulariaceae (currant) Saxifragaceae (saxifrage) Ruppiaceae (widgeongrass) Trapaceae (water-chestnut) Valerianaceae (valerian) Arecaceae (palm) H CXMenudataDatabase for XID Tutorial4.3/Family-.  & 1$3"+ ;0:7 4# !6 8")#$+AB,-. 2*g /01 23 45L56/FlowersFrom the outside inward flowers usually have the following parts:sepals, petals, stamens (anthers and filaments), pistil, (stigma, style, ovary). Some parts may be missing. PIT Pg.162 Fig. 1546. FLOWER.bmp / Flower ColorFlower color usually refers to the color of the petals. It is not necessary to know which structures are the petals just use the color(s) most prominently apparent. Often green for no petals.%&'()*789:;<=>/Inflorescence Typew"Inflorescence" refers to the arrangement of the flowers on the flowering stem of the plant. See PIT: pages 154-160. INFLORES.bmp?@ABDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ/Number of PetalsThe petals are the second group of structures from the outside of the flower and are often large and colorful. The petals may be stuck together or free from each other. PIT: Fig. 1546 Pg. 162 PETALNUM.bmp RSTUVWXYZ[\]/Petal SeparationThe petals may be completely free from each other or joined for a portion or their entire length, in which case the flowers appear tubular. PIT: Figures 1552-1553, Page 163. PETALSEP.bmp^_`a/ Petal TipThe tip of the petal is one of the fea- tures which gives flowers their unique shape, i.e., a tubular flower with pointed petals looks very different than one with rounded petals. PETALTIP.bmpcdefghi/Flower SymmetryWhen facing a regular flower, the top and bottom will look the same as do the right and left sides. In a highly ir- regular flower, the halves will look very different. PIT Fg. 1553-1554 Pg 163 FLWRSYMM.bmpjkl/!Flower Length (Head length Comps)Flower length is measured from the point of attachment to the tip of the petal. This is along a line which is a continu- ation of the stem which attaches to the base of the flower. HTIP: no info. FLLENWI.bmpmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~/"Flower Width (Head width in Comps)Flower width is measured from the tip of one petal to the tip of the opposite petal. In members of the Compositae family, head width is used instead of individual flower width. FLLENWI.bmp/Number of SepalsSepals are most often small and green and surround the larger and more colorful petals. In rare instances the sepals can be large and colored. PIT: Figure 1546, Page 162. SEPALNUM.bmp /Sepal SeparationSepals can be completely free or stuck together for some portion of their length. When united for most of their length, they form a tube-like structure. SEPALSEP.bmp/ Sepal TipSepal tips are much less obvious than petal tips but can still convey some information. In the Compositae the bracts beneath the flower heads can easily be mis-interpreted as sepals. SEPALTIP.bmp/ Flower SexUsually flowers contain both male and female parts. The male parts are the stamens, and the female part is the pis- til. In some plants these parts occur separately. PIT: Fig. 1546, Pg. 162 FLWRSEX.bmp/Number of StylesThe styles protrude from the top of the ovary. The number of styles is often equal to the number of sections of the ovary. PIT: Figures 1060, 1061 Page 100. STYLENUM.bmp /Number of StamensThe stamens are the male part of the plant and are made up of filaments and anthers. PIT: Figure 1029 Page 97, Figure 1546, Page 162. STAMNUMB.bmp /Stamens Attached to the PetalsThe stamens may be stuck to the petals or free from the petals. To see if the stamens are attached, pull the petals off and see if the stamens come with them. STAMATTC.bmp/Stamens Connate (United)vThe stamens can be stuck to each other or free from each other. They can be joined by the anthers or the filaments. STAMCONN.bmp/Carpel SeparationIn some families the ovaries are divided into distinct parts (carpels), each with its own style. In most families these parts are joined and can only be seen by making a cross-section. CARPSEP.bmp/Number of CarpelsCarpels are sections of the ovary, each with its own stigma and sometimes its own style. A cross-section of the ovary is the easiest way to determine the num- ber of carpels. PIT Fg. 1093, Pg. 103 CARPNUMB.bmp /Ovary PositionIf petals attach to the bottom of the ovary, it is superior (above). If pet- als attach to the top of the ovary, it is inferior (below). If petals attach in the middle, it is halfway. OVARYPOS.bmp/ Fruit TypeThe fruit (mature ovary) can take many forms, i.e., nuts, berries, burs, etc. In this program all fleshy fruits are referred to as berries although this is not technically correct. FRUITYPE.bmp 9/FruitA fruit is a mature ovary. Contrary to the popular notion that fruits must be fleshy, a fruit is the seed-bearing por- tion of any plant. Wheat and sunflower seeds are both fruits! FRUITS.bmp/Fruit Length at MaturitywA fruit is a mature ovary. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment to the opposite end of the fruit. FRTLENWI.bmp /Fruit Width at MaturityA fruit is a mature ovary. Fruit width is measured at right angles to a line from the point of attachment to the opposite end of the fruit. Measure at the widest point. FRTLENWI.bmp      /BursBurs are a means of causing animals to disseminate a plant's seeds. They can be covered with a variety of hooks, spines, barbs, hairs, or sticky substances. PIT Figure 130, Page 15.BURS.bmp/LeavesWhere a leaf or leaves emerge from the stem is called a node. A leaf can have 3 parts. The broad flattened "blade," the stem by which the blade is attached to the branch, and stipules at the base.LEAF.bmp !"