q$ Angiosperm Wood2.52.5ANGIOSPERM WOOD COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM CREATED BY ROGER D. MEICENHEIMER TROPICAL WOODS ADDED BY STEPHEN ROBNICKq CXAttdata Exclusively Solitary Vessels190% of the vessel elements are solitary, or unassociated with other vessel elements. Overlapping vessel ends appear as oblique pairs and should be discounted.AWH2.jpg Ring Porous Growth Rings85Abrupt transition between larger Spring Wood vessel elements and smaller Summer Wood vessel elements as viewed in transverse section.AWH1.jpg Semi-ring Porous Growth Rings86Gradual decrease in vessel element size from Spring Wood to Summer Wood. No distinct boundary in size difference within a growth ring, but difference is noticeable across growth rings.AWH1.jpg Diffuse Porous Growth Rings eNo noticeable difference in vessel element size within a growth ring as viewed in transverse section.AWH1.jpg "Radial Groups of 4 or more Vessels2Radial groups of 4 or more vessel elements with contiguous tangential cell walls and aligned parallel to the rays are common. Do not select if only a few such radial groups are present.AWH2.jpg !Radial/Oblique Vessel Arrangement3Solitary and/or multiple groups of vessel elements arranged in a radial or oblique pattern within a growth ring. Radial groups of vessel are not necessarily arranged in this pattern.AWH2.jpg Tangential Vessel Arrangement4Solitary and/or multiple groups of vessel elements are arranged more or less perpendicular to the rays. Angle of inclination to rays may vary from 45 to 90 degrees.AWH2.jpg !Vessels Arranged in Pore Clusters5Vessel elements grouped together in an irregular manner such that their adjacent cell walls appear flattened along the lines of mutual contact. Such groups resemble subdivided single poresAWH2.jpg%Perforation plates exclusively simple6Cell wall material is confined to perimeter of perforation plate to give it the appearance of a more less rounded opening in radial section and a single line in tangential section.AWH3.jpg5Scalariform perforation plates with less than 10 barsuA perforation plate with 1-10 elongated and parallel openings that take on the appearance of a ladder-type structure./Scalariform perforation plate with 10 - 20 barsvA perforation plate with 10-20 elongated and parallel openings that take on the appearance of a ladder-type structure.!Intervascular pitting scalariformHElongated or linear intervascular pits arranged in a ladder-like series.!Shape of alternate pits polygonalbOutline of intervessel pits, as seen in longitudinal view, are angular and with more than 4 sides.Intervascular pitting oppositeIntervascular pits arranged in short to long horizontal rows. The rows are oriented transversely across the length of the vessel.!Abundant Tyloses in Vessel Lumens14Tyloses are parenchyma cells that have grown through pits and fill the lumens of nonfunctional vessels. They have relatively thin walls, simple pits, and cytoplasm.AWH5.jpg"Sclerosed Tyloses in Vessel Lumens15Tyloses are parenchyma cells that grow through pits and fill the lumens of vessel elements. Sclerosed tyloses have thick, laminated, lignified cell walls, ramiform pits, and cytoplasm. Deposits or Gum in Vessel Lumens16Amorphous, densely staining deposits or gums fill the lumens of Heart Wood vessel elements. Deposits often appear to accumulate at perforation plates. May be removed during processing.'5 or less vessels per square millimeter"5-20 vessels per square millimeter#20-40 vessels per square millimeter$40-100 vessels per square millimeter< 50 microns - not visible20nVessel elements less than 50 micrometers in diameter are not visible to the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpg50-99 microns - barely visible21rVessel elements between 50-90 micrometers in diameter are barely visible to the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpg!100-200 microns - fairly distinct uVessel elements between 100-200 micrometers in diameter are fairly distinct to the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpg> 200 microns - very distinct22sVessel element larger than 200 micrometers in diameter are readily seen with the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpgExclusively 1-seriate Rays29Most all rays are one cell wide. Disregard a few rays that are two cells wide. Includes individual rays that comprise an aggregate ray.AWH9.jpg1- to 3- seriate Rays IMost of the rays are 1 to 3 cells wide when viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpg4- to 10- seriate Rays30NMost of the rays are four to ten cells wide when viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpg> 10-seriate Rays31PMost of the rays are more than ten cells wide when viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpg Aceraceae AquifoliaceaeAll ray cells procumbenthProcumbent ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell with its longest dimension radial as seen in radial section.Rays of Two Distinct Widths33Ray population