q$ qV;Angiosperm Wood2.02.0 ANGIOSPERM WOOD COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM CREATED BY ROGER D. MEICENHEIMERq CXAttdata Exclusively Solitary Vessels190% of the vessel elements are solitary, or unassociated with other vessel elements. Overlapping vessel ends appear as oblique pairs and should be discounted.AWH2.jpg Ring Porous Growth Rings85Abrupt transition between larger Spring Wood vessel elements and smaller Summer Wood vessel elements as viewed in transverse section.AWH1.jpg Semi-ring Porous Growth Rings86Gradual decrease in vessel element size from Spring Wood to Summer Wood. No distinct boundary in size difference within a growth ring, but difference is noticeable across growth rings.AWH1.jpg Diffuse Porous Growth Rings gNo noticeable difference in vessel element size within a growth ring as viewed in transverse section.AWH1.jpg "Radial Groups of 4 or more Vessels2Radial groups of 4 or more vessel elements with contiguous tangential cell walls and aligned parallel to the rays are common. Do not select if only a few such radial groups are present.AWH2.jpg !Radial/Oblique Vessel Arrangement3Solitary and/or multiple groups of vessel elements arranged in a radial or oblique pattern within a growth ring. Radial groups of vessel are not necessarily arranged in this pattern.AWH2.jpg Tangential Vessel Arrangement4Solitary and/or multiple groups of vessel elements are arranged more or less perpendicular to the rays. Angle of inclination to rays may vary from 45 to 90 degrees.AWH2.jpg !Vessels Arranged in Pore Clusters5Vessel elements grouped together in an irregular manner such that their adjacent cell walls appear flattened along the lines of mutual contact. Such groups resemble subdivided single poresAWH2.jpgSimple Perforation Plates6Cell wall material is confined to perimeter of perforation plate to give it the appearance of a more less rounded opening in radial section and a single line in tangential section.AWH3.jpgMultiple Perforation Plates7Cell wall material tranverses the perforation plate to create two or more openings in scalariform, reticulate, or foraminate pattern. Bars formed by this pattern are fewer than 20.AWH3.jpg!Scalariform Plates with > 20 Bars8Cell wall material traversing the perforation plate forms greater than 20 bars. Plate forms a ladder-like structure in radial view and has a beaded appearance in tangential view.AWH3.jpgVessels with Spiral Thickenings9Periodic variations in cell wall thickness form a more or less horizontal pattern in some or all of the vessel elements. Thickenings may be confined to tips of vessel elements.AWH4.jpgVessels with Minute Pits10Best seen in tangential section. Widest horizontal diameter of intervessel pit, including the entire pit border, is 3 micrometers or less.AWH4.jpgVessels with Opposite Pits11xTwo or more complete pits occupy a given horizontal level along the vessel element. Best seen in tangential section.AWH4.jpg!Abundant Tyloses in Vessel Lumens14Tyloses are parenchyma cells that have grown through pits and fill the lumens of nonfunctional vessels. They have relatively thin walls, simple pits, and cytoplasm.AWH5.jpg"Sclerosed Tyloses in Vessel Lumens15Tyloses are parenchyma cells that grow through pits and fill the lumens of vessel elements. Sclerosed tyloses have thick, laminated, lignified cell walls, ramiform pits, and cytoplasm. Deposits or Gum in Vessel Lumens16Amorphous, densely staining deposits or gums fill the lumens of Heart Wood vessel elements. Deposits often appear to accumulate at perforation plates. May be removed during processing.