#$%&'()*+,-/Leaf ArrangementLeaf arrangement specifies how the leaves are arranged on the plant's stem. Be sure that you are looking at a leaf and not a leaflet. See "Leaf Type" for further details. LEAFARR.bmp  !"#/ Leaf TypeSee the Key to Common Types of Leaf Divisions PIT Page 137. As well as these types, leaves may also be divided into many irregular segments. These area called "dissected" leaves. LEAFTYPE.bmp $!%&'()*+,-.//StipulesStipules are small structures which ap- pear at the base of the leaf stem (peti- ole). These may appear leaf-like or can be a variety of glands, membranes, or spines. PIT Figure 1044, Page 98. STIPULES.bmp /01234567,/TendrilsTendrils are coiled structures by which the plant grasps surrounding vegetation for support. Tendrils are found primar- ily in the pea, grape, and squash families. PIT Figure 1101, Page 103. TENDRILS.bmp89/Venation|Venation is used to describe the pattern of the main veins in the leaf. See section on this subject, PIT pages 138 - 139. VENATION.bmp:;<=/Petiole (leaf stem) Blade RatioThe petiole is the stem by which the leaf attaches to the branch. The blade is the broad, flattened portion of the leaf. PIT Figure 724, Page 70 PETRATIO.bmp>?@A/ Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)Leaf length is measured from the point at which the leaf attaches to the branch to the leaf tip. Be sure to include the petiole (leaf stem) in your measurement. PIT Figure 518, Page 51. LFLENWID.bmp BCDEFGHIJ/ Leaf WidthLeaf width is measured at the widest point of the leaf. This is not an ac- curate character if the stem leaves are much smaller than the basal leaves, or if the leaves are very young. LFLENWID.bmp KLMNOPQRST/Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)Leaves come in a great variety of shapes which are one of the major identifying characteristics of plants. As many of these shapes are quite similar, freely use the "or" function in the program. LEAFSHAP.bmpUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefgh(/ Petiolule To Leaflet Blade Ratio\The petiolule is the stem which attaches the leaflet to the leaf. PIT Figure 725, Page 70. PETIOLUL.bmpijk/Leaflet LengthyMeasured from the attachment of the petiolule (leaflet stem) to the tip of the leaflet blade. PIT Figure 519, Page 51. LFLETLW.bmplmnopqr/ Leaflet Width]Leaflet width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet blade. PIT Figure 519, Page 51. LFLETLW.bmpstuvwxy/ Leaflet Shape^Leaflet shape denotes the shape of the leaflets of compound leaves. PIT Figure 519, Page 51. LFLTSHAP.bmp%z{|}~/Leaf or Leaflet MarginLeaf margins can vary from smooth to very deeply lobed. Most states in between are strictly a matter of degree, i.e., serrate is small teeth and dentate is large teeth. Use "or" if in doubt. LEAFMARG.bmp /Leaf or Leaflet Blade BaseThe base of the blade, where it attaches to the leaf or leaflet stem or to the branch, is a major factor in determining shape. It is also a valuable character independently. PIT Figure 1390, Pg.135 LEAFBASE.bmp /Leaf or Leaflet TipThe shape of the blade tip is one of the features which give leaves their charac- teristic appearance. The leaf tip is also referred to as the apex. PIT Fihure 1391, Pages 136-137. LEAFTIP.bmp/Leaf or Leaflet Blade SurfaceThe hairs and other structures which cover the surface of a blade are among the most diagnostic and difficult of all characteristics. A hand lens is usually required. PIT Pages 146 - 154. HAIRS.bmp@C/ Succulence"Succulence" refers to thick, fleshy, juicy leaves. Cactus are the classic examples of a succulent plants. This is an adaptation used by plants in dry climates to store moisture./Stem"Stem" as used here refers to the structure from which either leaves or branches arise. There are many stem characters such as color and hairiness which are variable and not included./012/. WoodinessTo meet the criteria for "woodiness," that portion of the plant must persist for more than 1 year. It makes no sense to refer to a hard, dried annual, such as tumble mustard, as woody./.Stem Cross SectionTechnically to determine this character, one should cut the stem in half and look at it from the end. This is seldom nec- essary. Roll the stem between your thumb and fingers to determine its shape. STEMCROS.bmp/.Flowering Stem LeavesThe amount of leaves on the flowering stem is one of the things which give plants their characteristic shape. Think of a dandelion with a leafy stem or a bindweed without a leafy stem! STEMLVS.bmp/.Main Stem Branches"Main stem branches" is more comp- licated than is initially apparent. Branches of the "inflorescence" are NOT considered here. An unbranched stem may terminate in a branched "inflorescence." FLSTMBR.bmp/ Root and/or Vegetative PropaguleThe term "vegetative propagule" is used here so that non-root structures, such as rhizomes and stolons (these are really horizontal stems), may be included. ROOTS.bmp/GeneralThe general characteristics used in plant identification and recognition, such as shape, height, smelliness, etc. These are the best characteristics for untrained users. 56789:;<=/4 Milky JuiceIf a plant stem is severed while fresh, juice is secreted which will be clear or opaque. "Milky" refers to the opaque juice regardless of color. This may be impossible to determine in dried plants./4Spines or ThornsAs defined here, these are structures rigid enough to draw blood. The user may wish to extrapolate this informa- tion! Less rigid structures may be prickles or "hispid" hairs. SPINES.bmp/4 Aromatic (vegetative structures)This character is used to determine smelly vs non-smelly. It does NOT refer to flowers. It refers ONLY to leaves and stems. Be sure to crush the plant between your fingers before sniffing./4 Life CycleLife cycle refers to the length of time which a plant lives. There is no way to determine life cycle from a seedling. Practice! This is important to know!!/4Growth Habit (while flowering)"Habit" refers to the general form or appearance of the plant. This is the most important characteristic of many species. Imagine dandelion as a vine or a prostrate oak tree! HABIT.bmp'/4Plant Height at MaturityPlant height is measured from ground level (even for aquatics) to the highest point. A prostrate plant may have stems 6 feet long, but the plant height may still be less than a few inches. PLNTHGHT.bmp /4Wind DisseminationRefers to how the plants distribute their seeds. In some species, the seeds have various types of fluff or para- chutes attached to the seeds. In tum- bleweeds, the whole plant is windblown. WINDDISS.bmp/4Moisture RegimeThis characteristic refers to the wetness of the site where the plant is growing. It is primarily of use for those plants which grow in extremely wet or dry sites only./4 Chlorophyll"Chlorophyll" is the pigment which makes plants green and by which they take energy from the sun. Plants with no chlorophyll will be yellow or white in color and often have no leaves!//////////Weeds of the West/California Growers Weed Identification HandbookNebraska Weeds!Weeds of the North Central States7Selected Weeds of Oregon 1985 (and 1989 Supplement (s))Weeds of AlbertaSouth Dakota WeedsWeeds of Eastern Washington.Weeds and Poisonous Plants of Wyoming and UtahNorthwest WeedsWeeds of Colorado)Field Guide To The Common Weeds Of Kansas%Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States!Common Weeds of The United Statesstarthistle, yellowx sumac, smoothx5sumpweed, povertyx7sunflower, commonx0 tansy, commonxteasel, commonx: thistle, bullx;thistle, Canadax#thistle, Russianx3thistle, Scotchx toadflax, yellowx vetch, commonxFwaterhemlock, spottedxwoodsorrel, yellowxAyarrow, commonHxA millefoliumx?repensxG retroflexusx@cotulax,bursa-pastorisx> solstitialisx%albumx= leucanthemumx<intybusxFmaculatax;arvensex:vulgarexE maculatumx!arvensisx9 canadensisx spp.x- officinalexDcarotax+sophiax sylvestrisxarvensex cicutariumxesulaxmaculatax aparinex hederaceax7annuusxClanatumxtrionumx" perforatumx6radicatax hederaceax5 axillarisx$scopariax amplexicaulex* latifoliumx vulgarisx salicariaxneglectax4matricarioidesx8catariax3 acanthiumxstrictax lanceolataxmajorx patagonicax avicularex coccineumx convolvulusx oleraceax)sativusxglabraxB arkansanax acetosellax crispusx#ibericax2vulgarisx' noctiflorax( altissimumxnigrumx rostratumx1asperx&mediax0vulgarex/ officinalex terrestrisx latifoliaxdioicax thapsusx peregrinaxsativa ssp. nigrax. strumariumH CXItemrec ;This creeping species makes an excellent ground cover but is very aggressive and often becomes weedy in lawns. It is known to most gardeners as "gill-over-the-ground" and is commonly brought in for identification. The correct spelling for the genus is Glecoma but Glechoma is used here to conform to W.S.S.A.150141 :3This shrub is native throughout much of the drier regions of the U.S. It often forms large patches due to spread from the roots. Fruit a red, hairy berry covered with short hairs which are coated with a sour substance; can be used to make lemonade.118 &[= 5. hederacea. Flowers blueish to purple on the outside, white to yellow within. Leaves either entire or 3-lobed. It is pictured on pages 290 and 291 of Weeds of the West but is mis-named as I. hirsutula in the 1991 edition. The photos on pages 292 and 293 of Weeds of the West are also I. hederacea but are mis-identified as I. purpurea.11214241 -AKOther non-standardized common names include goatheads and sandbur. This species is prostrate with even pinnate leaves and small, yellow flowers. The circular fruit breaks apart to form 5 triangular segments, each with 2 spines. These spines are very rigid and easily penetrate shoes and tires, thus the name "puncturevine."2411342113 #C= U. procera, U. gracilis. The name "urtica" is the same root word as the medical term for hives (urticaria), which refers to the skin reaction caused by contact with this plant. The stiff hairs on the stem contain a small drop of formic acid which is extremely irritating to the skin, but the irritation is short lived. The young growth of the plant is an excellent cooked green (much like spinach), and the older stems have historically been used as a fiber source for ropes and clothing.187481868 BHOne would be hard pressed to find anyone with enough interest to look in a weeds book who doesn't already know what a cattail looks like. Ewell Gibbons refered to this plant as the "supermarket of the wilds." The pollen from the male flowers makes a fine flour substitute