consists of a mixture of rays that are one cell wide and rays that are four or more cells wide when viewed in tangential section. Very few rays 2 or 3 cells wide are present.AWH9.jpg#All ray cells upright and/or squareSquare ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell approximately square as seen in radial section. Upright ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell with its longest dimension axial as seen in radial dimension.NBody ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cellsSquare ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell approximately square as seen in radial section. Upright ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell with its longest dimension axial as seen in radial dimension. Outer-most row of cells on ray matches one of the above mentioned descriptors.VBody ray cells procumbent with mostly 2-4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cellsSquare ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell approximately square as seen in radial section. Upright ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell with its longest dimension axial as seen in radial dimension. Outer-most 2-4 row with cells matching descriptors above.RBody ray cells procumbent with over 4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cellsSquare ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell approximately square as seen in radial section. Upright ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell with its longest dimension axial as seen in radial dimension. Outer edge of ray contains 4 rows or more of cells matching the descriptors above.GRays with procumbent, square and upright cells mixed throughout the ray Square ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell approximately square as seen in radial section. Upright ray cell = a ray parenchyma cell with its longest dimension axial as seen in radial dimension. Rays containing cells matching above descriptors throughout the entire ray. Sheath CellsRay cells that are located along the side of broad rays ( >3-seriate) as viewed in tangential section and are larger (generally taller than broad) than the central ray cells. Tile cellsoA special type of apparently empty upright (rarely square) ray cells occuring in intermediate horizontal series Betulaceae4 or less rays per millimeterThe number of rays per linear unit is best determined from tangential sections along a line perpendicular to the ray's axis; it can also be determined from a cross section. Make ten measurements and record the categories the range falls within.4-12 rays per millimeterThe number of rays per linear unit is best determined from tangential sections along a line perpendicular to the ray's axis; it can also be determined from a cross section. Make ten measurements and record the categories the range falls within.12 or more rays per millimeterThe number of rays per linear unit is best determined from tangential sections along a line perpendicular to the ray's axis; it can also be determined from a cross section. Make ten measurements and record the categories the range falls within.7)Axial parenchyma absent or extremely rareIt is necessary to study longitudnal sections in combination with transverse sections to be sure that axial parenchyma are absent or rare.7Apotracheal Axial ParenchymaAxial parenchyma not associated with the vessel elements. Be sure to encode specific patterns in appropriate submenu categories.7Paratracheal Axial ParenchymaAxial parenchyma associated with the vessels or vascular tracheids; types of paratracheal parenchyma are scanty paratracheal, vasicentric, aliform, confluent, and unilateral paratracheal. Be sure to encode specific patterns in appropriate submenu categories.7Banded Axial ParenchymaParenchyma bands may be mainly independent of the vessels (apotracheal), defintely associated with the vessels (paratracheal), or both. Bands may be wavy, diagonal, straight, continuous or discontinuous. Be sure to encode specific patterns in appropriate submenu categories.8%Diffuse apotracheal axial parenchyma nSingle parenchyma strands or pairs of strands distributed irregularly among the fiberous elements of the wood.83Diffuse-in-aggregates apotracheal axial parenchyma PParenchyma strands grouped into short discontinuous tangential or oblique lines.9&Scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma qOccasional parenchyma cells associated with the vessels or an incomplete sheath of parenchyma around the vessels.9*Vasicentric paratracheal axial parenchyma hParenchyma cells forming a complete circular to oval sheath around a solitary vessel or vessel multiple.9&Aliform paratracheal axial parenchyma Parenchyma surrounding or to one side of the vessel and with lateral extensions. There are two subtypes lozenge-aliform and winged aliform9-Lozenge-aliform paratracheal axial parenchymanParenchyma surrounding or to one side of the vessels with lateral extensions forming a diamond-shaped outline.'5Prismatic crystals in upright and/or square ray cellsPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polarised light. Whitish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgGrayish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgYellowish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgReddish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgPinkish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgBrownish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgBlackish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgSmooth Texture Wood Rough Textured Wood Even Figured Wood Wood has uniform appearance. ATWHFIG.jpgUneven Figured Wood GWood has variations in texture and/or color within annual growth rings. ATWHFIG.jpgRays Obscure to Unaided Eye 'Not readily visible to the unaided eye. AWHWOOD.jpgRays Distinct to Unaided Eye #Readily visible to the unaided eye. AWHWOOD.jpgVery Soft Wood Less than 400 pounds Soft Wood Between 400 and 699 pounds Medium Wood Between 700 and 999 poundsVery Light Weight Wood "Less than 40 pounds per cubic footLight Weight Wood 'Between 41 and 50 pounds per cubic footHeavy Weight Wood 'Between 51 and 60 pounds per cubic footVery Heavy Weight Wood %Greater than 60 pounds per cubic footGreasy Textured Wood Unpleasant Smell Pleasant Smell Strong Tannic Acid Smell Resinous Smell  Spicy Smell Aromatic Smell !Smells Faintly Like Rose Blossoms  Earthy Smell Leathery Smell Purplish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpg Radial Groups of 2 to 4 Vessels Radial groups of 2-4 vessel elements with contiguous tangential cell walls aligned parallel with the rays are common. Some solitary vessel elements may be present.AWH2.jpgIntervascular pitting alternate-Intervascular pits arranged in diagonal rows.1kVessel-ray pits with distinct borders similar to intervessel pits in size and shape throughout the ray cellpExamples of this are specimens in the Aceraceae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Aquifoliaceae, and Betulaceae families.Wood Reflects Light Wood Appears dull Golden Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgOrangish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpg Spicy Taste Astringent Taste Whitish SapwoodYellowish SapwoodGolden SapwoodOrangish SapwoodPinkish SapwoodGreenish SapwoodReddish SapwoodBrownish SapwoodPurplish SapwoodGrayish SapwoodBlackish Sapwood Hard WoodBetween 1000 and 1499 poundsVery Hard WoodGreater than 1500 poundsVery Light Weight Wood"Less than 30 pounds per cubic footLight Weight Wood'Between 31 and 40 pounds per cubic footHeavy Weight Wood'Between 41 and 50 pounds per cubic footVery Heavy Weight Wood%Greater than 50 pounds per cubic footHeartwood FluorescentHeartwood Not FluorescentEurope & Temperate AsiaTEurope, Mediterrranean, North Africa, Middle East, China, Japan and the former USSR.Central South Asia%India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and BurmaSoutheast Asia and the PacificThailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia (Indochina), Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and the Pacific Islands (including New Caledonia, Samoa, Hawaii, and Fiji).Australia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand-Tropical Mainland Africa and Adjacent Islands@Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, and the ComoresSouthern Africa South of the Tropic of CapricornGreenish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpg!%Axial canals in long tangential lines More than five canals in a line.!&Axial canals in short tangential lines#Two to five axial canals in a line.!Axial canals diffuse%Randomly distributed solitary canals.! Radial canalsCanals present in rays.!(Intercellular canals of traumatic originuCanals formed in response to injury, arranged in tangential bands, generally irregular in outline and closely spaced./ LaticifersTubes containing latex, the latex may be colourless or light yellow to brown; laticifers may extend either radially or axially. North AmericaNorth of MexicoNeotropics and Temperate BrazilKMexico, Central America, Carribean, Tropical South America, Southern BrazilTemperate South America*Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and S. Paraguay+Splinter Burns to CharcoalThe blackened and charred remains of a splinter, which usually burned slowly and/or difficulty, or the black and charred remnant of the splinter with a fine thread of black or grey ash which may remain attached. +7Splinter burns to a full ash: Color of ash bright white\The ash more or less retains the shape of the original splinter and is colored bright white.+8Splinter burns to a full ash: Color of ash yellow-brown.eSplinter burns to ash and more or less retains the shape of the splinter and is colored yellow-brown.+:Splinter burns to a full ash:Color of ash other than aboveuSplinter burns to ash and retains more or less the original shape of splinter with a color not white or yellow-brown.+Splinter burns to a partial ashSplinter burns and the ash shrinks in size in comparison to the original splinter. Ash has a tendency to drift away, and usually feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers.)100 or more vessels per square millimeter3?Fibers with simple to minutely borderd pits less than 3 micronsFibers (libriform fibers) with simple pits or borderd pits with the chambers less than 3 microns in diameter, e.g., Swietenia spp. (Meliaceae), Inga spp. (Mimosaceae), Fraxinus spp. (Oleaceae), Populus spp. (Salicaceae).,Specific gravity low - <.40,#Specific Gravity medium - .41 - .74,Specific gravity high - >.75)Water extract colorless)Water extract red)Water extract brown)Water extract yellow)Water extract not as above*Ethanol extract colorless*Ethanol extract red*Ethanol extract brown*Ethanol extract yellow*Ethanol extract not as above#Has commercial value#Has potential commercial value#$Commercial value unknown/unevaluated#Little or no commercial valueTreeDWoody perennial plant with one main stem usually over 3 meters tall.ShrubWA woody perennial plant with usually several stems and usually less than 3 meters tall.Vine`Any plant with a long relatively thin stem that climbs along support or trails along the ground. Positive Negative Growth rings distinctGrowth rings with an abrupt structural change at the boundaries between them, usually including a change in fiber wall thickness and/or fiber radial diameter. !Growth rings indistinct or absent|Growth rings vague and marked by more or less gradual structural changes at their poorly defined boundaries, or not visible.0Pit size minute, less than or equal to 4 micronsTPit size is taken by the horizontal diameter of a pit chamber at the broadest point.Pit size small, 4 to 7 micronsTPit size is taken by the horizontal diameter of a pit chamber at the broadest point.0Scalariform perforation plates with 20 - 40 barsvA perforation plate with 20-40 elongated and parallel openings that take on the appearance of a ladder-type structure.5Scalariform perforation plates with more than 40 bars}A perforation plate with more than 40 elongated and parallel openings that take on the appearance of a ladder-type structure.Reticulate perforation plateA perforation plate with closely spaced openings separated by wall portions that are much narrower than the spaces between them, or with profuse and irregular branching of wall portions resulting in a net-like appearanceForaminate peforation plateA perforation plate with circular or elliptical openings like a sieve; the remaining wall portions can be thicker than in the reticulate type.1WVessel-ray pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple: pits rounded or angular1Example of this is Populus spp. in the Salicaceae1Vessel-ray pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple: pits horizontal (scalariform, gash-like) to vertical (palisade).9Examples of this are Quercus spp. in the Fagaceae family.2WhitishVisible with the naked eye or 10-20X hand lens, whitish deposits are visible in vessel cavities. Whitish deposits may be catechol (soluble in ethanol), calcium carbonate (soluble in HCl) or other whitish substances that fill the vessels. Disregard whitish deposits due to fungi.2 Yellowish Visible to the naked eye or with a 10-20X hand lens, vessel elements will be completely filled with a yellowish substance. It may be lapachol (which turns red in dilute solution of NaOH) or other yellowish substances of unknown composition which does not react to NaOH1DVessel-ray pits of two distinct sizes or types in the same ray cell.?Vessel-ray pits differ in size in the body or margins of a ray.=Disjunctive end walls presentDisjunctive end walls in either axial or ray parenchyma have been partially disjoined during differentition and contact is maintained by means of tubular processes.3 1 mm HighTotal ray length, including marginal cells, exceeds 1 mm as measured in tangential section. Not applicable to vertically fused rays, or alternating uniseriate and multiseriate parts. Combrectaceae CornaceaeDipterocarpaceae9-Winged-aliform paratracheal axial parenchyma iParenchyma surrounding or one side of the vessels with the lateral extensions being elongated and narrow.9(Confluent paratracheal axial parenchyma Coalescing vascicentric or aliform parenchyma surrounding or to one side of two or more vessels, and often forming irregular bands.9*Unilateral paratracheal axial parenchyma Paratracheal parenchyma forming semi-circular hoods or caps only on one side of the vessels and which can extend tangentially or obliquely in an aliform or confluent or banded pattern:8Banded axial parenchyma bands more than three cells wide0Bands of axial parenchyma more than 3 cells wide:GBanded axial parenchyma in narrow bands or lines up to three cells wide:Bands of axial parenchyma in bands less than 3 cells wide. EbonaceaeFabaceaeFagaceaeHamamelidaceaeHippocastanaceae'*Prismatic crystals in procumbent ray cellsPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polarised light. '>Prismatic crystals in radial alignment in procumbent ray cellsPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polarised light. '?Prismatic crystals in chambered upright and/or square ray cellsPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polarised light. '9Prismatic crystals in nonchambered axial parenchyma cellsPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polarised light. '6Prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cellsPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polarised light. 'Prismatic crystals in fibersPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polarised light. .Prismatic crystals presentPrismatic crystals are solitary rhombohedral or octahedral crystals composed of calcium oxalate, which are birefringent under polorised light. .Druses presentA compound crystal, more or less spherical in shape, in which the many component crystals protrude from the surface giving the whole structure a star shape appearance-Silica bodies presentFSpheroidal or irregularly shaped particles composed of silicon dioxide-Silica bodies in ray cellsWSpheroidal or irregularly shaped particles composed of silicon dioxide present in rays.-!Silica bodies in axial parenchymacSpheroidal or irregularly shaped particles composed of silicon dioxide present in axial parenchyma.-Silica bodies in fibersYSpheroidal or irregularly shaped particles composed of silicon dioxide present in fibers..Raphides&A bundle of long needle-like crystals..Acicular crytals5Small needle like crystals, not occurring in bundles..!Styloids and/or elongate crystalsOLarge crystals at least four ties as long as broad with pointed or square ends..'Crystals of other shapes (mostly small)mIncludes all other regular shapes of crystals exclusive of primatic, druse, raphides, acicular, and styloids.. Crystal sand/A granular mass composed of very small crystals Juglandaceae Lauraceae Leguminosae Magnoliaceae. CystolithsInternal stalked outgrowths of the cell wall that project into the cell lumen and are composed of cellulose impregnated with calcium carbonate. They are irregular in shape and sometimes completely fill a cell.0Druses in ray parenchyma cellsDruse = a compound crystal, more or less spherical in shape, in which the many component crystals protrude from the surface giving the whole structure a star-shaped appearance E.G., Gleditsia tricanthos (Caesalpiniaceae).0 Druses in axial parenchyma cells0Druses in fibers0Druses in chambered cells-Vitreous silica@Silica that coats cell walls or completey fills the cell lumina. Pit size medium, 7 to 10 micronsTPit size is taken by the horizontal diameter of a pit chamber at the broadest point.3Pit size large, greater than or equal to 10 micronsTPit size is taken by the horizontal diameter of a pit chamber at the broadest point.1BVessel-ray pits unilaterally compound and coarse (over 10 microns)pLarge vessel-ray pits over 10 microns in rays where one pit abuts two or more smaller pits in the adjacent cell.1,Vessel-ray pits restricted to marginal rows.KVessel-ray pitting found only at the edge of the ray in the marginal cells.=Aggregate RaysGroup of small, narrow rays that appear to be a single large ray at low magnification or when viewed with the unaided eye. Use transverse and tangential longitudinal sections.=All Rays StoriedRays are arranged in more or less regular horizontal rows when viewed in tangential section. May or may not be associated with storied axial parenchyma.6Septate fibers present-Fibers with thin, unpitted, transverse walls.6Nonseptate fibers presentFibers without septa6=_^<{X?;@sts MACROSCOPIC WOOD CHARACTERISTICSAssess these characters visually with the unaided eye, and by using the feel, smell, and taste of the wood. Many of these characteristics are best learned through comparative experience.,2(+ #s WOOD TEXTUREiAssess split wood surface texture by touch. Reflects size and distribution of various cells in the wood.ABNs WOOD FIGUREVisually assess the uniformity of wood appearance. Produced by relative arrangement of different cells and/or color in the wood. Sometimes confused w/ grain (orientation of wood elements) ATWHFIG.jpgCDsGREEN WOOD WEIGHTRelative weight of green wood. Reflects Sap/Heart and Spring/Summer Wood Ratios and Moisture Content. Increasing moisture increases weight.JKLMsVESSEL ELEMENT FEATURESVessel elements are devoid of cytoplasm, have small Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and bordered pits. Vessel lumens are larger than other axial wood cells and are often referred to as pores. AWHSECT.jpg $1s#OTHER ELONGATED AXIAL CELLS PRESENTDetermine the presence of additional types of axial cells by examining the Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios, and pit details in transverse, radial, and tangential section. AWHSECT.jpg!/<"sMICROSCOPIC RAY FEATURESRays consist of ray parenchyma which contain cytoplasm, have simple pits, and are rectangularly elongated in radial plane. Assess features using radial and tangential sections. AWHSECT.jpg= s AXIAL PARENCHYMABest seen in cross section, axial parenchyma are seen as cells with larger lumens and thinner cell walls than the surrounding tissue and are located around the much larger vessel elements.789:;s GROWTH RINGSbAssess size distribution of vessel elements within a single growth ring using transverse sections.AWH1.jpgsPATTERNS OF VESSEL ARRANGEMENTAssess patterns of arrangement of vessel elements in relationship to other vessel elements within both Spring and Summer Wood, since these may vary within a growth ring. Use X section.AWH2.jpgYs!VESSEL ELEMENT PERFORATION PLATESAssess features of end walls between longitudinally adjacent vessel elements within a vessel. Features most easily seen in radial longitudinal section, but also visible in tangential section.AWH3.jpg sINTERVASCULAR PITTINGwExamine the section in the tangential plane. Look and identify the arrangement of the pits and measure their diameter. Z @sVESSEL ELEMENT LUMEN FEATURESDAssess the contents of vessel element lumens within the Heart Wood.AWH5.jpgsVESSEL DENSITY IN CROSS SECTIONiOnly pertains to semi-ring and diffuse porous wood. Vessel frequency is not computed for ring-porous woods, or for woods with their vessels in definte tracts with vascular/vasicentric tracheids, e.g., dendritic pattern as seen in Rhamnus cathartica, or in tangential bands as seen in Ulmus. Count the total number of vessel elements per mm^2 in transverse section. The number of pores per square millimeter is measured on the transverse section at low magnification. All vessels are counted as individuals, e.g., a radial multiple of four would be counted as four vessels. Take counts from five or more fields.AWH6.jpgs"TRANSVERSE VESSEL ELEMENT DIAMETERAssess average diameter of vessel elements in transverse section. Two size classes may be appropriate for ring porous wood. Estimates of size can be made via visibility to naked eyeAWH6.jpgs RAY SERIATION{Assess by determining the number of horizontal rows of ray parenchyma in an individual ray viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpg ss CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF RAYSAssess variations in ray parenchyma geometry within an individual ray in radial and tangential section. Be sure to locate a ray with upper and/or lower margins included in radial sections. AWH10.jpg!"#$%&'s !TANGENTIAL/TRANSVERSE RAY DENSITYMeasure ray density in transverse or tangential section by determining number of rays along a transect at right angles to the rays. Avoid aggregrate and rays with radial canals. AWH11.jpg*+,sRAY VISIBILITY TO UNAIDED EYEhRays extend radially from center toward the outside and are typically lighter than the surrounding wood. AWHWOOD.jpgEFs WOOD HARDNESSAssess by pressing surface with fingernail. Closely related to weight, but increasing moisture decreases hardness. Varies in transverse, radial and tangential surfaces.GHImnsSMELL OF FRESH HEARTWOODBest assessed by odor of freshly exposed heartwood. Distinct odors are due to volatile extraneous substances in the wood. Odors fade upon exposure to air. OPQRTUVWSsTASTE OF FRESH HEARTWOOD0Use extreme caution with this character since you may experience a severe allergic reaction upon tasting some woods! Taste wood by pressing a block over the entire tongue, since different tastes are detected in different regions of the human tongue. Avoid splinters. Reflects volatile deposits in wood. GWHTASTE.jpga`s WOOD LUSTERTilt radial surface of split wood to reflect light. Luster is proportional to size and density of ray and axial parenchyma in general. Care should be used if wood has been planed or sanded.\]sCOLOR OF FRESH SAPWOOD HCOLOR.jpg bfhedcgjiklsDRY WOOD WEIGHTRelative weight of air dry wood. Reflects Sap/Heart and Spring/Summer Wood Ratios and Moisture Content. Increasing moisture increases weight.opqrsGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION!Area from which wood originated uvwxyzs)HABIT OF PLANT FROM WHICH WOOD ORIGINATEDsCHROME AZUROL-S TEST Using a .5% solution of Chrome azurol-S, place a few drops on the freshly exposed end grain to test for the presence of aluminum in the wood. A bright blue color will appear (in several minutes to several hours) if positive, no color change gives a negative result.s INTERCELLULAR CANALSTubular intercellular ducts surrounded by an epithelium, generally containing a secondary plant product such as resins and gums secreted by the epithelial cells. Can be oriented radially as well as axially.~}|s FIBERSlFibers are mechanical elements, mainly concerned with support. The rigidity of the wood is due to fibers. 634sCOMMERCIAL VALUE OF WOOD _This category is intended for woods of both historical and current commercial importance. The term "of commercial importance" is somewhat vague, and should be used with caution when identifying an unknown. But when identifying certain wooden artifacts, e.g., furniture, it can be helpful to segregate commericial species from non commercial species.s%HELICAL THICKENING OF VESSEL ELEMENTSmRidges on the inner face of the vessel element wall in a roughly helical pattern. A.k.a. spiral thickenings.ssMINERAL INCLUSIONS#Best detected with polarized light..'0-s&Prismatic Crystals9sHEARTWOOD EXTRACTS)*s(WATER EXTRACTSnTake a clean vial and cover the bottom with heartwood shavings. Heat to a boil, remove and check for color. s(ETHANOL EXTRACTSCover the bottom of a clean vial with heartwood shavings and fill vial with 95% to 100% ethyl alcohol. Heat to boiling and remove to check for color sASH/SPLINTER TESTTake a matchstick size piece of specimen and light it with a match. Allow to burn in a breeze free environment. When flame dies, allow smoldering wood to cool before assesing results.sBASIC SPECIFIC GRAVITYApplied to wood, specific gravity is defined by the ratio of the weight of the sample to the weight of a volum of water equal to the volume of the sample at a specified moisture content.s& Silica Bodiess&!Crystal Types Diagnostic Featuress TUBES/TUBULESCells or series of cells of indeterminate length, extending radially or vertically; according to specific contents two types can be distinguished.s&DrusessVESSEL-RAY PITTINGVessel-ray pits = pits between a ray cell and a vessel element. Various combinations of the features below may occur. Vessel-ray pits in the body of the ray may differ from those in the ray margins.[s$COLOR OF DEPOSITS IN VESSEL ELEMENTSs" Fiber Pitss"Fiber Cell Wall/Lumen Ratioss"Overall Fiber Featuress (General Axial Parenchyma Characteristics-./0s .Apotracheal Axial Parenchyma Specific Patterns23s /Paratracheal Axial Parenchyma Specific Patterns5678s #Banded Parenchyma Specific Patterns  s )Type and Number of Axial Parenchyma CellsType of parenchyma, fusiform vs. strand, is determined from tangential sections. Fusiform parenchyma cells are relatively uncommon and generally occur in woods with storied structure and short axial elements. In some species, combinations of the below features occur, e.g. "fusiform cells" and "two cells per parenchyma strand". Strand length can differ between earlywood and latewood of the same ring, or between vessel-associated parenchyma and parenchyma which is not in contact with the vessels. Record all commonly occuring strand lengths. Be careful not to confuse uniseriate rays or septate fibers with strand parenchyma. Do not determine number of cells per strand from chambered crystalliferous strands.s CAMBIAL VARIANTSs OVERALL MICROSCOPIC RAY FEATURESRays consist of ray parenchyma which contain cytoplasm, have simple pits, and are rectangularly eleongated in radial plane. Assess features using radial and tangential sections. ssssssssssssssdScience and Technology of Wood. 1991. Tsoumis, George. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, New York.LWhat Wood Is That? 1969. Edlin, Herbert L. Thames and Hudson LTD, London.?The Structure of Wood. 1970. Jane, F.W. A. and C. Black LTD.gCommercial Timbers of the United States. 1940. Brown, H.P., A.J. Panshin. McGraw-Hill Inc. New York.hWood Structure and Identification. 1979. Core, H. A., W.A. Cote, A.C. Day. Syracuse University Press.IAWA Bulletin Standard List of Characters Suitable For Computerized Hardwood Identification. 1989. International Association of Wood Anatomists. Rijksherbarium Schelpenkade 6. Leiden, Netherlands.6 CXItemname Alder, Red59Apitong, Eng, In, Yan, heng, Lagan, Keroeing, Dau, GurjunAsh Ash, Brown or Black%.Balsa, Corcho, Gatillo, Enea, Pung, Lana, TamiBasswood, LimeBeechBirch*BBocote, Baria, Sicicote, Cupane, Amapa asta, Canalete, Louro pardo4*Bubinga, Ovang, Kevazingo, Waka, Essingang!Buckeye ButternutCatalpa, Northern/Chakte-viga, Ebano, Granadillo Cherry, BlackChestnut, American66Ebony, Mgirti, Msindi, Omenowa, Kanran, Nyareti, KukuoElm, Northern, Slippery or Red0#Emeri, Black Afara, Idigbo, Framire HackberryHickories, Pecan (Apocarya)Hickories, True (Eucarya)Holly HophornbeamHornbeam, American; Blue Beech Locust, BlackMagnolia)Mahogany, Caoba, AcajouMaple, Hard Species Maple, Soft Species Mulberry, Red,#Myrtle, Acacia, Laurel, Oregon Mirt+Narra, Sena, Amboyna, Angsana Oak, Red Species Oak, White Species Osage-orange3Paduak, Mai Pradoo Persimmon"Poplar; Cottonwood(;Purpleheart, amaranth, Morado, Tananeo, Koroboreli, Guarabu.KSantos Rosewood, Caviuna, Capote, Siete cueros, Cascaron, Chiche, Jacaranda Sassafras14Satinwood, Billu, Mashwal, Mududad, Ceylon Satinwood2/Shedua, Ehyedua, Oziya, Fara, Daniellia, Nsou, Sweetgum; Red gumSycamore, American-Teak, Kyun, Teck, TecaTree-of-heavenTulip Tree; Yellow Poplar Tupelo&Virola, Coco, Cuangre Walnut, Black'!Wenge, Awong, Panga panga, Mpande# Willow, Black6hard maple species soft maple species!species altissimarubraspecies/ platyloba caroliniana illinoensisspeciesdentataspeciosa occidentalis1 swietenia*2ogea&spp.6 virginiana5 grandiflorus grandifolia nigraspecies4demeusiopacacinereanigra styraciflua tulipfera.pomiferaspecies'laurenti rubra species% pyramidale virginiana( occidentalis"speciesserotina+indicus3 macrocarpus red oak species white oak species pseudoacacia#nigraalbidum) macrophylla-grandis0 ivorensis americanarubra, californica7 CXItemrec6Includes F. americana, F. pennsylvanica, F. latifolia.FSWA.jpg441515157- Celtis occidentalisCOWA.jpg440467-!Includes A. saccharum, A. nigrum. AHSTWA.jpg443494148-  Ilex opacaIOWA.jpg492148-3Tilia americanaTAWA.jpg444503159-Fagus grandifoliaFGWA.jpg442446151-(Prunus serotina PS2WA.jpg443483158-4 Ulmus rubraURWA.jpg440464159-3 Juglans nigraJNWA.jpg442427154-!+Includes Q. rubra, Q. velutina, Q. Shumardii, Q. falcata, Q. coccinea, Q. palustris, Q. imbricaria, Q. phellos. Red oaks have thick-walled circular vessel elements when viewed in cross section.QRWA.jpg439455152-",Includes Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. lyrata, Q. sellata, Q. michauxii, Q. prinus, Q. bicolor. White oaks have thin walled angular vessel elements as viewed in cross section.QWWA.jpg439458152-Fraxinus nigraFNWA.jpg441518157-#Includes A. rubrum, A. saccharinum. ASSWA.jpg444498148-! Morus rubraMRWA.jpg440469157--& Platanus occidentalisPOWA.jpg443482157-, Liquidambar styracifluaLSWA.jpg444479152- jIncludes M. acuminata and M. gradiflora. Can be confused with Liriodendron wood. Magnolia may have spiral thickenings, whereas Liriodendron never exhibits this feature. Magnolia intervessel pits are predominatly linear and are 12-50 microns in diameter. M. acuminata has simple perforation plates, M. gradiflora has mostly scalariform perforation plates.MSWA.jpg472156-0 0Can be confused with Magnolia wood. Liriodendron never has spiral thickenings, whereas this feature may be present in Magnolia. Liriodendron intervessel pits are oval or oval-angular, 6-12 microns in diameter; or sometimes linear being up to 20 microns in diameter; and always oppositely arranged.LTWA.jpg443475156- OIncludes B. alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, B. populifolia, B. nigra.BSWA.jpg444441149- Castanea dentataCDWA.jpg439448151- DIncludes C. ovata, C. laciniosa, C. tomentosa, C. ovalis, C. glabra CS1WA.jpg441429153-8Includes C. cordiformis, C. myristicaformis, C. aquaticaCIWA.jpg442429153- Juglans cinereaJCWA.jpg422425153-#_Immersion in warm water will extract coloring material from wood giving water a yellowish hue.441471156--Can be confused with Maclura pomifera wood. Yellow color of Robinia wood is only slightly soluable in warm water. Positive identification of Robinia psuedoacacia is insured by the presence of vestured intervessel pits.RPWA.jpg490155-/Ailanthus altissima441-)/ Can be confused with Fraxinus nigra. Presence of oil cells in rays which give it a distinct odor and the presence of aliform axial parenchyma in summer wood are distinquishing characteristics of Sassafras.SAWA.jpg478154- !Includes C. bignoniodes CS2WA.jpg441520150-%"Diospyros virginiana442513151-# Carpinus carolinianaCCWA.jpg443438149-$ Alnus rubraARWA.jpg443444148-$% Ostrya virginianaOVWA.jpg444439149-1"&#Includes N. sylvatica, N. aquatica.NSWA.jpg445505150- 'Includes A. octandra, A. glabra, the former is usually characterized by storied rays and axial elements, whereas the latter generally lacks regular storied features. AS1WA.jpg445499153-&'(Includes P. tremuloides, P. grandidentata (Aspen) and P. deltoides, P. balsamifera, P. trichocarpa, P. heterophylla (Cottonwood/Poplar) PS1WA.jpg445433158-5.) Salix nigra445436158--#+ ocptw.jpg-2*-4 --'%.-0/ swmtw.jpg-0- )1-5, umctw.jpg-.13 tegtw.jpeg-(4- 5-26!-* 7" chstw.jpg-+8-$*1- 9-:# digtw.jpg-";FraxinusAcerTiliaFagusPrunusUlmusJuglansWhite AceraceaeIlexPlatanus LiquidambarMagnolia LiriodendronBetulaCastaneaCarya JuniperusSequoiaTaxodiumPiceaLarix PseudotsugaPinusQuercusHardSoftCeltisMorusMacluraRobinia Ailanthus SassafrasCatalpa DiospyrosCarpinusAlnusOstryaNyssaAesculusPopulusSalix DialyantheraOchroma Umbellularia Millettia Peltogyne SwieteniaCordia PterocarpusTectona Machaerium Caesalpinia Terminalia Chloroxylon Danilellia Guibortia Dipterocarpus%Oleaceae Aceraceae TiliaceaeFagaceaeRosaceaeUlmaceae Juglandaceae Aquifoliaceae PlatanaceaeHamamelidaceae Magnoliaceae Betulaceae CupressaceaePinaceaeMoraceaeFabaceae Simaroubaceae Lauraceae Bignoniaceae Ebonaceae CornaceaeHippocastanaceae Salicaceae Salicaeae BombacaceaeLeguminosae - Papil.Leguminosae-Caes. Meliaceae Boraginaceae Leguminosae Myristicaceae Verbenaceae CombrectaceaeRutaceaeDipterocarpaceae CXDatablockA@4Z #(bi d\<! ("!@q\Rn!"("$!8 pH$ J((bD hЊD* , "$  aPHJ " q$J TL b ! ae4@  c("a\-"#("#)dT lkbh" #ieT0lbbh" @4*"!(bYhR /!("$!a \! aȘ%R`!("`p$3L! "H" JPHS3c a("!d HS c !"Є$2^"b "T#a$,f!"A H4"& (" A P4B"( a\2 P "aT   H"! @ A \t@("! ^R0 Q\ (" i@>NP5! "! i+ *J ("(@8pR^P> &("! q$R  bD8AR:0D &(b!A @ P$: 2!("X!@!q0*"#(b! @,A؂<&  b@,iP>Z. b P(L@(" "V`  0J@("*D"R@& @@" @@"HL H(B"*&@@&0@ @" 0P " P@:("$"b"R!&  T@l B" "R@&J "  L@$ H " PJZ@DB")$R@"` "0pH@" @"!!J@ @(@ "*@dC @C@"