< 5 Vessels per square mm17AWH6.jpg5 - 20 Vessels per square mm18AWH6.jpg20 - 40 Vessels per square mm AWH6.jpg> 40 Vessels per square mm19AWH6.jpg< 50 microns - not visible20qVessel elements less than 50 micrometers in diameter are not visible to the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpg50-99 microns - barely visible21uVessel elements between 50-90 micrometers in diameter are barely visible to the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpg!100-200 microns - fairly distinct xVessel elements between 100-200 micrometers in diameter are fairly distinct to the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpg> 200 microns - very distinct22vVessel element larger than 200 micrometers in diameter are readily seen with the unaided eye in transverse section.AWH6.jpgExclusively 1-seriate Rays29Most all rays are one cell wide. Disregard a few rays that are two cells wide. Includes individual rays that comprise an aggregate ray.AWH9.jpg2- or 3- seriate Rays JMost of the rays are 2 or 3 cells wide when viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpg4- to 10- seriate Rays30OMost of the rays are four to ten cells wide when viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpg> 10-seriate Rays31RMost of the rays are more than ten cells wide when viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpgRays Commonly > 1 mm High28Total ray length, including marginal cells, exceeds 1 mm as measured in tangential section. Not applicable to vertically fused rays, or alternating uniseriate and mulseritate parts.AWH8.jpgAggregate Rays32Group of small, narrow rays that appear to be a single large ray at low magnification or when viewed with the unaided eye. Use transverse and tangential longitudinal sections.AWH8.jpgHomocellular Rays34Rays consist of cells with uniform geometry. Either all procumbant (long axis in radial direction) or all upright (long axis in longitudinal direction). AWH10.jpgRays of Two Distinct Widths33Ray population consists of a mixture of rays that are one cell wide and rays that are four or more cells wide when viewed in tangential section. Very few rays 2 or 3 cells wide are present.AWH9.jpg!Heterocellular Marginal Cells 4-935Rays consist of cells with two distinct geometries: a) Procumbant central cells are radially elongate. b) 4-10 upright marginal cells are vertically elongate or square. AWH10.jpg"Heterocellular Marginal Cells =>1036Rays consist of cells with two distinct geometries: a) Procumbant central cells are radially elongate. b) There are more than 10 upright vertically elongate or square marginal cells. AWH10.jpg!Heterocellular Marginal Cells 1-3 Rays consist of cells with two distinct geometries: a) Procumbant central cells are radially elongate. b) 1-3 upright marginal cells are vertically elongate or square. AWH10.jpg2-,3-seriate = 1-seriate Width37Tangential view of Ray consists of alternating regions one cell wide with large cells, and regions 2 or 3 cells wide with smaller cells. Total width of ray in these two regions is equal.Tile Cells Present38Tile cells lack cytoplasm and are rectangular in shape with the longest axis vertically oriented in radial view. They occur interspersed among the radially elongate procumbant ray cells.Sheath Cells Present39Sheath cells are upright vertically elongate cells that are found at the margins and surrounding the sides of radially elongate procumbant cells when viewed in tangential section.Radial Canals or Tubes Present40Intercellular canals or tubular cavities running radially within rays. May be lined with epithelial parenchyma cells. Contents include latex or tannins.Ray-Vessel Pits > 10 microns44iPits between vessels and ray parenchyma are > 10 micrometers in diameter when viewed in radial section. Storied Rays41Rays are arranged in more or less regular horizontal rows when viewed in tangential section. May or may not be associated with storied axial parenchyma.AWH8.jpg< 4 Rays per mm424-12 Rays per mm > 12 Rays per mm43 Apotracheal Axial Parenchyma45Axial parenchyma is present which is not in contact with vessels. Be sure to examine both Spring and Summer wood. Apotracheal parenchyma can coexist with Paratracheal parenchyma. AWH12B.jpg Diffuse/Scanty Axial Parenchyma46Single strands or isolated groups of A. apotracheal axial parenchyma are irregularly distributed among fibers and/or B. paratracheal axial parenchyma are irregularly associated with vessels AWH12B.jpg Paratracheal