×w ኖ0Angiosperm Trees3.53.5ÿš ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM INITIAL DATA BASE AND MENUS CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. LAST UPGRADE DEC 2004×ÿÿ CXAttdata < 2.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€2.1 - 5.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€5.1 - 10.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ > 25.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). Athelp71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ > 15.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ > 15.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€a Stipules / Stipule Scars Present ÿVStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg€ Proximal ÿ@Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Proximal means that the seed is located closer to the peduncle than it is to the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located at the edge of the wing in proximal samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ Central ÿQVariations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Central means that the seed is located more or less at equal distances from the peduncle and the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located in the middle of the wing in central samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ÿ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ÿ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ÿ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ÿ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 15.1 - 25.0 mm ÿ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ > 25.0 mm ÿ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ÿFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ÿFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ÿFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ÿFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 15.1 - 25.0 mm ÿFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ > 25.0 mm ÿFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ < 45 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 46 - 80 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 81 - 100 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 101 - 160 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 161 - 180 Degrees or Greater ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€Smooth ¸Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. athelp95.jpg€ Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp95.jpg€Prickly ŸSurface covered with stiff sharp multicellular trichomes or hairs that are usually macroscopically visible and can be felt (sometimes painfully) when rubbed. athelp95.jpg€Woody ÛWoody fruit is not pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are inflexible or marginally flexible when bent. The woody components of the fruit are opaque when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€ Whitish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Yellowish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Orangish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Reddish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Pinkish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Brownish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Purplish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Blackish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Greenish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Tannish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€Drupe ÿA simple, fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel, consisting of skin like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony or woody endocarp that encloses a solitary seed. Also referred to as stone fruit. Common examples include peaches, cherries, and olives. ATHELP6.jpg€Berry øA fruit that develops from an ovary containing one to several carpels consisting of a skin like exocarp and a fleshy, juicy meso- and endocarp containing seeds with hard seed coats. Common examples include grapes, persimmon, tomatoes, and pawpaws. ATHELP6.jpg€Pome ÿ>A fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a skin-like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a papery exocarp that surrounds multiple seeds with hard seed coats. The outer parts of the fruit develop from the expanded floral parts (often the hypanthium) and the receptacle. Common examples include apples and pears. ATHELP6.jpg€Achene ÿVA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp and spongy meso- and endocarp that is unattached to a single seed with a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include sunflower and dandylion "seed". Many achenes of tree species have long trichomes on their exocarp which aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Samara ÿaA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Nut ÿxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpg€Legume ÿQAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Follicle ÿA fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing one or more seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along one side (suture). Common examples include fruits of magnolia and sweetgum trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Capsule ÿWA fruit derived from a single compound pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along three or more sides (suture) or circular openings (pores). Common examples include fruits of buckeye, poplar, cottonwood, and willow trees. ATHELP7.jpg€< 1/3 ÿ:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€Husk not splitting ÿòNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with no obvious lines of dehiscence. These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) degrade in random patterns overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€ 1/3 TO 2/3 ÿ:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€> 2/3 ÿ:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€Husk splitting half-way to base ÿiNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending half- way from the apex toward the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€Winged exocarp ÿËNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for winged exocarp if the external surface of the husk has distinct longitudinal raised ridges (wings) that raise above an otherwise smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€Concentric grooves around apex ØExamine the area around the apex of the nut viewed in transverse plane. Concentric grooves refer to the presence of at least one (there may be several) more or less circular cracks or crevasses surrounding the apex. ATHELP26.jpg€Distinct scales ÿaNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales. ATHELP28.jpg€Warty scales fused together ÿ Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small scales that fuse together to form warty protrusions that produce a pebbly texture. ATHELP28.jpg€Prickles ÿŽNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules have hard stiff trichomes that form prickles of various lengths and degrees of sharpness. ATHELP28.jpg€Conspicuous fringe ÿ+Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales, which may have conspicuous hair-like extensions at their apices. In some species, the hair like extensions are confined to or are most prominent on the scales in the most apical portion of the cupule. ATHELP28.jpg€O Anacardiaceae€"Husk splitting all the way to base ÿgNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending from the apex all the way to the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€Smooth exocarp ÿƒNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for smooth exocarp if the external surface of the husk has a smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€Sharp ridges on endocarp ÿNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are sharp if they form very acute angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows. ATHELP26.jpg€Smooth ridges on endocarp ÿNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are smooth if they form very obtuse or rounded angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows . ATHELP26.jpg€Waxy ÍSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the fruit an overall dull coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the daker more lustrous tissue that lies beneath. athelp95.jpg€`Milky Juice in Petioles ÿThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. To test for milky juice, break the petiole in half and squeeze the petiole. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the broken ends of the petiole. ATHELP30.jpg€ Fleshy «Fruit is pliable and remains partially deformed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€ Pulpy ÊFruit is very pliable and a semi-solid fluid of various viscosity is expressed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€Papery ÖPapery fruit is not pliable when squeezed, but the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. Often the papery components of the fruit are fairly translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€Leathery ÒLeathery fruit is semi-pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. The leathery components of the fruit are not translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€Latex Strands in Leaf Blade ºGently tear the leaf blade in half while slowly pulling the two halves apart. Look for small strings of white rubbery latex that stretch within the gap between the broken leaf lamina. ATHELP31.jpg€Coriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpg€PCatalpa€, Strongly Angled in Cross Section yWhen viewed in transverse plane, the bud has a very distinct pentagonal shape with five very sharp vertices well defined. ATHELP35.jpg€/Irregular PlatesgTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form plate like units that have various irregular shapes. ATHeLP17.jpg€aSlash Like Stipule Scars ÿÂStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Slash like stipule scars are short horizontally elongated scars that only extend part way around the stem. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg€<Solitary ÿFlowers are borne singly or alone. Individual flowers can be found in a terminal position at the end of branches or in a lateral position in the axils of leaves. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91a.jpg€7 - 15 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€16 - 50 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€3 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€4 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€5 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€6 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€1 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€2 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€3 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€4 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€5 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€ More than 5 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€ Milky Juice ­To test for milky juice, cut the fruit and squeeze the dissected parts. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the cut surface of the fruit. athelp95.jpg€Interior Pubescent ÿ$Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Examine the interior cup like region of the cupule (where the nut attaches) for the presence of trichomes or hairs (pubescence). ATHELP28.jpg€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ > 25.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg€$Opposite ÿeTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg€$Whorled ÿMore than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP29.jpg€%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%Singly Compound ÅThe leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Doubly Compound ÿ The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg€%Even Pinnately Compound cAll of the leaflets are paired. There is no terminal leaflet. The total number of leaflets is even. ATHELP1.jpg€%Odd Pinnately Compound dThere is one terminal, unpaired leaflet at the end of the leaf. The total number of leaflets is odd. ATHELP1.jpg€% 3 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€XNovember ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€PEuonymus€P Forsythia€P Hamamelis€P Hydrangea€:Complete ÍFlowers have all four major parts. (petals, sepals, stamen, pistil) Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€: Incomplete ÙFlowers lack one or more of the four major parts. (petal, sepal, stamen, pistil) Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€: Perfect ÿDFlowers are bisexual. They have both the male (stamen) and female (pistil) parts. Flowers may be perfect and incomplete at the same time. If flower is complete, then it must be perfect. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€: Imperfect ÿ¨Flowers are unisexual. They lack either the male (stamens) or female (pistil) reproductive structures. Imperfect flowers are necessarily incomplete flowers. If your specimen is imperfect, be sure to examine the dioecious, polygamous, and monoecious characteristics found in this menu. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€: Dioecious ÿ"All of the flowers on one tree are Imperfect (unisexual, either male or female) flowers. In dioecious species, there are seperate male and female trees. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€: Monoecious ñAll flowers on one treet are Imperfect (unisexual) but the same tree bears both male and female flowers. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€;Reddish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Greenish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€; Yellowish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Creamish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Whitish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Pinkish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Purplish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€<Spike ÃGroups of sessile flowers are borne on an unbranched, indeterminate elongated axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91b.jpg€<Catkin or Ament ÝGroups of sessile, unisexual, apetalous (lacking petals), and usually bracteate flowers are borne on an unbranched, elongated, pendulous, deciduous axis. Be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91c.jpg€<Raceme ÏFlowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on an unbranched, indeterminate main axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91d.jpg€<Panicle ìFlowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on secondary branches connected to a branched, indeterminate main axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91f.jpg€<Cyme åFlowers are borne in a broad, more or less flat-topped, determinate cluster, in which the central flowers open first. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91g.jpg€<Umbel ÿiFlowers are borne on pedicels that all arise from the apex or central point of the peduncle or main axis. May be determinate or indeterminate with a flat-topped or convex shape. May be compound via development of more than one levels of branching. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91h.jpg€<Head or Capitulum ÿ¬Many sessile or nearly sessile flowers are densely pack on an enlarged compund receptacle. May be determinate or indeterminate. Typically the centrally located disk flowers are actinomorphic and the peripherally located ray flowers are zygomorphic. Often the entire inflorescence is mistaken for one large flower. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91i.jpg€Simple iSimple fruits are derived from a single pistil which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. ATHELP24.jpg€Compound Multiple or Aggregate ÿ©Compound fruits are derived from more than one pistil, each of which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. A multiple compound fruit is derived from the pistils of several flowers in an inflorescence. An aggregate compound fruit is derived from multiple pistils of a single flower. These subclassifications are grouped together here. Be sure to decide what type of fruitlet units comprise compound fruits. ATHELP24.jpg€O Juglandaceae €OHamamelidaceae €O Bignoniaceae €&Linear Having a long and very narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpg€&Oblong eHaving a leaf blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€& Lanceolate qHaving a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€& Oblanceolate †Having a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg€&Ovate ]Having an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€&Obovate lHaving an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€& Elliptical €Having a leaf lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€& Oval ¤Having a leaf lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€& Orbicular mHaving a more or less circular leaf shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg€&Reniform (Cordate) 8Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaf. ATHELP10.jpg€& Rhombic vHaving a more or less diamond-shaped leaf with straight margins. The widest part of the leaf lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€& Spatulate _Having a spoon-shaped or spatula-shaped leaf where the lamina is widest near the rounded apex. ATHELP10.jpg€& Flabellate ZHaving a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaf with the broadest part of lamina at apex. ATHELP10.jpg€&Deltoid ƒHaving a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaf. Often the sides of the leaf lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg€'Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€'Palmate ÿIn the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€' Pinnipalmate ÿŽThe pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€( Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Acute uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€( Mucronate YHaving a tip that is terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip.€( Cuspidate zHaving a tip that is abruptly and sharply constricted into an elongated, sharp-pointed tip or cusp (a sharp, rigid point).€(Obtuse ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€(Truncate }Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP3.jpg€(Retuse 5Having a shallow notch in a rounded or obtuse apex. €( Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex.€)Cuneate ðHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Acute wHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Obtuse Having a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP4.jpg€)Truncate ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€)Cordate ¤Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€) Inequilateral ŒHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiole at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€) Auriculate "Having ear-like lobes at the base. ATHELP4.jpg€*Revolute HHaving margins rolled downward, or toward the lower surface of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€*Repand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€*Sinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane. ATHELP21.jpg€* Crenate ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€* Crenulate ·Having a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€*Serrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€* Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg€*Doubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg€* Dentate ^Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib. ATHELP22.jpg€* Denticulate vHaving a margin with fine sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib (minutely dentate). ATHELP22.jpg€*Aculeate !Having a spiny or prickly margin. ATHELP23.jpg€* Pinnately Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€* Pinnately Cleft ƒHaving a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€* Pinnately Incised Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€* Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg€+Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€+ Puberulent …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€+ Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€+ Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€+ Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€+ Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€+ Glandular ÿSurface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaf.€+Lepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€+Stellate ÿSurface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. ATHELP60.JPG€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€P Ligustrum€PLonicera€PViburnum€Glands on Leaflet MarginÿGlands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP31.jpg€ Bristle TipscHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€aStipules PersistantÿCStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures on both sides of the leaf petiole at the node region of the twig. Persistant stipules are found on the twig throughout the growing season. athelp61.jpg€O Leguminosae€O Araliaceae€O Myricaceae€O Adoxaceae€O Staphyleaceae€.Small and inconspicuous ùWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Small and inconspicuous scars are leaf scars that you need a hand lens to see clearly. ATHELP36.jpg€.Readily Visible æWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Readily visible leaf scars can be seen easily with the unaided eye. ATHELP36.jpg€.Round ÿ#When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Round leaf scars have more or less the same diameter in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions giving them a circular shape. ATHELP36.jpg€. Half Round ÿ:When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Half Round leaf scars have a semi-circular geometry with the truncated part of the circle on the side of the scar oriented toward the tip of the shoot. ATHELP36.jpg€.Narrow ÿ}When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Narrow leaf scars have a transversely flattened geometry with the longest part of the scar oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the twig. The longitudinal diameter is much less than half the transverse diameter. ATHELP36.jpg€.U Shaped ÿ#When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. U Shaped leaf scars have a curved horseshoe-like geometry with the concave part of the scar oriented toward the tip of the twig. ATHELP36.jpg€.V Shaped ÿWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. V Shaped leaf scars have a more or less straight V geometry with the open part of the V oriented toward the tip of the twig. ATHELP36.jpg€."Encircling / enclosing lateral bud ÿgWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Encircling leaf scars have a more or less incomplete torus geometry with the open part of the torus oriented toward the tip of the twig and an axillary bud located in the central part of the torus. ATHELP36.jpg€2Whitish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Greenish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2 Dark brownish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Brownish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Tannish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Pinkish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Orangish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€-Long and Short Shoots ÿ&Branches consist of stems of two distinct lengths: The longer, usually more or less horizontally oriented stems bear distinctly shorter "spur" shoots that are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the long shoots. Typically the reproductive structures are borne on the short spur shoots. ATHELP33.jpg€-Unbranched Thorns ¥A thorn is a sharp stiff modified branch. Look for them at the end of a twig, in the axial of a leaf or on the bark. Unbranched thorns are linear with no offshoots. ATHELP33.jpg€-Branched Thorns äThorns are sharp stiff modified branches. Look for them terminating a twig, in the leaf axis or on the bark. Branched thorns are linear with one or more offshoots oriented more of less perpendicular to the parent thorn branch. ATHELP33.jpg€-Spines ÿSpines are sharp stiff modified leaves or stipules. Look for these in the node region of the stem where you would expect to find leaves or stipules. Spines that are modified stipules are found in pairs on either side of the leaf or leaf scar in the node region of the stem. ATHELP33.jpg€,Terminal buds absent ÿ‚These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud after setting this state as present. ATHELP35.jpg€,Naked - no bud scales ÿSLacking or having very reduced bud scales surrounding the terminal leaf primordia. This feature should only be used in late summer through late winter since during early spring to early summer, bud scales are not likely to have formed yet. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. ATHELP35.jpg€,Valvate ‰Bud scales meet at the edges but do not overlap like the bivalves of a clam. Usually associated with opposite arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€, Imbricate uBud scales overlap one another like shingles on a roof. Usually associated with alternate arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€O Elaeagnaceae€PCotinus€P Amelanchier€PHalesia€P Elaeagnus€PAlnus€PRhus€P Staphylea€PLindera€PMyrica€0Exfoliating Layers ÂTwig has layers of outer bark that become entirely or partially detached from inner bark. The exfoliating layers can have vertical or horizontal strip-like, or irregular puzzle-shaped geometry.€a(Stipules / Stipule Scars Encircling Stem ÿ‘Stipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Encircling stipules or stipule scars extend completely around the stem forming a circle just below the node region. athelp61.jpg€-Square ‘Twig has four definite corners, not rounded, as viewed in cross section. The corners may have ridges of bark (cork wings) associated with them. ATHELP33.jpg€0Smooth QTwig has smooth texture that is only interupted by lenticels, leaf and bud scars.€0Rough ÁTwig has rough texture that reflects the uneven development of the outer bark. Leaf and bud scars at node regions typically have a smoother texture than that of internode regions of the twig.€0 Corky Wings ¦Twig has longitudinally oriented regions of extensive cork build up separated by smoother areas of outer bark. The corky wings project above the surface of the twig.€P Kalopanax€P Koelreuteria€O Sapindaceae€O Styracaceae€NVine Growing on a TreegWhile obviously not a tree you might encounter several vine like plants climbing up the trunks of trees€0Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.€0 Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€1Round ÿeLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Round lenticels have more or less the same diameter in the transverse and longitudinal dimensions. ATHELP14.jpg€1Horizontally elongate ÿsLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Horizontally elongated lenticels are longer in the transverse dimension compared to the longitudinal dimension. ATHELP14.jpg€0 Silvery Scales ÞSurface is covered by small flat, silvery scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€1Vertically elongate ÿqLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Vertically elongated lenticels are longer in the longitudinal dimension compared to the transverse dimension. ATHELP14.jpg€1Grouped together in chains ÿqLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Some species develop closely spaced lenticels that form contiguous transverse or longitudinal lines or chains. ATHELP14.jpg€PHedera€PParthenocissus€OVitaceae€O Berberidaceae€1Warty ÿLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Warty lenticels accumulate loose cork cells to form a region that is raised above the surface of the surrounding outer bark. ATHELP14.jpg€5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Ridges and Furrows ®Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Plate like scales èTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€7Rounded Ridges UOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Scaly Ridges ]Outer-most part of the ridges are more or less flat and textured with small scale-like units. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Corky Ridges nRidges are very pliant when you push against them with your finger, much like a cork from good bottle of wine. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Irregular Ridge Pattern DNo regular pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Diamond Ridge Pattern WA regular diamond or rhomboid pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€5Warty ¦Trunk bark has mostly more or less smooth texture with isolated regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5 Corky Wings æTrunk bark has regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths that are longitudinally extended to form wing-like projections. Surrounding bark texture may be smooth or rough. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Papery ˜Trunk bark has more or less smooth texture with outer bark peeling off in thin paper-like sheets. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€/Puzzle-shaped Plates ŠTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat jigsaw puzzle shaped units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHELP17.jpg€/Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. ATHELP17.jpg€Horizontal Strips ’Outer bark peels away from inner bark in horizontally elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€6Thin (< 0.6 cm) ƒMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Thin bark usually has a smooth, strip, or plate-like texture. ATHELP19.jpg€6$Average Thickness (0.6 cm to 2.5 cm) ŽMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Average thickness bark usually has a plate-like or ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpg€6Very Thick (> 2.5 cm) yMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Very Thick bark usually has a ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpg€Vertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in vertically elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€8Very thin (< 3 mm) þTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Broad (> 25 mm) þTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Narrow (3 to 25 mm) þTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€3Brownish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Grayish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Whitish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3 Yellowish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Orangish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Reddish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Blackish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Greenish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Tannish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Whitish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4 Yellowish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Orangish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Reddish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Greenish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Tannish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Brownish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Grayish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Blackish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€;Orangish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€H Pyramidal ÿ>Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of the crown is much wider than the apex like the Aztec and Egyptian Pyramids. crowns.jpg€HConical ÿ¨Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. Crown is cone-shaped with the base of the crown distinctly wider than the apex. There is not as great a difference between the base and apex in conical as compared to pyramidal shaped crowns. crowns.jpg€HColumnar ÿ¬Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown shape is vertically very linear with more or less parallel sides, except for the very apex which may be pyramidial or conical. Branches within the columnar crown grow almost straight up. crowns.jpg€H Spreading ÿyCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown diverges outward in a horizontal direction with the branches grow more or less straight out in the horizontal plane in spreading crowns. crowns.jpg€H Vase-shaped ÿ½Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of crown is much narrower than than apex due to the 35 to 55 degree off-vertical orientation of the lateral branches. These inclined branches form a V-shaped pattern when the crown is viewed from the side. crowns.jpg€HBroad ÿ—Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown is distinctly wider than it is tall in broad shaped crown. Make sure that the entire crown is alive, since some diseases kill branches from the apex toward the base. crowns.jpg€HRounded ÿßCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The overall outline or perimeter of the crown is well curved or rounded. (Well-rounded like your Miami education - BJ Hooven). The rounded shaped crown arises from the recurved more or less pendulous orientation of the branch system in the crown. crowns.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€O Salicaceae €OUlmaceae €OOleaceae €Linear ’Having a long and very narrow leaflet shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpg€Oblong hHaving a leaflet blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€ Lanceolate tHaving a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€ Oblanceolate ‰Having a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg€Ovate cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€Obovate rHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€ Elliptical †Having a leaflet lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€ Oval ªHaving a leaflet lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€ Orbicular pHaving a more or less circular leaflet shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg€Reniform (Cordate) ;Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaflet. ATHELP10.jpg€ Rhombic |Having a more or less diamond-shaped leaflet with straight margins. The widest part of the leaflet lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€ Spatulate bHaving a spoon-shaped or spatula-shaped leaflet where the lamina is widest near the rounded apex. ATHELP10.jpg€ Flabellate ]Having a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaflet with the broadest part of lamina at apex. ATHELP10.jpg€Deltoid ‰Having a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaflet. Often the sides of the leaflet lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg€Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€Palmate ÿIn the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaflet lamina at the petiolule connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€ Pinnipalmate ÿŽThe pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg€ Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€Acute vHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.. ATHELP3.jpg€ Mucronate YHaving a tip that is terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP3.jpg€ Cuspidate zHaving a tip that is abruptly and sharply constricted into an elongated, sharp-pointed tip or cusp (a sharp, rigid point). ATHELP3.jpg€Obtuse ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€Truncate ~Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape.. ATHELP3.jpg€Retuse 4Having a shallow notch in a rounded or obtuse apex. ATHELP3.jpg€ Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex. ATHELP3.jpg€Cuneate ôHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Acute yHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Obtuse ƒHaving a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. Athelp4.jpg€Truncate ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€Cordate ¦Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€ Inequilateral ŽHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiolule at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€ Auriculate "Having ear-like lobes at the base. ATHELP4.jpg€Revolute HHaving margins rolled downward, or toward the lower surface of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPG€Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€Repand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€Sinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane. ATHELP21.jpg€ Crenate ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€ Crenulate ·Having a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPG€Serrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€ Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg€Doubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg€ Dentate _Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib.. ATHELP22.jpg€ Denticulate vHaving a margin with fine sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib (minutely dentate). ATHELP22.jpg€Aculeate !Having a spiny or prickly margin. ATHELP23.jpg€ Pinnately Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€ Pinnately Cleft ƒHaving a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€ Pinnately Incised Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€ Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg€Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg€ Puberulent …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€ Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€ Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€ Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€ Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€ Glandular ÿSurface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaflet.€Lepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€Stellate ÿSurface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. athelp60.jpg€9Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg€9 Puberulent †Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent..€9 Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€9 Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€9 Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€9 Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€9 Glandular ÿSurface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaflet.€9Lepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€9Stellate ÿSurface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. athelp60.jpg€9 Axillary Tufts ËThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaflet lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€PBerberis€PAronia€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€OFabaceae €O Cornaceae €O Platanaceae €ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€Lustrous Surface appears shiny.€Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€9Lustrous Surface appears shiny. €9Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€+Lustrous Surface appears shiny. €+Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€LGlabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€L Puberulent …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€L Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€L Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€L Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€L Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€L Glandular ÿSurface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaf.€LLepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€LStellate ÿSurface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. ATHELP60.JPG€LLustrous Surface appears shiny. €LRugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€L Axillary Tufts ÈThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaf lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€M 1.0 - 2.5 mm ÿ8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M 2.6 - 5.0 mm ÿ8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M 5.1 - 7.5 mm ÿ8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M 7.6 - 15.0 mm ÿ8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M > 15.0 mm ÿ8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€ > 10.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€NWell Defined Trunk 7The main trunk is unbranched where it meets the ground. ATHELP96.jpg€NMulti-Branched - No Main Trunk ÿ_Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. ATHELP96.jpg€-Zig-Zag Internode Pattern  ùWhen successive internodes along a twig are viewed along its longitudinal axis, there is a distinct abrupt change in the angle of orientation of successive internodes, usually between 15 and 35 degrees, that alternates between successive internodes. ATHELP33.jpg€+Glaucous ÌSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€LGlaucous ÌSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€Glaucous ÌSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€9Glaucous ÏSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaflet an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€2 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€ÿÿ€`Glands on Petiole ÿ4The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If there are glands on the petiole, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. ATHELP30.jpg€*Glands on Leaf Margin ÿGlands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP21.jpg€`Petiole Pubescent ÿ7The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If it is pubescent, then there are "hairs" on the petiole which may be readily visible or detected by lightly rubbing the petiole. In some species, the use of a hand lens may be required to see the hairs. ATHELP30.jpg€: Polygamous ÛEach tree bears both Imperfect (unisexual) flowers and Perfect (bisexual) flowers. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€2Grayish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ Grayish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ÿÿ€ Bluish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€O Eucommiaceae €OScrophulariaceae €OCaesalpiniaceae €O Mimosaceae €ORutaceae €O Magnoliaceae €O Rhamnaceae €OCercidiphyllaceae €OHippocastanaceae €O Simaroubaceae €O Lauraceae €ORosaceae €O Annonaceae €O Tiliaceae €OMoraceae €PJuglans €O Ebennaceae €O Aquifoliaceae €O Betulaceae €PCarya €O Aceraceae €OFagaceae €PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €PMagnolia €PPrunus €PMalus €P Crataegus €PAcer €PTilia €PAesculus €PCornus €O Celastraceae €OCaprifoliaceae €O Hydrangeaceae €* Bristle Tips cHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€P Phellodendron €LWhitish sThe underside of the leaf has a distinct whitish appearance. May or may not be associated with glaucous condition.€QGlabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp81.jpg€Q Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose. athelp81.jpg€QResinous èBud scales are covered with a viscous sticky resin. Pinching the bud lightly with your fingers will cause the resin to stick to them. Resin may have characteristic odor, so smell the bud or your fingers if this feature is present. athelp81.jpg€Q Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€Q Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€Q Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€Q Glandular ÿSurface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the bud scale. athelp81.jpg€R Yellowish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBrownish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RReddish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGrayish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBlackish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGreenish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBluish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RWhitish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€S Alternate vThere is only one leaf scar at each node. Scars at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP82.jpg€SOpposite ÿdTwo leaf scars are found directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of scars associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of scars in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP82.jpg€SWhorled ÿMore than two leaf scars are found at each node region of the twig. Scars are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of scars associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP82.jpg€T Yellowish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGreenish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TBrownish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TReddish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGrayish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€UContinuous homogeneous ÿ2The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Continuous homogeneous pith appears uniform in structure throughout its longitudinal extent. athlp32a.jpg€UContinuous diaphragmed ÿThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Continuous diaphragmed pith appears uniform in structure throughout its longitudinal extent but larger lighter areas are interrupted at intervals by narrower transverse bars that are darker in color. athlp32a.jpg€USpongy (porous) ÿiThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Spongy pith is filled with minute irregular cavities, much like a household sponge. Use of a hand lens will facilitate observation of this featue. athlp32a.jpg€U Chambered ÿgThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Chambered pith is hollow except for periodic transverse solid partitions that segment the pith into fairly large isolated hollow chamber regions. athlp32a.jpg€UHollow (excavated) ÿkThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Hollow pith is either partially or entirely excavated, with only small remnants of parenchyma tissue found around the circumference of the pith area. athlp32a.jpg€VTerete (circular) ÿHThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Terete or circular pith has more or less equal length diameter in all radial directions as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpg€V Stellate (star-shaped or angled) ÿ[The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Stellate pith has a distinct more or less regular five pointed star shape or more or less pentagonal shape as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpg€V Triangular ÿ^The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Triangular pith has a distinct more or less regular three pointed star shape or more or less triangular shape as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpg€WWhitish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WTannish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WBrownish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WBlackish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WOrangish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€XMarch ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XApril ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XMay ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJune ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJuly ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XAugust ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€X September ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XOctober ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€YActinomorphic (regular) ²Flowers which are radially symmetical, that is, you can draw more than one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpg€YZygomorphic (irregular) °Flowers which are bilaterally symmetical, that is, you can draw only one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpg€ZHypogynous (Superior Ovary) üThis is a superior ovary, because the ovary is inserted above (higher than) the place of insertion of the other flower parts. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg€Z-Perigynous (Inferior Ovary with a Hypanthium) ÿ·Outer floral parts are attached to a floral tube, or a hypanthium, and not directly to the receptacle. The ovary is inserted below (inferior position) relative to position of insertion of rest of floral parts because of the hypanthium. The hypanthium shape may resemble a tube, a flat disk, a bowl, or a flask. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg€ZEpigynous (Inferior Ovary) ÿRThe point of insertion of the outer floral parts is not at the receptacle, but on or above the ovary wall. This positions the ovary in an inferior position below the place of insertion of the other floral parts. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg€PSyringa €P Chionanthus €=Persistant Ovate Bract ÂLight green to tannish ovate shaped foliaceous bracts from which the peduncle of the infructescence emerges from its center (bearing one to many nutlets) is very distinctive of the genus Tilia. ATHELP85.jpg€. Three Lobed ÿ(When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Three Lobed leaf scars have two lateral lobes on either side of a contiguous central lobe that is located slightly lower on the stem. ATHELP36.jpg€RPurplish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€1 Inconspicuous ÿqLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Inconspicuous lenticels are not readily visible to the unaided eye. You need a hand lens to see them clearly. ATHELP14.jpg€PAsimina €TOrangish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€PSalix €PBetula €WGrayish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€POstrya €= Bladder-like (Papery Sac) Bracts –Foliaceous bract completely encloses the fruit in a papery like sac or bladder-like structure. You will have to dissect the bladder to see the fruit. ATHELP85.jpg€<1.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€PIlex €PCarpinus €=Three Lobed Bract †Fruit is subtended by foliaceous bract that has three distinct lobes. Typically the middle lobe is larger than the two lateral lobes. ATHELP85.jpg€PCorylus €;Brownish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€PPopulus €ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€PCeltis €PMaclura €P Liriodendron €PEucommia €PZelkova €P Gleditsia €PCercis €P Cladrastis €P Sassafras €PCercidiphyllum €PSorbus €P Gymnocladus €PAlbizzia €PRobinia €PSophora €PNyssa €P Liquidambar €<Corymb ÿRFlowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on a flat-topped or convex, unbranched, indeterminate main axis. The flowers on the lower or outer portions of the inflorescence have the longest pedicels and open first. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91e.jpg€Unpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.€PRhamnus €PCastanea €PMorus €PPyrus €P Diospyros €P Paulownia €P Plantanus €P Ailanthus dÿÿ CXMenudataÿÿAngiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg_a[ !"#NHOPÙ‚ MATURE HEIGHTÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.$Ù‚LEAF BLADE LENGTH¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgÙ‚LEAF BLADE WIDTHˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpgÙ‚_LEAF PETIOLE LENGTHûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg Ù‚ BUD LENGTHÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpgÙ‚ BUD WIDTHÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg¡ !"#Ù‚UNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgefÎÙ‚!STRIP-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS½Outer bark peels away from inner bark in elongated strips of various widths. Assess the orientation of the long axes of the strips relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpgAEÙ‚?ANGLE BETWEEN DOUBLE SAMARAÿ,A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg34567Ù‚?SINGLE SAMARA SEED LOCATIONÿêA samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed compared to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle). ATHELP38.jpg%&Ù‚# FRUIT LENGTHÿ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg'()*+,Ù‚# FRUIT WIDTHÿFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg-./012Ù‚# FRUIT COLORÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg <@?>=D:BEA8CÙ‚# FRUIT TYPEÿFFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. ATHELPC6.jpg §¨FGHIJKLMNÙ‚@CUPULE / NUT LENGTH RATIOÿÞNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELp40.jpgOQRÙ‚@NUT MORPHOLOGYÿxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP26.jpgPS[\T]^UÙ‚@CUPULE MORPHOLOGYÿ¢Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. ATHELP28.jpgVWYXyÙ‚#FRUIT MORPHOLOGYÿUExamine the external texture and internal structure of the fruit of your specimen to code these features. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. ATHELP95.jpg 8_9:abxcd;Ù‚"NUMBER OF STAMENSÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations..nopqlmÙ‚"NUMBER OF PISTILSÿôPistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A pistil may consist of a single carpel or it may consist of two or more fused carpels. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.rstuvwÙ‚2SINGLY AND DOUBLY COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICSÿThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPG 9Ù‚LEAFLET PETIOLULE LENGTHWThe petiolule is the stalk extending from the base of the leaflet lamina to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpgz{|}~€Ù‚LEAFLET BLADE LENGTH¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg½èéêëìÙ‚LEAFLET BLADE WIDTHThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgíîïðcdÙ‚ LEAFLET SHAPEÿThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.hijklmnopqrstuÙ‚LEAFLET VENATIONÚVenation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaflet blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgvwxÙ‚ LEAFLET APEXÿThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The apex of a leaflet is the top half or the tip of the leaflet. ATHELP3.jpg yz{|}~€Ù‚ LEAFLET BASEÿ?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Ù‚LEAFLET MARGINÿ The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina. ATHELPC1.jpgôŠ‹ŒŽ‘’“”•õ–—˜™Ù‚LEAFLET UPPER SURFACEÿLook at the top surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. *š›œžŸ ¡¢Ù‚GENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSèLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. Athelp71.jpg%$Ù‚TWIG CHARACTERISTICSÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. athelp80.jpg-M,QR.S0T1W2UVÙ‚TRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICSÿ$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.5/78346Ù‚FLOWER CHARACTERISTICSŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.X:Y;<ZÙ‚FRUIT CHARACTERISTICSÿFFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. ATHELPC4.jpg =?@Ù‚LEAF ARRANGEMENTùLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpg‚ƒ„Ù‚LEAF COMPLEXITYÿLeaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg …†‡‰Šˆ‹ŒÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade. ATHELPC2.jpg¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹Ù‚[SIMPLE LEAF VENATIONÿA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgº»¼Ù‚[SIMPLE LEAF APEXfA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The apex is the tip of the leaf blade. ATHELP3.jpg ¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF BASE—A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF MARGINjA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina. ATHELPC1.jpg1ÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚ`ÛÜÝÞÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF UPPER SURFACEÿLook at the top surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. (ßàáâãäåæçÙ‚ BUD MORPHOLOGYÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. ATHELP35.jpghÙ‚ UNUSUAL TWIG CHARACTERISTICSÿbThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP33.jpg  ' Ù‚ LEAF SCAR SHAPEÿ?When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Also look for stipule scars associated with the leaf scars. The Stipule/Stipule Scar is a seperate Menu item that should be consulted if these are present. ATHELP36.jpg üýþÿ—Ù‚!SCALE-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS´Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat plate-like units. Assess the overall shape of the plate-like units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHeLP17.jpg?@iÙ‚ TWIG BARK TEXTUREÿóThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig texture characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the twig between your fingers to determine the texture. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens (),!"Ù‚ LENTICEL SHAPEÿ’Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. ATHELP14.jpg™*+-3.Ù‚ PITH COLORÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg  4Ù‚!OUTER BARK COLORÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg KNMLPQIJOÙ‚!INNER BARK COLORÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg RUTSVWXYZÙ‚!TRUNK BARK TEXTUREÿ Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. ATHELP15.jpg4><65=Ù‚!BARK THICKNESSDMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. ATHELP19.jpgBCDÙ‚!BARK RIDGE CHARACTERISTICSÿTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges. ATHeLP16.jpg789:;Ù‚!BARK FURROW CHARACTERISTICSþTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpgFHGÙ‚LEAFLET LOWER SURFACEÿLook at the bottom surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. +£¬¤¥¦§¨©ª«Ù‚"GENERAL FLOWER CHARACTERISTICSˆSome tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg“”•–—3˜Ù‚" FLOWER COLOR×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg ž™[œ›šŸ¦Ù‚"INFLORESCENCE / INFRUCTESCENCEÕAn inflorescence/infructescence is the pattern of arrangement of the flowers/fruits on a floral axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHELPC3.jpg k ¡¢Í£¤¥¦Ù‚#FRUIT BRACT CHARACTERISTICSåSome species have fruits or infructescences that are subtended by foliaceous bracts that can facilitate identification. These bracts are typically located around the basal point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle). ATHELP85.jpg–¤ Ù‚ÿÿÙ‚#SAMARA FEATURESÿ›A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed and the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. ATHELPC5.jpg Ù‚# NUT FEATURESÿxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELPC6.jpgÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ CROWN SHAPEÿ¢The crown refers to the system of secondary lateral branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruit that emerge from the main vertically oriented stem axis (either single or multiple stems). Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. crowns.jpg\]^_`abÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF LOWER SURFACEÿLook at the bottom surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.b)Ù‚ TWIG WIDTHÿ8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg !"#Ù‚TRUNK BRANCHINGÿ^The trunk is the main vertically oriented stem axis of the tree from which secondary lateral branches emerge to form the crown (branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit) component of the tree. The trunk stem is continuous with the underground multi-branched root system, that typically occupies as much volume underground as the crown does above ground. ATHELP96.jpg%&'Ù‚FAMILIESÿðIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!+OúZGøL2M«=^]BÂK;ÁPªC_©E÷@>IùgÃAF?e%<Dû&Hf1Ù‚GENERAÿïIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!IY[ÖÈ®š­£NÐg¼Å•Ã\¥XÓ¿QTÁÇ‘/’¢J#$ñ¾Ìò½UWÑËŸÔ0aÕ§VÒRÏÉœÄÊÆ”ZSóÀÙ‚ BUD SCALE SURFACEÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. athelp81.jpgcgdfhieÙ‚ BUD SCALE COLORÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg qljop˜kmnÙ‚ LEAF SCAR ARRANGEMENTÿžWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Leaf scar arrangement pertains to the number of scars at each node region of the twig and how these scars are oriented relative to one another. Examine the leaf scars at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP82.jpgrstÙ‚ TWIG BARK COLORÿMThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgx›uvwyÙ‚ PITH COMPOSITIONÔThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. athlp32a.jpgz{|}~Ù‚ PITH SHAPE IN CROSS SECTIONÌThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. athlp32b.jpg€Ù‚ LENTICEL COLORÿ…Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg‚†ƒ„ž…Ù‚"FLOWERING TIME ‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽŽÙ‚"FLOWER SYMMETRYÿIf a line is drawn from the tip of a petal, through the center of the flower (staying within one plane) and two identical halves result on either side of the line, a line of symmetry exists within the flower. Amazingly, many creations of nature have symmetry. athelp72.jpgÙ‚"OVARY POSITIONÿ;Ovary position is determined by relative point of attachment of the ovary to the receptacle compared with the point of attachment of the outer floral part (stamens, petals, and/or sepals). Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg‘’“Ù‚SIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'(*)&+LÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpg`Ù‚_UNUSUAL PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICS¹The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. athelp30.jpg20`Ù‚&STIPULE / STIPULE SCAR CHARACTERISTICSÿVStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg$öjÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿ&\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1996. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.TEyewitness Handbooks Trees. 1992. Coombes A. J. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.JThe Families of Flowering Plants. 1973. Hutchinson, J. Oxford Univ. PressFlora of Japan. Ohwi.IFlora of North America. 1997. Torrey and Gray., Oxford University Press.KFlora of the Northeast. 1999. Magee, D. W. Univ. Mass. Press. Amherst, MA>The Glory of the Tree. 1966. Boom, B. and Kleijn. Doubleday.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.NHow To Identify Flowering Plant Families. 1982. Baumgardt, J. P. Timber PressWThe Illustrated Book of Trees. 1983. Grimm, W. C. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.nThe Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 1980. Mohlenbrock, R. H. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale, IL.^Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 12. 1952. Gleason, H. A.cManual of Cultivated Broad Leaved Trees and Shrubs. 1984. Krussmann, G. Timber Press. Portland ORUManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.MManual of the Trees of North America. 1905. Sargent, C. S., Dover Publ. NY.VManual of the Trees of North America. 1922. Sargent, C. S., Houghton Mifflin Co. NY.lManual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1968. Radford, A.E. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. NC‡Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1991. Gleason and Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden. NYbManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL."Michigan Trees. Barnes and WagnerxThe New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern Unived States and Adjacent Canada. 1956. Gleason H. A.%North American Trees. Preston, R. J.Oxford Book of Trees.DOxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. 1981. Oxford Univ. Press+Peterson's Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs.^The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2000. Rhoads, A. F. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.@Pruning: A Practical Guide. 1993. McHay, P. Abbeville Press. NY&Shrubs of Indiana. 1932. Deam, C. C.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.KTextbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, J. W. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.MTrees of Indiana. 1953. Deom, C. C. The Bookwalter Co. Inc. Indianapolis, INDTrees of North America and Europe. 1978. Phillips, R. Random HousepTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.3Tree, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Kansas. Stephens.LVascular Plant Taxonomy. 1988. Walters D. C. and D. J. Keil. Hunt Publ. Co.˜The Woody Plants of Ohio Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized and Escaped. 1961. Braun, E.L. Ohio State University Press. Columbus OH›ÿÿ CXItemname…Alder, Common, Black, European>ƒApple, Common or Wild>ƒ> Ash, Blue>ƒ Ash, Brown>ƒ= Ash, European>ƒ? Ash, Green>ƒ Ash, White>ƒ—Barberry, Japanese>ƒxBayberry Northern; Candleberry.>ƒBeech>ƒ!Beech, European>ƒBirch, River or Red>ƒ|Bladdernut, American>ƒƒBuckeye, Bottlebrush>ƒ]Buckeye, Ohio or Fetid>ƒ_Buckeye, Yellow or Sweet>ƒfBuckthorn, European>ƒ Butternut>ƒu Castor-aralia>ƒD Catalpa Tree>ƒCherry, Black, Wild or Rum>ƒ Cherry, Sour>ƒCherry, Sweet or Mazzard>ƒ"Chestnut, Chinese>ƒ™Chokeberry, Black>ƒ•%Chokecherry, Amur; Cherry, Manchurian>ƒICockspur Thorn>ƒRCork Tree, Amur>ƒdCornelian Cherry>ƒ3Cottonwood, Northern>ƒ'Crab-Apple, Garland; or Wild Sweet Crab>ƒ‘Crabapple, Fuji>ƒ‰Crabapple, Japanese Flowering.>ƒ’Creeper, Virginia>ƒrDogwood, Alternate Leaf>ƒcDogwood, Flowering>ƒ‹Dogwood, Rough Leaf>ƒ5 Elm, American>ƒ6 Elm, Chinese>ƒElm, Northern, Slippery>ƒwElm, Scotch or Wych>ƒC Empress-Tree>ƒyEuonymus, Wintercreeper>ƒ0Filbert, Common or European>ƒnForsythia, Weeping>ƒA Fringe-Tree>ƒ~6Goldenraintree, Panicled; Varnish Tree; Pride of India>ƒ7 Hackberry>ƒ;Hardy Rubber Tree>ƒšHawthorn, Downy or Red>ƒ{Hawthorn, Green>ƒHickory, Shagbark>ƒHickory, Shellbark; or King-Nut>ƒHickory, Swamp or Bitternut>ƒHolly>ƒ–Holly>ƒL(Honeylocust; Sweet-locust; Thorny Locust>ƒkHoneysuckle, Amur>ƒ”Honeysuckle, Morrow>ƒ1#Hop-Hornbeam, American; or Ironwood>ƒ2Hornbeam, American>ƒ˜Hornbeam, European>ƒ^Horse-Chestnut, Common>ƒ`Horse-Chestnut, Red>ƒmHydrangea, American>ƒ Ivy, English>ƒ< Katsura Tree>ƒNKentucky Coffeetree>ƒLavalle Hawthorn>ƒ@ Lilac, Common>ƒ)Linden, American; American Basswood; Lime>ƒp(Linden, Big-Leaved; or Large-Leaved Lime>ƒ\Linden, Common or European>ƒvLinden, Crimean>ƒ[%Linden, Small-Leaved or Little-Leaved>ƒoLinden, White or Silver>ƒQLocust, Black or Yellow>ƒŒLondon Planetree>ƒGMagnolia, Bigleaf>ƒE#Magnolia, Cucumber; or Cucumbertree>ƒhMagnolia, Saucer>ƒ)Magnolia, Southern or Evergreen; Bull-Bay>ƒHMagnolia, Star>ƒF%Magnolia, Sweetbay or Swamp; Swampbay>ƒV Maple, Amur>ƒY(Maple, Ashleaf or Manitoba; or Box-Elder>ƒMaple, Black, Rock or Hard>ƒZ Maple, Hedge>ƒXMaple, Japanese>ƒU Maple, Norway>ƒTMaple, Paperbark>ƒ #Maple, Red, Soft, Scarlet, or Swamp>ƒ Maple, Silver, Soft or White>ƒMaple, Sugar or Hard>ƒWMaple, Sycamore or Planetree>ƒ%Mountain Ash, European; or Rowan Tree>ƒs Mulberry, Red>ƒ9Mulberry, White>ƒ( Oak, Basket>ƒ+ Oak, Black>ƒ#Oak, Burr or Mossy-cup>ƒ$Oak, Chinkapin>ƒ& Oak, English>ƒ% Oak, Overcup>ƒ*Oak, Pin>ƒ Oak, Red>ƒŠ Oak, Sawtooth>ƒ/ Oak, Scarlet>ƒ- Oak, Shingle>ƒ, Oak, Shumard>ƒ'Oak, Swamp White>ƒ) Oak, Turkey>ƒ Oak, White>ƒ. Oak, Willow>ƒ: Osage-Orange>ƒP%Pagodatree, Japanese; or Scholar-tree>ƒePawpaw>ƒgPear, Bradford Callery>ƒ Pear, Common>ƒPecan>ƒBPersimmon, Common>ƒzPlum, Cherry or Myrobalan>ƒj#Privet, European or Common; or Prim>ƒMRedbud, Eastern; or Judas-tree>ƒ†1Russian Olive, Oleaster, Wild Olive, Silver Berry>ƒJSassafras, Common>ƒqServiceberry, Allegheny>ƒˆBServiceberry, Downy; Juneberry, Shadbush, Servicetree, Sarvis-tree>ƒK&Silktree; Mimosa-tree; Powderpuff-tree>ƒ‡Silverbell, Carolina>ƒŽSmoketree, Smokebush>ƒ€ Spicebush>ƒ‚ Sugar Berry>ƒSumac, Fragrant>ƒ„Sumac, Staghorn>ƒ'Sweetgum; Redgum; Sapgumm; Starleaf-gum>ƒSycamore>ƒaTree-of-Heaven>ƒ&Tuliptree; Yellow Poplar; Tulip-poplar>ƒb"Tupelo, Black; Blackgum or Sourgum>ƒViburnum, Blackhaw>ƒ} Viburnum, European Cranberrybush>ƒlViburnum, Maple-leaf>ƒ Walnut, Black>ƒ Walnut, English or Persian>ƒWalnut, Japanese>ƒ%Washington Hawthorn; Washington Thorn>ƒtWillow, Babylon Weeping>ƒ4 Willow, Black>ƒWillow, Coyote>ƒ“ Willow, Pussy>ƒiWinged Euonymous>ƒS Witch-hazel>ƒOYellowwood; Virgilia>ƒ8 Zelkova Tree›>ƒZ campestre>ƒVginnala>ƒTgriseum>ƒYnegundo>ƒnigrum>ƒXpalmatum>ƒU platanoides>ƒWpseudoplatanus>ƒ rubrum>ƒ saccharinum>ƒ saccharum>ƒ`carnea>ƒ_flava>ƒ]glabra>ƒ^ hippocastanum>ƒƒ parviflora>ƒa altissima>ƒK julibrissin>ƒ… glutinosa>ƒˆarborea>ƒqlaevis>ƒ™ melanocarpa>ƒetriloba>ƒ— thunbergii>ƒnigra>ƒ˜betulus>ƒ2 caroliniana>ƒ cordiformis>ƒ illinoensis>ƒ laciniosa>ƒovata>ƒ" mollissima>ƒDspeciosa>ƒ‚ laevigata>ƒ7 occidentalis>ƒ< japonicum>ƒM canadensis>ƒA virginicus>ƒOkentukea>ƒr alternifolia>ƒ‹ drummundii>ƒcflorida>ƒdmas>ƒ0avellana>ƒŽ coggygria>ƒI crus-galli>ƒlavallei>ƒšmollis>ƒ phaenopyrum>ƒ{viridis>ƒB virginiana>ƒ† angustifolia>ƒ;ulmoides>ƒyfortunii>ƒialatus>ƒ grandifolia>ƒ! sylvatica>ƒnsuspensa>ƒ americana>ƒ= excelsior>ƒ nigra>ƒ? pennsylvanica>ƒ> quadrangulata>ƒL triacanthos>ƒNdioicus>ƒ‡ tetraptera>ƒS virginiana>ƒhelix>ƒm arborescens>ƒ– aquifolium>ƒopaca>ƒ ailantifolia>ƒcinerea>ƒnigra>ƒ regia>ƒupictus>ƒ~ paniculata>ƒjvulgare>ƒ€benzoin>ƒ styraciflua>ƒ tulipifera>ƒkmaackii>ƒ”morrowii>ƒ:pomifera>ƒE acuminata>ƒ grandiflora>ƒG macrophylla>ƒh soulangeana>ƒHstellata>ƒF virginiana>ƒ coronaria>ƒ‰ floribunda>ƒ‘ sieboldii>ƒ sylvestris>ƒ9alba>ƒsrubra>ƒx pensylvanica>ƒb sylvatica>ƒ1 virginiana>ƒ’ quinquefolia>ƒC tomentosa>ƒRamurense>ƒŒ hybridium>ƒ occidentalis>ƒ3 deltoides>ƒavium>ƒz cerasifera>ƒcerasus>ƒ•maackii>ƒserotina>ƒg calleryana>ƒcommunis>ƒŠ acutissima>ƒ alba>ƒ'bicolor>ƒ)cerris>ƒ/coccinea>ƒ- imbricaria>ƒ%lyrata>ƒ# macrocarpa>ƒ$ Muehlenbergii>ƒ* palustris>ƒ.phellos>ƒ(prinus>ƒ&robur>ƒ rubra>ƒ, Shumardii>ƒ+velutina>ƒf cathartica>ƒ aromatica>ƒ„typhina>ƒQ pseudoacacia>ƒt babylonica>ƒ“discolor>ƒexigua>ƒ4nigra>ƒJalbidum>ƒacuparia>ƒ|trifolia>ƒP japonicum>ƒ@vulgaris>ƒ americana>ƒ[cordata>ƒveuchlora>ƒ\europaea>ƒp platyphyllos>ƒo tomentosa>ƒ5 americana>ƒwglabra>ƒ6 parvifolia>ƒrubra>ƒl acerifolium>ƒ}opulus>ƒ prunifolium>ƒ8serrataÿÿ CXItemrec:ÿIFraxinus Americana This species belongs to the Oleaceae (olive) family and is native to the United States, and can be found from Nova Scotia to eastern Minnesota and south to Texas spreading to northern Florida [1]. Distinguishing characteristics include; 8-12 inch leaves, usually with 7 leaflets but can sometimes exceed this number and rarely has 5 leaflets [2]. The leaflets can be 2 ½ to 5 inches long and 1 ¼ to 2 ¾ inches wide. The shape of the leaflets can be ovate, elliptical and other times oval, with acute or acuminate apexes, and rounded or acute bases. The margins are serrate or entire, with leaf surfaces dark green and glabrous above and whitish or pale green with pubescence or glabrous below. The tree is dioecious, the male flowers bloom first and the pollen is airborne when the female flowers are receptive. The fruit is a lanceolate samara 1-2 inches long and only ¼ inch wide, which can live for 3-4 years on the forest floor [2]. A major defining characteristic is the deep diamond-shaped furrow and ridges appearance of the bark when mature. Major uses: the wood of this ash is economically important due to its strength, hardness, weight and shock resistance. It's used for tool handles, second only to hickory. Most baseball bats are made out of this wood along with tennis rackets, hockey sticks, and oars among other things [1]. Also can be utilized as a snake bite prophylactic. The tree is very common today for it quickly colonizes abandoned fields and farmland. Especially in areas like Ohio this ash can be used for rehabilitation of disturbed sites, like old coal mines. Information provided by Ryan Banks, 2003. [1]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/fraame/ [2]. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W., Leopold, Donald J., and White, Fred M. McGraw Hill. FACOM.jpg&647347376439162u„] ÿ‹Acer saccharum Native to the US [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leafs are opposite, simple, palmately veined, 3 to 6 inches long and have five lobes with a toothed margin [2]. The flower is yellow to green, small, clustered and hang from a long (1 to 3 inch) stem, appearing with the leaves. The fruit is a two-winged horseshoe-shaped samara about 1 inch long, appearing in clusters. The twig is brown, slender and shiny with lighter lenticels. The terminal buds brown and have very sharp points [2]. The bark is variable, but is generally grayish brown. Older trees may be furrowed, with long, thick irregular curling outward ridges. Major Uses: A. saccharum is a very important timber tree for it's hard, often figured, wood [3]. The wood is often used to make furniture, cabinets, veneer and musical instruments. It is the only tree today used for syrup production. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?Region=NorthAmerican&SpeciesID=106 [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharum.htm [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acer/saccharum.htm ASCOM.jpg&57970336414134u„VÿWAcer nigrum, Aceraceae Black maple Black Maple is Native to the US. (1) Distinguishing Characteristics: The characteristic palmately lobed Acer leaf is distinguishable from other species by its persistent leaf like stipules on the twigs, below the petiole base of full leaves. Narrow double samara angle. Repand leaf blade. The wood properties of black and sugar maple overlap in a narrow range and for all practical purposes are considered the same. (2) Black maples are tapped for sap in the process of making maple syrup. Tests on unreplicated plots of black and sugar maple showed little differences between the two taxa in the sugar content of sap (2) Black maple is cut and sold with sugar maple as hard maple lumber. In most practical forest treatments, because of its similarities in wood properties, black maple has been included with sugar maple and treated as a subspecies. Data From: 1) USDA Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/ 2) Sylvics of North America http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acer/nigrum.htm Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 ANCOM.jpg&57374336418136u„6F ÿçNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are persistent, leathery, elliptical, spiny-toothed. Bark is light gray, usually covered in lichens. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood of American holly is tough and hard but not strong. It is used for veneer and to a limited extent as pulpwood and lumber. Greatest use of the wood is for specialty items such as fancy cabinet inlays, small pieces of furniture, brush backs, handles, novelties, wood engravings, scroll work, woodcuts and carvings, measuring scales and rules for scientific instruments;when dyed black to resemble ebony, it is used for piano keys, violin pegs, and fingerboards [1]. Interesting facts: Fruit dispersal is facilitated by birds. Despite the presence of saponins in the leaves and berries, American holly is not considered poisonous to man or animals. When the Pilgrims landed the week before Christmas in 1620 on the coast of what is now Massachusetts, the evergreen, prickly leaves and red berries of American holly (Ilex opaca) reminded them of the English holly (Ilex aquifolium), a symbol of Christmas for centuries in England and Europe. Since then American holly, also called white holly or Christmas holly, has been one of the most valuable and popular trees in the Eastern United States for its foliage and berries, used for Christmas decorations, and for ornamental plantings [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm IOCOM.jpg&564402405275u„Fÿ_Tilia americana This native tree is found throughout the eastern United States [1]. Reaching heights of 75 to 130 feet at maturity. Distinguishing Characteristics: reddish outer bark with a dark inner bark, the leaves are simple with a serrated margin, ovate with a truncate, inequilateral base, lustrous on the upper surface and the lower side has axillary tufts of hair. The small nut produced has a smooth exocarp with a persistent ovate bract. The wood is used for cabinet making, paneling and trim, musical instrument soundboards, and pulp [1]. The inner bark is believed to have been used by Native Americans for a variety of goods such as fabric, clothing, roping, basket weaving, and canoe construction. Also, most of our honey is made from Tilia americana flowers [2]. Tilia americana's wood is classified by Carey and Gill as a "fair" firewood [1]. Basswood is a favorite source of food of the White-tail deer and its easily decayed wood makes a good home for cavity nesting animals like the wood duck and woodpecker [1]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com TACOM.jpg&597999653855324352280u„ 7ÿSFagus grandifolia, American Beech Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have more than 10 pairs of pinnate veins and the leaf margin is blatantly serrate. The bark is a smooth gray, the twigs are in a zigzag pattern. Buds are spindle like. This slow-growing, common, deciduous tree reaches its greatest size in the alluvial soils of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. Beech mast is palatable to a large variety of birds and mammals, including mice, squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks, and blue jays. Beech wood is excellent for turning and steam bending. It wears well, is easily treated with preservatives, and is used for flooring, furniture, veneer, and containers. It is especially favored for fuel wood because of its high density and good burning qualities. Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as a medicine for various human and animal disorders. Data from Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 FGCOM.jpg&380325226276268u„mÿ|Prunus serotina Native to eastern North America spanning from Minnesota to Texas and from Florida to Nova Scotia with populations in Arizona and New Mexico (1). Distinguishing characteristics: alternate, simple 2-6 inch long, leaves that are toothed, thick and leathery with a pair of glands on the petiole and tufts of hair along the basal part of the midvein. The bark is thin and smooth and brown to black on young trees, but fissured, scaly, thick and almost black on older trunks. The fruit is a purplish-black drupe (1.2 cm in diameter) (1). Major uses: The wood is strong, hard, close-grained and reddish brown. It is valued for furniture, panelling, veneers, and cabinetry. Prunus serotina in soil reclamation of disturbed surface mines. The bark is used in the Appalachians as a cough supressant, remedy and sedative. The fruit is used to flavor rum and brandy. The fruit is also eaten raw or made into jellies and wines. The fruits are an important source of food for many animals but the leaves, twigs and bark are poisonous to livestock but not to White-tailed deer (1). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us PSCOM.jpg&506661282380380u„'–ÿ0Ulmus rubra Native tree of North America with a range that extends from southwestern Maine to New York, extreme southern Ontario, northern Michigan, central Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota; south to eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, southwestern Oklahoma, and central Texas; then east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. It is most abundant in the Great Lake States and in the corn belt of the Midwest as it grows best on moist, rich soils of lower slopes, stream banks, river terraces, and bottom land especially those of limestone origin.[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Medium sized trees up to 25 m tall and 60 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, approximately 15-20 cm long with single serrated margins and an asymmetric base. Upper surface of leaf is dark green and scabrous, underside of leaf is paler and less hairy. Leaves are pinnately veined. Buds are about 6mm long, dark brown with reddish brown hairs, with a rounded tip[2]. The flowers are inconspicuous and perfect[3] each on separate short stalks in dense fascicles and they appear before the leaves from February to May. Fruits are circular samaras 10-15 mm long, which are hairless except on the seedcase, which is covered by reddish-brown hair[4]. Inner bark is "slippery", hence the common name. Major Uses: The wood is inferior to Ulmus americana but it is still used commercially for the same products: furniture, paneling and containers. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [4] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press URCOM.jpg&423871231241358u„IÿJuglans nigra Native from New England all the way through Texas. A large deciduous tree, it grows between 50 and 75 feet tall. Distinguishing characteristics: pinnately compound leaves are 1 to 2 feet long with up to 23 leaflets. Leaflets are finely serrate and 3 to 3.5 inches long. The leaves emit an odor when crushed. Male flowers are single stemmed catkins. Female flowers on short spikes near end of twig[1]. Flowers are present April to June. Twig is stout with short buds. The fruit is a semi-fleshy nut. The meat is edible when it matures from September to October. Bark is dark brown-gray to dark brown-black. with rounded ridges and furrows forming moderatly think uneven plates. This wood is rated as one of the most durable woods, even in conditions favorable to decay. Major uses: furniture, cabinets, gunstocks, novelties, interior paneling, and veneer[2]. The grain is very straight, and easily is easy to work with hand tools and machines. It takes paint and stain well, and glues and polishes well[2]. This tree is difficult to transplant and prefers moist, well-drained soil. They are used for food, fruit, lawn trees, and to fill parks and wide open spaces[1]. The fruit is known to be messy. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/jnigra.htm [2] http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/HardwoodNA/htmlDocs/juglans2.html JNCOM.jpg&358428222253200u„i}ÿ³Quercus rubra Native tree of North America and is the only native oak extending northeast to Nova Scotia. It has a range from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, to Ontario, in Canada; from Minnesota south to eastern Nebraska and Oklahoma; east to Arkansas, southern Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate with 7-9 lobes with several bristle-tipped teeth and V-shaped notches. Upper surface dull yellowish green, paler underneath. This tree is monoecious and its staminate flowers are borne in catkins that develop from leaf axils of the previous year. The pistillate flowers are solitary that develop in the axils of the current year's leaves. The fruit is an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters from two to five, is 12-25 mm long, almost as wide and short-stalked. Cup saucer-shaped 15-25 mm across, enclosing about one-quarter of the nut[2]. Major Uses: Extensively planted as an ornamental because of its symmetrical shape and brilliant fall foliage[3]. Important food source for squirrels, deer, turkey, and birds. Information provided by Jon Tyson. ] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar.Iowa State University Press [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm QR1COM.jpg&407703226309248u„pqÿïQuercus alba Is a native species found in upland forests preferring western facing slopes[4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves are obovate-oblong 10-20 cm long. They are 3-4 paired lobes with entire or sparsely toothed lobes [3]. The underside of the leaf is pubescent when young then becomes glabrous with a bluish to grey-green color. The fruits are acorns about ¼ covered with a cap. The young shoots are pubescent [3]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Food for wildlife [2]. It is also a highly prized lumber for furniture, veneer, paneling, flooring, and railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, ships, and caskets. It is currently the major source of wood for whiskey barrels [5]. The white oak can live upwards of 600 years [3]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html QACOM.jpg&382686226288256u„<ÿFraxinus nigra Native Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves with 7 to 13 oblong, sessile leaflets, each ~ 12 cm long. The fruit is an oblong-elliptical samara. Bark is grayish, relatively smooth, later becoming shallowly furrowed with corky ridges. Major uses of tree and wood: Many aspects of this tree are unknown because it has never been commercially important. Wood is used in weaving because it splits easily. The seeds are an important food to game birds, songbirds, and small animals. The twigs and leaves provide browse for deer and moose [1]. Interesting facts: Black ash typically grows in bogs, along streams, or in poorly drained areas that often are seasonally flooded [2]. Although a very slow growing, black ash can live up to 260 years. Not found under heavy forest cover. Seeds can live up to at least 8 years in the soil. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow & Harrar. McGraw-Hill. FNCOM.jpg&650352376443166u„[ÿkNative to the Eastern United States and Canada, hardy in USDA zones 3-9. [1] Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves are opposite with 3 to 5 palmate lobes, serrate margins and relatively shallow sinuses. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, light green above, whitened and sometimes glaucous or hairy beneath leaving V-shaped leaf scars. Flowers appear March to May before leaves; usually bright red but occasionally yellow. Fruits in clusters of 1/2 to 3/4 inch long samaras with slightly divergent wings appearing May to June on long slender stems. Twigs appear reddish and lustrous with small lenticels, buds usually blunt, green or reddish (fall and winter) in color with several scales usually present. Bark on young trees is smooth and light gray, becoming darker and breaking into long scaly plates in mature trees. [2] Major Uses: An important source of timber and pulpwood. The wood is used for furniture, veneer, pallets, cabinetry, plywood, barrels, crates, flooring and railroad ties. Acer rubrum is also a popularly planted ornamental shade tree due to its brilliant red fall foliage. [3] Information provided by Keith Gilland, 2004. [1] http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/acer_rubrum.html [2]http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/arubrum.htm [3]http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/acerub/management_considerations.html ARCOM.jpg&57764336423140u„\ ÿ¶Acer saccharinum Native to Northern Central, Eastern, and Northern Southern U.S, and South Eastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Opposite, Simple, 5 lobed, palmate venation, deep, and doubly serrate leaf, with a silver colored underside. Young stems possess a fetid odor when crushed. acute - right angle double samara fruit [2]. Branches swoop downward, and then curve back upward [3]. One of the earliest flowering species within it's range, blooming in late February, April, or May. Major Uses: Wood used for furniture, boxes, crates, food containers, paneling, and core stock. A Timber harvest in Mid- West U.S. