q$ qV;Angiosperm Wood2.02.0 ANGIOSPERM WOOD COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM CREATED BY ROGER D. MEICENHEIMERq CXAttdata Exclusively Solitary Vessels190% of the vessel elements are solitary, or unassociated with other vessel elements. Overlapping vessel ends appear as oblique pairs and should be discounted. Awh2_1.jpg; Ring Porous Growth Rings85Abrupt transition between larger Spring Wood vessel elements and smaller Summer Wood vessel elements as viewed in transverse section. Awh1_1.jpg; Semi-ring Porous Growth Rings86Gradual decrease in vessel element size from Spring Wood to Summer Wood. No distinct boundary in size difference within a growth ring, but difference is noticeable across growth rings. Awh1_2.jpg; Diffuse Porous Growth Rings eNo noticeable difference in vessel element size within a growth ring as viewed in transverse section. Awh1_3.jpg; "Radial Groups of 4 or more Vessels2Radial groups of 4 or more vessel elements with contiguous tangential cell walls and aligned parallel to the rays are common. Do not select if only a few such radial groups are present. Awh2_3.jpg; !Radial/Oblique Vessel Arrangement3Solitary and/or multiple groups of vessel elements arranged in a radial or oblique pattern within a growth ring. Radial groups of vessel are not necessarily arranged in this pattern. Awh2_4.jpg; Tangential Vessel Arrangement4Solitary and/or multiple groups of vessel elements are arranged more or less perpendicular to the rays. Angle of inclination to rays may vary from 45 to 90 degrees. Awh2_5.jpg; !Vessels Arranged in Pore Clusters5Vessel elements grouped together in an irregular manner such that their adjacent cell walls appear flattened along the lines of mutual contact. Such groups resemble subdivided single pores Awh2_6.jpg;Simple Perforation Plates6Cell wall material is confined to perimeter of perforation plate to give it the appearance of a more less rounded opening in radial section and a single line in tangential section. Awh3_1.jpg;Scalariform Perforation Plates7Cell wall material tranverses the perforation plate to create two or more openings in scalariform, reticulate, or foraminate pattern. Bars formed by this pattern are fewer than 20. Awh3_2.jpg;!Scalariform Plates with > 20 Bars8Cell wall material traversing the perforation plate forms greater than 20 bars. Plate forms a ladder-like structure in radial view and has a beaded appearance in tangential view. Awh3_3.jpg;Vessels with Spiral Thickenings9Periodic variations in cell wall thickness form a more or less horizontal pattern in some or all of the vessel elements. Thickenings may be confined to tips of vessel elements. Awh4_1.jpg;Vessels with Minute Pits10Best seen in tangential section. Widest horizontal diameter of intervessel pit, including the entire pit border, is 3 micrometers or less. Awh4_2.jpg;Vessels with Opposite Pits11uTwo or more complete pits occupy a given horizontal level along the vessel element. Best seen in tangential section. Awh4_3.jpg;!Abundant Tyloses in Vessel Lumens14Tyloses are parenchyma cells that have grown through pits and fill the lumens of nonfunctional vessels. They have relatively thin walls, simple pits, and cytoplasm. AWH5_1.JPG; Deposits or Gum in Vessel Lumens16Amorphous, densely staining deposits or gums fill the lumens of Heart Wood vessel elements. Deposits often appear to accumulate at perforation plates. May be removed during processing. AWH5_2.JPG;< 5 Vessels per square mm17 AWH6_1.JPG;5 - 20 Vessels per square mm18 AWH6_2.JPG;20 - 40 Vessels per square mm AWH6_3.JPG;> 40 Vessels per square mm19 AWH6_4.JPG;< 50 microns - not visible20nVessel elements less than 50 micrometers in diameter are not visible to the unaided eye in transverse section. AWH6TD_1.JPG;50-99 microns - barely visible21rVessel elements between 50-90 micrometers in diameter are barely visible to the unaided eye in transverse section. AWH6TD_2.JPG;!100-200 microns - fairly distinct uVessel elements between 100-200 micrometers in diameter are fairly distinct to the unaided eye in transverse section. AWH6TD_3.JPG;> 200 microns - very distinct22tVessel elements larger than 200 micrometers in diameter are readily seen with the unaided eye in transverse section. AWH6TD_4.JPG;Exclusively 1-seriate Rays29Most all rays are one cell wide. Disregard a few rays that are two cells wide. Includes individual rays that comprise an aggregate ray. Awh9_1.jpg;2- or 3- seriate Rays IMost of the rays are 2 or 3 cells wide when viewed in tangential section. Awh9_2.jpg;4- to 10- seriate Rays30NMost of the rays are four to ten cells wide when viewed in tangential section. Awh9_3.jpg;> 10-seriate Rays31PMost of the rays are more than ten cells wide when viewed in tangential section. Awh9_4.jpg;Rays Commonly > 1 mm High28Total ray length, including marginal cells, exceeds 1 mm as measured in tangential section. Not applicable to vertically fused rays, or alternating uniseriate and mulseritate parts. Awh8_1.jpg;Aggregate Rays32Group of small, narrow rays that appear to be a single large ray at low magnification or when viewed with the unaided eye. Use transverse and tangential longitudinal sections. Awh8_2.jpg;Homocellular Rays34Rays consist of cells with uniform geometry. Either all procumbant (long axis in radial direction) or all upright (long axis in longitudinal direction). Awh10_1.jpg;Rays of Two Distinct Widths33Ray population consists of a mixture of rays that are one cell wide and rays that are four or more cells wide when viewed in tangential section. Very few rays 2 or 3 cells wide are present. Awh9_5.jpg;!Heterocellular Marginal Cells 4-935Rays consist of cells with two distinct geometries: a) Procumbant central cells are radially elongate. b) 4-10 upright marginal cells are vertically elongate or square. Awh10_3.jpg;"Heterocellular Marginal Cells =>1036Rays consist of cells with two distinct geometries: a) Procumbant central cells are radially elongate. b) There are more than 10 upright vertically elongate or square marginal cells. Awh10_4.jpg;!Heterocellular Marginal Cells 1-3 Rays consist of cells with two distinct geometries: a) Procumbant central cells are radially elongate. b) 1-3 upright marginal cells are vertically elongate or square. Awh10_2.jpg;Sheath Cells Present39Sheath cells are upright vertically elongate cells that are found at the margins and surrounding the sides of radially elongate procumbant cells when viewed in tangential section. Awh10_5.jpg;Ray-Vessel Pits > 10 microns44gPits between vessels and ray parenchyma are > 10 micrometers in diameter when viewed in radial section. Awh10_6.jpg; Storied Rays41Rays are arranged in more or less regular horizontal rows when viewed in tangential section. May or may not be associated with storied axial parenchyma. Awh8_3.jpg;< 4 Rays per mm42 Awh11_1.jpg;4-12 Rays per mm Awh11_2.jpg;> 12 Rays per mm43 Awh11_3.jpg; Apotracheal Axial Parenchyma45Axial parenchyma is present which is not in contact with vessels. Be sure to examine both Spring and Summer wood. Apotracheal parenchyma can coexist with Paratracheal parenchyma. Awh12_3.jpg; Diffuse/Scanty Axial Parenchyma46Single strands or isolated groups of A. apotracheal axial parenchyma are irregularly distributed among fibers and/or B. paratracheal axial parenchyma are irregularly associated with vessels. Awh12_5.jpg; Paratracheal Axial Parenchyma47Axial parenchyma is associated with vessels. Be sure to examine both Spring and Summer Wood. Can coexist with Apotracheal axial parenchyma. Awh12_4.jpg; Vasicentric Axial Parenchyma48At least some of the Paratracheal axial parenchyma forms a complete sheath around the vessel in a more or less circular or oval pattern as seen in transverse section. Awh12_6.jpg; "Aliform-confluent Axial Parenchyma49Paratracheal parenchyma with wing-like tangential extensions, which may be isolated or form concentric tangential lines or bands as viewed in transverse section. Awh12_7.jpg; Axial Parenchyma Absent or Rare50Axial parenchyma is either completely absent, or occurs very infrequently either in association with vessels (paratracheal) or not associated with vessels (apotracheal). Awh12_1.jpg; Banded Axial Parenchyma51Paratracheal or apotracheal parenchyma form tangential lines or bands within the growth ring as viewed in transverse section. DOES NOT PERTAIN TO MARGINAL AXIAL PARENCHYMA. Awh12_8.jpg; "Parenchyma Bands Mostly Uniseriate52Apotracheal or paratracheal axial parenchyma bands form tangential lines consisting of a single radial file of cells within a growth ring. DOES NOT PERTAIN TO MARGINAL AXIAL PARENCHYMA. Awh12_9.jpg; A Prnchyma Bands > 4-seriate53Apotracheal or paratracheal axial parenchyma occur in tangential bands that are 4 or more cells thick in the radial direction. DOES NOT PERTAIN TO MARGINAL AXIAL PARENCHYMA.Awh12_9_1.jpg; Bands > 6/mm in Radial Direction54~Density of tangential bands of apotracheal or paratracheal parenchyma is greater than 6/mm as counted in the radial direction. Awh12_10.jpg; "Mariginal or Zonate Axial Prnchyma57>Apotracheal parenchyma associated with growth ring boundaries. Awh12_2.jpg; Storied Parenchyma55Axial parenchyma are arranged in regular horizontal series as viewed in tangential longitudinal section. May or may not be associated with storied rays. Awh12_11.jpg; Fusiform Parenchyma56Spindle shaped axial parenchyma with pointed ends, derived directly from short fusiform initials without subdivision. May or may not be arranged in storied pattern. Awh12_12.jpg;Whitish Heartwood colorWhite.jpg;Grayish Heartwood ColorGray.jpg;Yellowish Heartwood colorYellow.jpg;Reddish Heartwood colorRed.jpg;Pinkish Heartwood colorPink.jpg;Brownish Heartwood colorBrown.jpg;Blackish Heartwood ColorBlack.jpg;Even Figured Wood Wood has uniform appearance. Figure_1.jpg;Uneven Figured Wood GWood has variations in texture and/or color within annual growth rings. Figure_2.jpg;Rays Obscure to Unaided Eye 'Not readily visible to the unaided eye.RayObscure.jpg;Rays Distinct to Unaided Eye #Readily visible to the unaided eye.RayDistinct.jpg;Very Soft Wood Less than 400 poundsHardness1.jpg; Soft Wood Between 400 and 699 poundsHardness2.jpg; Medium Wood Between 700 and 999 poundsHardness3.jpg;Very Light Green Weight Wood yLess than or equal to 40 pounds per cubic foot. Weigh and measure your sample, then calculate the weight per cubic foot.GreenWoodWeight_1.jpg;Light Green Weight Wood rBetween 41 and 50 pounds per cubic foot. Weigh and measure your sample, then calculate the weight per cubic foot.GreenWoodWeight_2.jpg;Heavy Green Weight Wood rBetween 51 and 60 pounds per cubic foot. Weigh and measure your sample, then calculate the weight per cubic foot.GreenWoodWeight_3.jpg;Very Heavy Green Weight Wood pGreater than 60 pounds per cubic foot. Weigh and measure your sample, then calculate the weight per cubic foot.GreenWoodWeight_4.jpg;Unpleasant Smell Smell_1.jpg;Pleasant Smell Smell_2.jpg;Strong Tannic Acid Smell Smell_3.jpg; Spicy Smell Smell_6.jpg;Aromatic Smell Smell_4.jpg; Earthy Smell Smell_5.jpg;Purplish Heartwood colorPurple.jpg; Radial Groups of 2 to 4 Vessels Radial groups of 2-4 vessel elements with contiguous tangential cell walls aligned parallel with the rays are common. Some solitary vessel elements may be present. Awh2_2.jpg;Vessels with Alternate Pits vPortions of two or more pits overlap at one horizontal level along a vessel element. Best seen in tangential section. Awh4_4.jpg;Vessels with Scalariform Pits11wElongated or linear pits are arranged in a ladder-like series along a vessel element. Best seen in tangential section. Awh4_5.jpg;Wood Reflects Light Luster1.jpg;Wood Appears Dull Luster2.jpg;Golden Heartwood colorGolden.jpg;Orangish Heartwood ColorOrange.jpg; Spicy Taste 3Having an agreeably highly flavoured pungent taste. Taste_2.jpg;Astringent Taste Wood makes the mouth pucker. Taste_1.jpg;Whitish SapwoodcolorWhite.jpg;Yellowish SapwoodcolorYellow.jpg;Golden SapwoodcolorGolden.jpg;Orangish SapwoodColorOrange.jpg;Pinkish SapwoodcolorPink.jpg;Greenish SapwoodcolorGreen.jpg;Reddish Sapwood colorRed.jpg;Brownish SapwoodcolorBrown.jpg;Grayish SapwoodColorGray.jpg; Hard WoodBetween 1000 and 1499 poundsHardness4.jpg;Very Hard WoodGreater than 1500 poundsHardness5.jpg;Very Light Weight Wood"Less than 30 pounds per cubic footDryWoodWeight_1.jpg;Light Weight Wood'Between 31 and 40 pounds per cubic footDryWoodWeight_2.jpg;Heavy Weight Wood'Between 41 and 50 pounds per cubic footDryWoodWeight_3.jpg;Very Heavy Weight Wood%Greater than 50 pounds per cubic footDryWoodWeight_4.jpg;Greenish Heartwood colorGreen.jpg; Fibers Present24Fibers are vertically elongated, devoid of cytoplasm, have high Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and slit pits. Lumens are less than half the thickness of the cell wall. Awh7_1.jpg; Fiber-Tracheids Present25Fiber-tracheids are vertically elongated, devoid of cytoplasm, with intermediate Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and pits with slit-like apertures extending slightly beyond circular pit chambers. Awh7_2.jpg; Vascular Tracheids Present26aVascular tracheids are vertically elongate, devoid of cytoplasm, with intermediate Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and pits with lenticular or elliptical apertures within circular pit chambers. Awh7_4.jpg; Spiral Thickenings Present27Periodic pattern of areas of cell wall thickening oriented more or less at right angles to longitudinal axes of fibers, fiber-tracheids, and/or vascular tracheids. Awh7_3.jpg; Vasicentric Tracheids Present26bVasicentric tracheids have short irregular shape, no cytoplasm, intermediate Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios, and lenticular pit apertures within circular pit chambers. Found in close proximity to vessels. Awh7_5.jpg; Vertical Canals Present59Tubular intercellular spaces containing resin or gum secreted by adjacent parenchyma cells. May be normal species characteristic and/or induced by injury. Awh7_6.jpg;L CXMenudataAngiosperm Woodss MICROSCOPIC WOOD CHARACTERISTICSoAssess using a light microscope to examine transverse (X), radial (R), and tangential (T) sections of wood. Awhsects.jpg;  sCOLOR OF FRESH HEARTWOODPertains to Heartwood. Reflects differences in chemical composition. Air usually darkens the color. Nondiagnostic color may result from bacteria or fungi.HeartwoodWoodColor.jpg; :;?X@><^{_=s MACROSCOPIC WOOD CHARACTERISTICSAssess these characters visually with the unaided eye, and by using the feel, smell, and taste of FRESH wood. Many of these characteristics are best learned through comparative experience. Caveat: Many of the Macroscopic Characters pertain to FRESH samples! Wood (FRESH or OTHERWISE) is most reliably identified using microscopic features, given the extreme variations present in wood macroscopic characteristics and human perception of these variations! Awhwoods.jpg; ss WOOD FIGUREVisually assess the uniformity of wood appearance. Produced by relative arrangement of different cells and/or color in the wood. Sometimes confused w/ grain (orientation of wood elements) Figure_0.jpg;CDsGREEN WOOD WEIGHTRelative weight of green wood. Reflects Sap/Heart and Spring/Summer Wood Ratios and Moisture Content. Increasing moisture increases weight. Weigh and measure your sample, then calculate the weight per cubic foot.GreenWoodWeight.jpg;JKLMsVESSEL ELEMENT FEATURESVessel elements are devoid of cytoplasm, have small Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and bordered pits. Vessel lumens are larger than other axial wood cells and are often referred to as pores. Awhsects.jpg; s#OTHER ELONGATED AXIAL CELLS PRESENTDetermine the presence of additional types of axial cells by examining the Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios, and pit details in transverse, radial, and tangential section. Awh7_0s.jpg;|}~sMICROSCOPIC RAY FEATURESRays consist of ray parenchyma which contain cytoplasm, have simple pits, and are rectangularly elongated in radial plane. Assess features using radial and tangential sections. Awhsects.jpg;sAXIAL PARENCHYMA DISTRIBUTIONAxial parenchyma contain cytoplasm, simple pits,& are rectangularly elongate in longitudinal plane. Assess pattern of distribution in both Spring and Summer wood using transverse sections. Awh12_0.jpg; 27-/.01345689s GROWTH RINGSbAssess size distribution of vessel elements within a single growth ring using transverse sections. Awh1_0s.jpg;sPATTERNS OF VESSEL ARRANGEMENTAssess patterns of arrangement of vessel elements in relationship to other vessel elements within both Spring and Summer Wood, since these may vary within a growth ring. Use X section. Awh2_0s.jpg;Ys!VESSEL ELEMENT PERFORATION PLATESAssess features of end walls between longitudinally adjacent vessel elements within a vessel. Features most easily seen in radial longitudinal section, but also visible in tangential section. Awh3_0s.jpg; s!VESSEL ELEMENT CELL WALL FEATURESnAssess details of vessel element cell wall features and pit characteristics in radial and tangential sections. Awh4_0s.jpg; Z[sVESSEL ELEMENT LUMEN FEATURESCAssess the contents of vessel element lumens within the Heart Wood. AWH5_0.JPG;sVESSEL DENSITY IN CROSS SECTIONOnly pertains to semi-ring and diffuse porous wood. Count the total number of vessel elements per mm^2 in transverse section. Character not used in ring porous wood. AWH6_0.JPG;s"TRANSVERSE VESSEL ELEMENT DIAMETERAssess average diameter of vessel elements in transverse section. Two size classes may be appropriate for ring porous wood. Estimates of size can be made via visibility to naked eye. AWH6TD_0.JPG;s RAY SERIATIONxAssess by determining the number of horizontal rows of ray parenchyma in an individual ray viewed in tangential section. Awh9_0s.jpg; s OVERALL MICROSCOPIC RAY FEATURESRays consist of ray parenchyma which contain cytoplasm, have simple pits, and are rectangularly elongated in radial plane. Assess these features using tangential sections. Awh8_0s.jpg;)s !RAY MARGINAL CELL CHARACTERISTICSAssess variations in ray parenchyma geometry within an individual ray in radial and tangential section. Be sure to locate a ray with upper and/or lower margins included in radial sections. Awh10_0s.jpg;#!"&(s !TANGENTIAL/TRANSVERSE RAY DENSITYMeasure ray density in transverse or tangential section by determining number of rays along a transect at right angles to the rays. Avoid aggregrate and rays with radial canals. Awh11_0s.jpg;*+,sRAY VISIBILITY TO UNAIDED EYEhRays extend radially from center toward the outside and are typically lighter than the surrounding wood.RayVisible.gif;EFs WOOD HARDNESSAssess by pressing surface with fingernail. Closely related to weight, but increasing moisture decreases hardness. Varies in transverse, radial and tangential surfaces.Hardness0.jpg;GHImnsSMELL OF FRESH HEARTWOODBest assessed by odor of freshly exposed heartwood. Distinct odors are due to volatile extraneous substances in the wood. Odors fade upon exposure to air. Smell_0.jpg;OPQTVSsTASTE OF FRESH HEARTWOODTaste wood by pressing a block over the entire tongue, since different tastes are detected in different regions of the human tongue. Avoid splinters. Reflects volatile deposits in wood. Taste_0.jpg;a`s WOOD LUSTERTilt radial surface of split wood to reflect light. Luster is proportional to size and density of ray and axial parenchyma in general. Care should be used if wood has been planed or sanded. Luster0.jpg;\]sCOLOR OF FRESH SAPWOODPertains to Sapwood (younger, usually lighter, peripheral region of stem). Reflects differences in chemical composition. Air may darken the color. Nondiagnostic color may result from bacteria or fungi.SapwoodWoodColor.jpg; bkifcdgehsDRY WOOD WEIGHTRelative weight of kiln dry wood. Reflects Sap/Heart and Spring/Summer Wood Ratios and Moisture Content. Increasing moisture increases weight. Weigh and measure your sample, then calculate the weight per cubic foot.DryWoodWeight.jpg;opqrssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssScience and Technology of WoodWhat Wood Is That?The Structure of Wood'Commercial Timbers of the United States!Wood Structure and Identification$ CXItemname Alder, RedAsh Ash, Brown or BlackBasswood, LimeBeechBirch!Buckeye ButternutCatalpa, Northern Cherry, BlackChestnut, AmericanElm, Northern, Slippery or Red HackberryHickories, Pecan (Apocarya)Hickories, True (Eucarya)Holly HophornbeamHornbeam, American; Blue Beech Locust, BlackMagnoliaMaple, Hard Species Maple, Soft Species Mulberry, Red Oak, Red Species Oak, White Species Osage-orange Persimmon"Poplar; Cottonwood SassafrasSweetgum; Red gumSycamore, AmericanTree-of-heavenTulip Tree; Yellow Poplar Tupelo Walnut, Black# Willow, Black$hard maple species soft maple species!species altissimarubraspecies caroliniana illinoensisspeciesdentataspeciosa occidentalis virginiana grandifolia nigraspeciesopacacinereanigra styraciflua tulipferapomiferaspecies rubra species virginiana occidentalis"speciesserotina red oak species white oak species pseudoacacia#nigraalbidum americanarubra$ CXItemrec6Includes F. americana, F. pennsylvanica, F. latifolia. FSWA.jpg;441515157 Celtis occidentalis COWA.jpg;440467 !Includes A. saccharum, A. nigrum. AHSTWA.jpg;443494148   Ilex opaca IOWA.jpg;492148 "Tilia americana TAWA.jpg;444503159  Fagus grandifolia FGWA.jpg;442446151 Prunus serotina PS2WA.jpg;443483158 # Ulmus rubra URWA.jpg;440464159 " Juglans nigra JNWA.jpg;442427154 Includes Q. rubra, Q. velutina, Q. Shumardii, Q. falcata, Q. coccinea, Q. palustris, Q. imbricaria, Q. phellos. Red oaks have thick-walled circular vessel elements when viewed in cross section. QRWA.jpg;439455152 Includes Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. lyrata, Q. sellata, Q. michauxii, Q. prinus, Q. bicolor. White oaks have thin walled angular vessel elements as viewed in cross section. QWWA.jpg;439458152 Fraxinus nigra FNWA.jpg;441518157 #Includes A. rubrum, A. saccharinum. ASSWA.jpg;444498148  Morus rubra MRWA.jpg;440469157  Platanus occidentalis POWA.jpg;443482157  Liquidambar styraciflua LSWA.jpg;444479152  eIncludes M. acuminata and M. gradiflora. Can be confused with Liriodendron wood. Magnolia may have spiral thickenings, whereas Liriodendron never exhibits this feature. Magnolia intervessel pits are predominatly linear and are 12-50 microns in diameter. M. acuminata has simple perforation plates, M. gradiflora has mostly scalariform perforation plates. MSWA.jpg;472156  ,Can be confused with Magnolia wood. Liriodendron never has spiral thickenings, whereas this feature may be present in Magnolia. Liriodendron intervessel pits are oval or oval-angular, 6-12 microns in diameter; or sometimes linear being up to 20 microns in diameter; and always oppositely arranged. LTWA.jpg;443475156  OIncludes B. alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, B. populifolia, B. nigra. BSWA.jpg;444441149 Castanea dentata CDWA.jpg;439448151 CIncludes C. ovata, C. laciniosa, C. tomentosa, C. ovalis, C. glabra CS1WA.jpg;441429153 8Includes C. cordiformis, C. myristicaformis, C. aquatica CIWA.jpg;442429153 Juglans cinerea JCWA.jpg;422425153 ^Immersion in warm water will extract coloring material from wood giving water a yellowish hue.441471156 Can be confused with Maclura pomifera wood. Yellow color of Robinia wood is only slightly soluable in warm water. Positive identification of Robinia psuedoacacia is insured by the presence of vestured intervessel pits. RPWA.jpg;490155 Ailanthus altissima441 ! Can be confused with Fraxinus nigra. Presence of oil cells in rays which give it a distinct odor and the presence of aliform axial parenchyma in summer wood are distinquishing characteristics of Sassafras. SAWA.jpg;478154  !Includes C. bignoniodes CS2WA.jpg;441520150  "Diospyros virginiana442513151 # Carpinus caroliniana CCWA.jpg;443438149 $ Alnus rubra ARWA.jpg;443444148 % Ostrya virginiana OVWA.jpg;444439149 !&#Includes N. sylvatica, N. aquatica. NSWA.jpg;445505150 'Includes A. octandra, A. glabra, the former is usually characterized by storied rays and axial elements, whereas the latter generally lacks regular storied features. AS1WA.jpg;445499153 (Includes P. tremuloides, P. grandidentata (Aspen) and P. deltoides, P. balsamifera, P. trichocarpa, P. heterophylla (Cottonwood/Poplar) PS1WA.jpg;445433158 # ) Salix nigra445436158*FraxinusAcerTiliaFagusPrunusUlmusJuglansWhite AceraceaeIlexPlatanus LiquidambarMagnolia LiriodendronBetulaCastaneaCarya JuniperusSequoiaTaxodiumPiceaLarix PseudotsugaPinusQuercusHardSoftCeltisMorusMacluraRobinia Ailanthus SassafrasCatalpa DiospyrosCarpinusAlnusOstryaNyssaAesculusPopulusSalixOleaceae Aceraceae TiliaceaeFagaceaeRosaceaeUlmaceae Juglandaceae Aquifoliaceae PlatanaceaeHamamelidaceae Magnoliaceae Betulaceae CupressaceaePinaceaeMoraceaeFabaceae Simaroubaceae Lauraceae Bignoniaceae Ebonaceae CornaceaeHippocastanaceae Salicaceae Salicaeae CXDatablockQ4R y  \<P qRf!8.p( J h)Ъp* $ cPqJ  qJ D i鉠4@$ @a}-"#1YT lkP#qT0lbP4" YR'i\0cиxR` npD3L kP)R3j  bЌ)S c (Ќ2V"#s,n`A|٠6 `0 A|٠6b a}2 P0iT I \t@;@^@<(s\ y>LP=ف+ "J8 pp^P6&qR 08Kp:0D>P : 2()q*"0,A؂=&,q1>X.