Axial Parenchyma47Axial parenchyma is associated with vessels. Be sure to examine both Spring and Summer Wood. Can coexist with Apotracheal axial parenchyma. AWH12B.jpg Vasicentric Axial Parenchyma48At least some of the Paratracheal axial parenchyma forms a complete sheath around the vessel in a more or less circular or oval pattern as seen in transverse section. AWH12C.jpg "Aliform-confluent Axial Parenchyma49Paratracheal parenchyma with wing-like tangential extensions, which may be isolated or form concentric tangential lines or bands as viewed in transverse section. AWH12C.jpg Axial Parenchyma Absent or Rare50Axial parenchyma is either completely absent, or occurs very infrequently either in association with vessels (paratracheal) or not associated with vessels (apotracheal). AWH12A.jpg Banded Axial Parenchyma51Paratracheal or apotracheal parenchyma form tangential lines or bands within the growth ring as viewed in transverse section. DOES NOT PERTAIN TO MARGINAL AXIAL PARENCHYMA. AWH12D.jpg "A Prnchyma Bands Mostly Uniseriate52Apotracheal or paratracheal axial parenchyma form tangential lines consisting of a single radial file of cells within a growth ring. DOES NOT PERTAIN TO MARGINAL AXIAL PARENCHYMA. AWH12D.jpg A Prnchyma Bands > 4-seriate53Apotracheal or paratracheal axial parenchyma occur in tangential bands that are 4 or more cells thick in the radial direction. DOES NOT PERTAIN TO MARGINAL AXIAL PARENCHYMA. AWH12D.jpg Bands > 6/mm in Radial Direction54Density of tangential bands of apotracheal or paratracheal parenchyma is greater than 6/mm as counted in the radial direction. AWH12E.jpg "Mariginal or Zonate Axial Prnchyma57?Apotracheal parenchyma associated with growth ring boundaries. AWH12A.jpg Storied Parenchyma55Axial parenchyma are arranged in regular horizontal series as viewed in tangential longitudinal section. May or may not be associated with storied rays. Fusiform Parenchyma56Spindle shaped axial parenchyma with pointed ends, derived directly from short fusiform initials without subdivision. May or may not be arranged in storied pattern.Whitish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgGrayish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgYellowish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgReddish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgPinkish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgBrownish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgBlackish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgSmooth Texture Wood Rough Textured Wood Even Figured Wood Wood has uniform appearance. ATWHFIG.jpgUneven Figured Wood HWood has variations in texture and/or color within annual growth rings. ATWHFIG.jpgRays Obscure to Unaided Eye 'Not readily visible to the unaided eye. AWHWOOD.jpgRays Distinct to Unaided Eye #Readily visible to the unaided eye. AWHWOOD.jpgVery Soft Wood Less than 400 pounds Soft Wood Between 400 and 699 pounds Medium Wood Between 700 and 999 poundsVery Light Weight Wood "Less than 40 pounds per cubic footLight Weight Wood 'Between 41 and 50 pounds per cubic footHeavy Weight Wood 'Between 51 and 60 pounds per cubic footVery Heavy Weight Wood %Greater than 60 pounds per cubic footGreasy Textured Wood Unpleasant Smell Pleasant Smell Strong Tannic Acid Smell Resinous Smell  Spicy Smell Aromatic Smell !Smells Faintly Like Rose Blossoms  Earthy Smell Leathery Smell Purplish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpg Radial Groups of 2 to 4 Vessels Radial groups of 2-4 vessel elements with contiguous tangential cell walls aligned parallel with the rays are common. Some solitary vessel elements may be present.AWH2.jpgVessels with Alternate Pits yPortions of two or more pits overlap at one horizontal level along a vessel element. Best seen in tangential section.AWH4.jpgVessels with Scalariform Pits11zElongated or linear pits are arranged in a ladder-like series along a vessel element. Best seen in tangential section.AWH4.jpgWood Reflects Light Wood Appears