while the "grain" from the female flowers is high in protein. The "fluff" can be used as padding, insulation, or tinder, and the leaves can be woven to form mats, baskets, roofs, etc.. The young stalks, which taste like cucumbers, are called "Russian asparagus," and the roots provide a starchy meal.87 <Buffalobur is native to the American southwest where it evolved to grow in the highly disturbed areas caused by the buffalo wallows. The leaves have large, rounded lobes and are spiny, particularly on the lower midrib. The flowers are yellow with 5 petals forming a tube about 1 inch broad. One of the anthers is much longer than the other four. The fruit is a somewhat spherical, spiny capsule. Buffalobur has spread to virtually every state in the U.S. as a contaminent in seed.252163s3543 $;Black nightshade is a common annual weed of cultivated cropland. As with many of the nightshades, the fruit is a berry, green when immature but black when ripe. This species is very similar to hairy nightshade, the major difference being that as the fruit matures in hairy nightshade (S. sarrachoides), the sepals become enlarged and cover the lower half of the fruit whereas in black nightshade they enlarge only slightly.14259146 5E9NWhile the small, heart-shaped fruits are typical of the genus, the linear leaves and white flowers are a combination of characters sufficient to distinguish purslane speedwell from all other species of the genus. The specific epithet "peregrina" means "migratory" and refers to the rapid invasive characteristics of the species.123166152 !DA very distinctive biennial due to the large, soft rosette leaves and the cylindrical, yellow flowering spikes to 6 or 8 feet tall. This plant was intentionally imported for its medicinal properties. The dried plant material is smoked to dry up fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia-like ailments. It is still harvested for use in some areas. This species prefers dry sites and is often found in sandy or gravelly soils.9216564150 C$ This rhizomatous perennial has narrowly linear leaves and prefers moist, rich soils where it is very competitive with pasture grasses. The spurred flowers have a distinct orange blotch in the throat.16462151  A viny, annual weed with down-turned barbs on the stem and 5-8 narrow, barbed leaves per whorl. Each leaf has a small spine at the leaf tip, and the plant stem is often square. The fruit is a pair of round burs, sometimes referred to as "monkey balls."17467157 .1 EA prostrate annual with fleshy, often brownish-colored leaves. The leaves are edible, however some people find their somewhat muscilaginous texture disagreeable. The small, yellow flowers form a capsule-type fruit which produces a large amount of tiny, black seeds. A very common weed of flower and vegetable gardens.27712882 6<The "curly" in curly dock refers to the wavy leaf margin. At the base of each leaf stem is the prominent membraneous "sheathing stipule" which is characteristic of this family. Despite common names like "Indian tobacco," this is a European species brought over by the settlers. The young leaves make an excellent, tangy, cooked green, and the red-brown mature fruits can be used in baking.51552271 35<Also known as "sheep sorrel" and "sour dock." The specific epithet "acetosella" is derived from the same root word as acetic acid, which is vinegar, and refers to the pleasant sour taste of the leaves. The leaves are often arrowhead- shaped with prominent basal lobes.532169 0 nThis plant's specific name "convolvulus" is the same as the genus name for field bindweed, and to the casual observer they may appear similar. However, field bindweed is a perennial with showy, tubular flowers and no stipules. Wild buckwheat is an annual with inconspicuous flowers and sheathing stipules. Wild buckwheat is a common weed of cultivated crops.19651s1273 2/ = P. muhlenbergia. Perennial plants of moist soils, the flowering stems fuzzy just below the 3 to 10 cm long spike of pinkish flowers. The sheathing stipules, which are typical of the genus, entire margined and without cilia.945074 . VThe photo on page 502 of Weeds of the West is Polygonum aviculare. It is mis-identified in the 1991 edition but corrected in the 1992 edition. Prostrate knotweed is common and beneficial in areas of highly compacted soils such as paths and driveways. The tiny axillary flowers are an interesting combination of pink, green, and white.12491972 +-2= P. purshii. This native annual is common in dry disturbed sites. It is seldom more than 6 inches tall and is soft- hairy throughout. The flowers borne on the terminal spike are translucent white.172156 ),2A fibrous rooted perennial, common in lawns and pastures. The leaves with a broad, oval blade and distinct, parallel veins. The flowering stem is leafless with the spike of flowers occupying greater than half its length. PLMAJOR.bmp18917166154 *+2These fibrous rooted perennials have a long, leafless flowering stem with a short spike of flowers at the tip. The main veins of the leaves are almost parallel and, as inferred by the scientific name, the leaves are lanceolate. This species is a common weed of lawns and pastures. PLALANC.bmp11417065155 F* Leaves with 3 leaflets (like a clover); each leaflet shaped like a heart attached at the narrow end. Leaves often dark purple and with a