dull Golden Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpgOrangish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpg Spicy Taste Astringent Taste Whitish SapwoodYellowish SapwoodGolden SapwoodOrangish SapwoodPinkish SapwoodGreenish SapwoodReddish SapwoodBrownish SapwoodPurplish SapwoodGrayish SapwoodBlackish Sapwood Hard WoodBetween 1000 and 1499 poundsVery Hard WoodGreater than 1500 poundsVery Light Weight Wood"Less than 30 pounds per cubic footLight Weight Wood'Between 31 and 40 pounds per cubic footHeavy Weight Wood'Between 41 and 50 pounds per cubic footVery Heavy Weight Wood%Greater than 50 pounds per cubic footGreenish Heartwood See image ATWHCOL.jpg Fibers Present24Fibers are vertically elongated, devoid of cytoplasm, have high Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and slit pits. Lumens are less than half the thickness of the cell wall.AWH7.jpg Fiber-Tracheids Present25Fiber-tracheids are vertically elongated, devoid of cytoplasm, with intermediate Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and pits with slit-like apertures extending slightly beyond circular pit chambers.AWH7.jpg Vascular Tracheids Present26aVascular tracheids are vertically elongate, devoid of cytoplasm, with intermediate Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and pits with lenticular or elliptical apertures within circular pit chambers.AWH7.jpg Spiral Thickenings Present27Periodic pattern of areas of cell wall thickening oriented more or less at right angles to longitudinal axes of fibers, fiber-tracheids, and/or vascular tracheids.AWH7.jpg Vasicentric Tracheids Present26bVasicentric tracheids have short irregular shape, no cytoplasm, inter- mediate CW/L Ratios, and lenticular pit apertures within circular pit chambers. Found in close proximity to vessels.AWH7.jpg Vertical Canals Present59Tubular intercellular spaces containing resin or gum secreted by adjacent parenchyma cells. May be normal species characteristic and/or induced by injury.AWH7.jpgL CXMenudataAngiosperm Woodss MICROSCOPIC WOOD CHARACTERISTICSAssess using a light microscope to examine transverse (X), radial (R), and tangential (T) sections of wood. Feature numbers correspond to those in Computer-Aided Wood Identification. AWHSECT.jpg  sCOLOR OF FRESH HEARTWOODPertains to Heartwood. Reflects differences in chemical composition. Air usually darkens the color. Nondiagnostic color may result from bacteria or fungi. HCOLOR.jpg :>=_^<{X?;@s MACROSCOPIC WOOD CHARACTERISTICSAssess these characters visually with the unaided eye, and by using the feel, smell, and taste of the wood. Many of these characteristics are best learned through comparative experience. s WOOD TEXTUREPAssess by touch. reflects size and distribution of various cells in the wood.ABNs WOOD FIGUREVisually assess the uniformity of wood appearance. Produced by relative arrangement of different cells and/or color in the wood. Sometimes confused w/ grain (orientation of wood elements) ATWHFIG.jpgCDsGREEN WOOD WEIGHTRelative weight of air dry wood. Reflects Sap/Heart and Spring/Summer Wood Ratios and Moisture Content. Increasing moisture increases weight.JKLMsVESSEL ELEMENT FEATURESVessel elements are devoid of cytoplasm, have small Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios and bordered pits. Vessel lumens are larger than other axial wood cells and are often referred to as pores. AWHSECT.jpg s"OTHER ELONGATED AXIAL CELLS PRSENTDetermine the presence of additional types of axial cells by examining the Cell Wall/Lumen Ratios, and pit details in transverse, radial, and tangential section. AWHSECT.jpg|}~sMICROSCOPIC RAY FEATURESRays consist of ray parenchyma which contain cytoplasm, have simple pits, and are rectangularly elongated in radial plane. Assess features using radial and tangential sections. AWHSECT.jpgsAXIAL PARENCHYMA DISTRIBUTIONAxial parenchyma contain cytoplasm, simple pits,& are rectangularly elongate in longitudinal plane. Assess pattern of distribution in both Spring and Summer wood using transverse sections. 2-./013456789s GROWTH RINGSdAssess size distribution of vessel elements within a single growth ring using transverse sections.AWH1.jpgsPATTERNS OF VESSEL ARRANGEMENTAssess patterns of arrangement of vessel elements in relationship to other vessel elements within both Spring and Summer Wood, since these may vary within a growth ring. Use X section.AWH2.jpgYs!VESSEL ELEMENT PERFORATION PLATESAssess features of end walls between longitudinally adjacent vessel elements within a vessel. Features most easily seen in radial longitudinal section, but also visible in tangential section.AWH3.jpg s!VESSEL ELEMENT CELL WALL FEATURESpAssess details of vessel element cell wall features and pit characteristics in radial and tangential sections.AWH4.jpg Z [sVESSEL ELEMENT LUMEN FEATURESDAssess the contents of vessel element lumens within the Heart Wood.AWH5.jpgsVESSEL DENSITY IN CROSS SECTIONOnly pertains to semi-ring and diffuse porous wood. Count the total number of vessel elements per mm^2 in transverse section. Character not used in ring porous wood.AWH6.jpgs"TRANSVERSE VESSEL ELEMENT DIAMETERAssess average diameter of vessel elements in transverse section. Two size classes may be appropriate for ring porous wood. Estimates of size can be made via visibility to naked eyeAWH6.jpgs RAY SERIATION{Assess by determining the number of horizontal rows of ray parenchyma in an individual ray viewed in tangential section.AWH9.jpg s OVERALL MICROSCOPIC RAY FEATURESAWH8.jpg)s !RAY MARGINAL CELL CHARACTERISTICSAssess variations in ray parenchyma geometry within an individual ray in radial and tangential section. Be sure to locate a ray with upper and/or lower margins included in radial sections. AWH10.jpg #!"$%&'(s !TANGENTIAL/TRANSVERSE RAY DENSITYMeasure ray density in transverse or tangential section by determining number of rays along a transect at right angles to the rays. Avoid aggregrate and rays with radial canals. AWH11.jpg*+,sRAY VISIBILITY TO UNAIDED EYEjRays extend radially from center toward the outside and are typically lighter than the surrounding wood. AWHWOOD.jpgEFs WOOD HARDNESSAssess by pressing surface with fingernail. Closely related to weight, but increasing moisture decreases hardness. Varies in transverse, radial and tangential surfaces.GHImnsSMELL OF FRESH HEARTWOODBest assessed by odor of freshly exposed heartwood. Distinct odors are due to volatile extraneous substances in the wood. Odors fade upon exposure to air. OPQRTUVWSsTASTE OF FRESH HEARTWOODTaste wood by pressing a block over the entire tongue, since different tastes are detected in different regions of the human tongue. Avoid splinters. Reflects volatile deposits in wood. GWHTASTE.jpga`s WOOD LUSTERTilt radial surface of split wood to reflect light. Luster is proportional to size and density of ray and axial parenchyma in general. Care should be used if wood has been planed or sanded.\]sCOLOR OF FRESH SAPWOOD HCOLOR.jpg bfhedcgjiklsDRY WOOD WEIGHTopqrssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssScience and Technology of WoodWhat Wood Is That?The Structure of Wood'Commercial Timbers of the United States!Wood Structure and Identification$ CXItemname Alder, RedAsh Ash, Brown or BlackBasswood, LimeBeechBirch!Buckeye ButternutCatalpa, Northern Cherry, BlackChestnut, AmericanElm, Northern, Slippery or Red HackberryHickories, Pecan (Apocarya)Hickories, True (Eucarya)Holly HophornbeamHornbeam, American; Blue Beech Locust, BlackMagnoliaMaple, Hard Species Maple, Soft Species Mulberry, Red Oak, Red Species Oak, White Species Osage-orange Persimmon"Poplar; Cottonwood SassafrasSweetgum; Red gumSycamore, AmericanTree-of-heavenTulip Tree; Yellow Poplar Tupelo Walnut, Black# Willow, Black$hard maple species soft maple species!species altissimarubraspecies caroliniana illinoensisspeciesdentataspeciosa occidentalis virginiana grandifolia nigraspeciesopacacinereanigra styraciflua tulipferapomiferaspecies rubra species virginiana occidentalis"speciesserotina red oak species white oak