pleasant, sour taste. The flowers are yellow with 5 petals. This species is common in a variety of usually shady sites. Nebraska Weeds mentions O. europaea but this is a synonym for O. stricta despite the fact that it is listed by WSSA. O. dillenii is listed in Ontario Weeds but is a synonym for O. stricta according to WSSA.111114 &*Also known as buttonweed and cheeseweed. Listed as an annual by many references, it can also be a perennial. Note the column of stamens typical of the family. The plant shown as M. rotundifolia on page 120 of South Dakota Weeds 1966 is actually M. neglecta.12444120 This European annual can be found in a variety of sites from waste ground to annual crop. The leaves are palmately divided, but each segment is pinnately lobed. The flowers have 5, large, yellow petals, each of which has a purple base which gives the flower a purple center. Note the way the stamens are clustered together; this is typical of the mallow family. Also known as flower-of-an-hour.90123122 %zThis rhizomatous perennial species often forms solid stands in aquatic to semi-aquatic sites. Introduced (and still sold) as an ornamental for its showy spikes of purple flowers. It has invaded hundreds of thousands of acres of wetlands in the Northern United States. The plant has no value for wildlife, and many of the species which it displaces are valuable species.46 " Despite being a member of the mint family, this annual weed is not aromatic. Under warm spring conditions, it produces a small but beautiful two-lipped, tubular, purple flower with a speckled mouth. Under cooler conditions, these flowers do not open, instead they pollinate themselves while remaining closed and thus guarantee seed production whether or not the weather is suitable for the insects which pollinate them.1715156 Also known by the common names of "storksbill" and "cranesbill," in reference to the long, pointed fruits which are typical of the geranium family. The leaves of this species look and smell very much like carrot leaves even though carrot is in a different family. Redstem filaree is well adapted to dry rangeland and often provides valuable forage for sheep, but can be a troublesome weed in many situations.111s25 DF= V. angustifolia. An introduced perennial crop, now escaped and widely established. Distinguished from the other Vicia species by its 12-25 mm long flowers which occur in groups of 1-3 in the leaf axils.110111 7= E. supina, therefore look on both pages 88 and 89 in Nebraska Weeds and pages 250 and 252 in Common Weeds Of The United States. One of many annual spurges. The stems mostly prostrate but sometimes ascending. The leaves normally bearing a central spot of dark purple and the stem hairy with soft hairs. S.W.S.S. lists E. humistrata as a separate species from E. maculata but lists both species as = E. supina. Suffice it to say that these are extremely similar species and that confusion exists.28119s28115 6OOne of the worst possible weeds of range and pasture land, as well as being highly destructive to native ecosystems. This species spreads from an extensive root system, has seeds that will survive for 75 years in the soil, and is full of a toxic, milky juice which can cause permanent blindness if it comes into contact with the eye. Look for the many long, narrow, stem leaves and the pink buds on the root system. When the seed pods mature, they can "spit" the seeds up to 15 feet. The plants often occur along stream courses where the seeds and root fragments are water borne.1184111 In the spring the fruiting stalks of field horsetail emerge from its creeping rhizomes. They are slender and tubular, white to pink in color. Later in the season the vegetative stalks of the plants appear. These are often described as looking like small (< 1 foot tall) Christmas trees. These stems are very flexible and have several whorls of long, narrow branches. This stage of the plant contains chlorophyll and is green throughout.27811s144 >Distinguished from the other Dipsacus species by its entire, paired, clasping leaves, and straight spines surrounding the flowers. This species is very aggressuve in undisturbed plant communities and often forms dense stands of plants 4-8 feet tall.17568 Parasitic annuals with twining stems. The entire plant lacking leaves and chlorophyll and, therefore, a distinctive yellowish white.1415431  The scientific name "convulvulus" comes from the same root word as "convulsion" and refers to the manner in which the plant climbs by writhing and wrapping itself around any plant or object nearby. The species has a tremendous root system which allows the plant to stay green, even when everything around it has dried out. Seeds from this species can easily live for 50 years in the soil. This feature, when combined with the massive root system, makes it one of the worst crop weeds.74139539 8This perennial produces a toxin which, when consumed, causes white-skinned animals to develop massive skin lesions when exposed to the sun. The leaves are small, hairless, and opposite. When held up to the light, one can see numerous "perforations" which are actually clear window- like glands that produce the toxin. 3 biocontrol agents have been released on this species; the most noticeable is an irridescent black beetle.25412745123 A7 = S. kali, S. pestifer. This is the classic "tumbleweed" of ghost towns in the western movies. Probably imported as a silage plant for arid regions, the young growth is succulent and edible to man or livestock. At maturity the plant forms a spiny sphere, detaching at the base and tumbling in the wind spreading seeds as it goes. The seedling leaves are extremely narrow and linear; they can be mistaken for grass seedlings without close examination.21612681 ! Also called "red belvedere" and "burning bush." This species has developed resistence to the triazine herbicides which were commonly used along road and rail rights-of-way and has since formed profuse stands in many such sites. Although introduced as a forage crop, under certain conditions the plant can accumulate toxic levels of nitrate. At maturity many of the plants break off and become "tumble- weeds." The soft, hairy leaves resemble those of Bassia.216602580  A highly variable annual. The new growth, even seedlings, and lower leaf surfaces are covered with a white, mealy substance which is easily wiped off. At maturity the stems are often red striped, as is common in this family. The leaves of this species have been used as raw or cooked greens, but livestock occasionally suffer nitrate poisoning from consuming it in large quantities.22572379 >"Stellaria" means "like a star" referring to the small, white flowers with 5 deeply lobed petals. The specific epithet "media" means "middle," like the median strip of the highway, and refers to the fact that the stems have a single longitudinal line of hairs. If the stems are broken gently and pulled apart, they reveal an elastic core which, rumor has it, small chicks will strangle on. Hence, the name "chickweed."50802984 9The photo on page 260 of the 1991 edition of Weeds of the West is mis-identified as Silene noctiflora. This was correctly changed to Silene alba in the 1992 edition. The same mis-identification is made on page 69 of Nebraska Weeds. This is particularly funny since the text says "the two are easily mistaken for each other." An excellent photo (correctly identified) can be found on page 143 of Weeds Of Alberta.7887 "::6The seedling of this species is mis-identified in the 1991 edition of Weeds of the West (that's yellow starthistle) but correct in the 1992 edition. Also known as "Jim Hill mustard" for the railroad man which it followed throughout the west. The seed pods, which are up to 4 inches long but only about 2 mm wide, are a distinctive feature of this species. Second only to Russian thistle in its prevalence as a tumbleweed in most areas. When the plants bolt in the spring, the flowering stalks of the larger plants can be peeled and eaten, raw or cooked.10236100 /2 Technically this is the same species as cultivated radish (the word "sativus" means "cultivated as a crop"). The flowers vary from white to yellow or purple, and the 4 petals have prominent dark veins.78s22 &#)This rhizomatous perennial commonly forms dense stands, choking out other vegetation in sub-irrigated areas. It produces large, rounded clusters of small, white flowers and is sometimes called "tall white-top." This plant has recently been used in the dried flower trade; the fruiting plants being sold as "beige lace." This is a tremendous potential means of spread of this aggressive, weedy species. Chew the mature seed pods or the root to see why this plant is called "pepperweed."24535 ![This species is closely related to pinnate tansymustard (D. pinnata), and both species have very similar finely dissected leaves. Under magnification, it can be seen that the leaves are covered with small, star-shaped hairs. The fruits of flixweed tend to be longer and narrower than those of pinnate tansymustard, which are bullet shaped.2713399 1"The only mustard in our region with a triangular fruit. One of the first plants to bloom in the spring, often overwintering as a rosette. The leaves are pinnately lobed and have both simple and branched hairs.10913195 #Houndstongue has small, but beautiful, dark red to reddish- purple tubular flowers. The four nutlets are covered with hooked bristles which allow the seeds to be dispersed by passing animals. Recent evidence has shown this species to be toxic to livestock due to the presence of pyrolizadine alkaloids. The entire plant has a sweetish musty odor which some people say smells like dirty socks and others claim smells like hot buttered popcorn!261145135 G$= X. pensylvanicum, X. italicum. The common cocklebur is often found in areas that are saturated in the spring. Seedlings are easily identified by digging up the coarse bur which remains attached to the root system. Each bur contains 2 seeds, one of which germinates in the spring, the other in the fall. The cotyledon leaves are extremely toxic, and deaths in swine are common as the species is well adapted to grow around hog wallows.1924096172 @'Probably the most commonly recognized weed. This species was intentionally imported by the pioneers for its large number of useful properties. The leaves are high in vitamins and can be eaten raw or cooked. The flowers are used to make wine, and the roots can be used as an excellent substitute for coffee. It is a major competitor for pollinators in orchards. Many species including T. laevigatum and T. erythrospermum have been published but are not valid species in the opinion of most authors.95237162 =?(Common tansy was imported as a medicinal herb but has since been shown to be carcinogenic. It is an extremely aggressive, rhizomatous perennial which often forms mono- cultural stands in pasture and waste land. It is often confused with tansy ragwort because of misuse of the common name rather than any similarities between the plants. Common tansy is an aromatic perennial without ray flowers. Tansy ragwort is a non-aromatic biennial with ray flowers.23695197 4=+This species is a very prickly annual with clasping stem leaves and milky juice. It is one of the very few yellow flowered "thistles." It can easily be confused with annual sowthistle which is also prickly, but much less so than prickly sowthistle. The rule of thumb is that if you wonder which one it is, it's probably not prickly sowthistle -- 'cause you'd know if you touched it!15123594 8;A common annual weed of disturbed sites. The leaves are pinnately lobed, and the small heads of yellow flowers are without ray flowers. The bracts immediately beneath the heads display the small, black tips which are typical of the genus. This species is more toxic to horses than tansy ragwort (S. jacobaea) but is seldom consumed in large quantities due to the small stature of the plants.391 B),OThe scientific name comes from the Latin "onos" for donkey and refers to the supposed effect of causing flatulence in donkeys. (Make up your own common name!) An enormous biennial with rosettes to 6 feet wide and plants 6-12 feet tall. The leaves and stems are covered with white, cobwebby to felty hairs, and the stems have prominent, spiny wings. This species can grow in a great variety of soils and sites. The photos on page 225 of the California Growers Guide are actually bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare), however the text on the back seems to be accurate for Scotch thistle.22520389 ('-= Chamomilla suaveolens. This low growing annual is often confused with mayweed (Anthemis cotula) but can easily be distinguished by its pleasant, sweet odor and lack of ray flowers. It is often found in compacted soils, such as paths and driveways, with prostrate knotweed.15226s48 ; /This rhizomatous perennial is a native weed of dry, alkaline soils in the Western U.S. The most distinctive feature is the pendulous flower heads which occur singly in the leaf axils.22186166 0Despite the branched, several flowered stems and rough hairy leaves, this species is often called dandelion. In wet climates or well watered lawns, it is an exceptionally troublesome weed.21385 <%CThe wild ancestor of today's cultivated sunflower. The lowest leaves are opposite but most above are alternate, and all are scabrous (rough). The flowers are in large heads with yellow ray flowers and brownish disk flowers. This species is common in dry wasteland and natural areas, blooming from mid to late summer.11216187 (. NAn aromatic perennial with leaves very similar in shape to those of stinging nettle. The volatile compounds of this plant have a strange, drug-like effect on members of the cat family. It is occasionally grown as a crop which is sold for tea or for stuffing cat toys. Note the prominent square stem typical of the mint family.224154140 SAlso called mare's tail, this species does not develop its small, white flower heads until mid to late summer. The leaves can be either entire or lobed. At all stages of growth, the leaves have stiff "ciliate" hairs along the margins. A very common weed along roadsides, this species has developed resistence to certain herbicides.16204181 ? DThis thistle has extremely stiff spines and, often, pointed leaf lobes. It is a biennial, and even in the rosette stage, can be distinguished from our other thistles by its rough, scratchy, upper leaf surface. See also the photos on page 225 of the California Growers Guide which are mis-identified as Scotch thistle.14920283204 @ One of the most serious weeds of crop and forest land in the Western United States. Its spread is primarily from creeping root stocks which are distributed by cultivation and gophers. The "snowstorms" of fluff from patches of this species have caused many feuds but actually contain very few viable seeds. This is an extremely variable species, some varieties with entire, spineless leaves. An excellent description of these varieties can be found on page 239 of Ontario Weeds.2008113 13This weedy, tap-rooted perennial is the same species famous for its use in chicory coffee. The hairy basal leaves form a rosette, and the stem leaves are quite small. The coarse, branched stems give the plant a skeleton-like appearance. One of a very few species having blue flowers and milky juice.9719780160 3Flower heads with yellow centers and white rays. An aggressive, creeping perennial which is extremely competitive with grasses, particularly in low fertility, acidic soils. Application of nitrogen will help to favor the grasses.196196 94LAn extremely aggressive weed in dry habits, this species often forms extensive monocultural stands. The stiff spines beneath the flower heads are often greater than an inch long. Each head produces 2 types of seeds, some with fluffy attachments for wind dissemination and the other without such attachments which fall near the parent plant. After seed shed, the prominently white, fuzzy receptacle remains and has earned the plant the common name of "cotton- top thistle" in Britain. The plant is very toxic to horses. In some areas it is called Barnaby or Barnaby's thistle.3178 7= Centaurea repens. The word "repens" in the scientific name means "creeping" and refers to the creeping root system of this rhizomatous perennial. The roots are usually black and scaly. The bracts beneath the flower heads are membraneous and translucent. Note the EXTREMELY bitter taste of the leaves.751957719 6This is a common weed of mesic annual cropland. Its most distinctive features include: the small "daisy-like" flower heads with yellow-orange centers and white rays, the finely divided leaves, and the extremely strong and unpleasant odor when the foliage is crushed. In the Pacific Northwest this species is often erroneously referred to as "dog fennel." Very similar to A. arvensis and A. austriaca but much more aromatic.4518670195 G7HAchillea lanulosa (western yarrow) is so similar to common yarrow that some authorities consider them to be the same species, although technically one is native and the other is European. Note the flat-topped clusters of small, white flowers and the fern-like aromatic leaves. These species can grow in a great variety of pasture, range, and wasteland situations from sea level to 10,000 feet. Although this species is common, it is not particularly aggressive and is often symptomatic of over-grazing. Pink flowered forms are cultivated and occasionally occur in nature.59180s42194 045fSimilar in many regards to many of our wild roses, but this species tends to be more herbaceous, often woody only at the base. It is an extremely variable species, and tends to hybridize with several other native roses. It is a common, although not particularly aggressive, species throughout the Great Plains. = R. pratcinola per South Dakota Weeds.107105 %8Cow parsnip is a native plant of moist, rich soils in the Western U.S. Its populations have fallen dramatically since the European colonization of the west due to the fact that this species will not survive cultivation or grazing by cattle. Despite the fact that this species is not at all weedy, it often appears in weed books, most likely because it is easily identified and photographed! = H. maximum25651 ?>Also called "Queen Anne's lace," this is the wild ancestor of our cultivated carrot. Due to this close relationship, wild carrot is of much concern in areas where carrot seed is grown since the crop could be pollinated by the weed. The flowers are white and arranged in flat topped clusters (compound umbels), often with a purple to black flower at the center. The flower clusters fold up at maturity, forming a "bird's nest" of bur-like seeds. Beneath the umbel there are several conspicuous branched bracts which determine this species from some "look-alikes."2181325037 , >A very weedy biennial from a white taproot. The leaves divided into many small segments and the stem covered with purple blotches. This species often forms dense stands, over 6 feet tall, along stream courses but can grow in a variety of sites. The white flowers are in small, umbrella- shaped clusters, and the whole plant emits a musty "mouse- nest"-like odor. This is the same species which killed Socrates, and human poisoning is common.10713149127 E =TUsually found along the margins of lakes and streams. The flowers in white, umbrella-like clusters; the stems often with purple blotches and arising from a cluster of tuberous roots. If the stem base and root is cut in half length- wise, you will see it is divided into small chambers. From the walls of these chambers, a shiny, yellow substance is exuded. It is EXTREMELY TOXIC. It is very similar to C. douglasii which occurs only in WA, OR, ID, MT, NV, CA, and has elongate cells formed by the small veins on the under- side of the leaf; those of C. maculata are round or square.130128 'QAlso known as "rough pigweed." The terminal spike is much shorter and broader than on the closely related A. powellii, A. palmerii, or A. hybridus. The taproot and often the lower stem base are reddish in color, hence the common name. As with all members of this genus, the flowers are small, green, and subtended by small spines.53652777@Glechoma AcroptilonRhusTribulus AmaranthusUrticaTyphaSolanum VerbascumLinariaGalium Portulaca PolygonumOxalisHibiscusLythrumLamium ChenopodiumCirsiumErodiumConyzaVicia EquisetumDipsacusCuscuta Convolvulus HypericumSalsolaKochia StellariaSilene EuphorbiaRaphanus DescurainiaCapsella CynoglossumXanthium HelianthusIpomoea Taraxacum TanacetumLepidiumMalvaSonchus Onopordum MatricariaNepetaIva Hypochaeris CichoriumPlantago Chrysanthemum CentaureaRosaAnthemisAchillea HeracleumVeronica SisymbriumSenecioRumexCicutaConiumDaucus Cuscutaceae EuphorbiaceaeZygophyllaceae Urticaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Typhaceae Solanaceae Brassicaceae PortulacaceaeChenopodiaceae Oxalidaceae Rubiaceae Lamiaceae GeraniaceaeConvolvulaceae Malvaceae LythraceaeFabaceaeApiaceae EquisetaceaePlantaginaceaeRosaceae Dipsacaceae ClusiaceaeCaryophyllaceae Anacardiaceae Polygonaceae BoraginaceaeScrophulariaceae CXDatablockP PPQB  c@@H = H@P 8A(&BIDd.X S@@|FPy #0@AD/H @@@BP |D`pf@ BAL  X h@ B D $#L  h@  Q  D$OCCXP>  ` BApa XAP aA2 BAQ8 H@FP8 804, D1 H8BP 0(H AD"'X @BP A`0( $ L@@@@A JP  A0040 EAD H @@@1@|R A00@BQD Hh#A8!  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