species pseudoacacia#nigraalbidum americanarubra$ CXItemrec6Includes F. americana, F. pennsylvanica, F. latifolia.FSWA.jpg441515157 Celtis occidentalisCOWA.jpg440467 !Includes A. saccharum, A. nigrum. AHSTWA.jpg443494148   Ilex opacaIOWA.jpg492148 "Tilia americanaTAWA.jpg444503159  Fagus grandifoliaFGWA.jpg442446151 Prunus serotina PS2WA.jpg443483158 # Ulmus rubraURWA.jpg440464159 " Juglans nigraJNWA.jpg442427154 Includes Q. rubra, Q. velutina, Q. Shumardii, Q. falcata, Q. coccinea, Q. palustris, Q. imbricaria, Q. phellos. Red oaks have thick-walled circular vessel elements when viewed in cross section.QRWA.jpg439455152 Includes Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. lyrata, Q. sellata, Q. michauxii, Q. prinus, Q. bicolor. White oaks have thin walled angular vessel elements as viewed in cross section.QWWA.jpg439458152 Fraxinus nigraFNWA.jpg441518157 #Includes A. rubrum, A. saccharinum. ASSWA.jpg444498148  Morus rubraMRWA.jpg440469157  Platanus occidentalisPOWA.jpg443482157  Liquidambar styracifluaLSWA.jpg444479152  jIncludes M. acuminata and M. gradiflora. Can be confused with Liriodendron wood. Magnolia may have spiral thickenings, whereas Liriodendron never exhibits this feature. Magnolia intervessel pits are predominatly linear and are 12-50 microns in diameter. M. acuminata has simple perforation plates, M. gradiflora has mostly scalariform perforation plates.MSWA.jpg472156  0Can be confused with Magnolia wood. Liriodendron never has spiral thickenings, whereas this feature may be present in Magnolia. Liriodendron intervessel pits are oval or oval-angular, 6-12 microns in diameter; or sometimes linear being up to 20 microns in diameter; and always oppositely arranged.LTWA.jpg443475156  OIncludes B. alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, B. populifolia, B. nigra.BSWA.jpg444441149 Castanea dentataCDWA.jpg439448151 DIncludes C. ovata, C. laciniosa, C. tomentosa, C. ovalis, C. glabra CS1WA.jpg441429153 8Includes C. cordiformis, C. myristicaformis, C. aquaticaCIWA.jpg442429153 Juglans cinereaJCWA.jpg422425153 _Immersion in warm water will extract coloring material from wood giving water a yellowish hue.441471156 Can be confused with Maclura pomifera wood. Yellow color of Robinia wood is only slightly soluable in warm water. Positive identification of Robinia psuedoacacia is insured by the presence of vestured intervessel pits.RPWA.jpg490155 Ailanthus altissima441 ! Can be confused with Fraxinus nigra. Presence of oil cells in rays which give it a distinct odor and the presence of aliform axial parenchyma in summer wood are distinquishing characteristics of Sassafras.SAWA.jpg478154  !Includes C. bignoniodes CS2WA.jpg441520150  "Diospyros virginiana442513151 # Carpinus carolinianaCCWA.jpg443438149 $ Alnus rubraARWA.jpg443444148 % Ostrya virginianaOVWA.jpg444439149 !&#Includes N. sylvatica, N. aquatica.NSWA.jpg445505150 'Includes A. octandra, A. glabra, the former is usually characterized by storied rays and axial elements, whereas the latter generally lacks regular storied features. AS1WA.jpg445499153 (Includes P. tremuloides, P. grandidentata (Aspen) and P. deltoides, P. balsamifera, P. trichocarpa, P. heterophylla (Cottonwood/Poplar) PS1WA.jpg445433158 # ) Salix nigra445436158*FraxinusAcerTiliaFagusPrunusUlmusJuglansWhite AceraceaeIlexPlatanus LiquidambarMagnolia LiriodendronBetulaCastaneaCarya JuniperusSequoiaTaxodiumPiceaLarix PseudotsugaPinusQuercusHardSoftCeltisMorusMacluraRobinia Ailanthus SassafrasCatalpa DiospyrosCarpinusAlnusOstryaNyssaAesculusPopulusSalixOleaceae Aceraceae TiliaceaeFagaceaeRosaceaeUlmaceae Juglandaceae Aquifoliaceae PlatanaceaeHamamelidaceae Magnoliaceae Betulaceae CupressaceaePinaceaeMoraceaeFabaceae Simaroubaceae Lauraceae Bignoniaceae Ebonaceae CornaceaeHippocastanaceae Salicaceae Salicaeae CXDatablockQ4R y  \<P qRf!8.p( J h)Ъp* $ cPqJ  qJ D i鉠4@$ @a}-"#1YT lkP#qT0lbP4" YR'i\0cиxR` npD3L kP)R3j  bЌ)S c (Ќ2V"#s,n`A|٠6 `0 A|٠6b a}2 P0iT I \t@;@^@<(s\ y>LP=ف+ "J8 pp^P6&qR 08Kp:0D>P : 2()q*"0,A؂=&,q1>X.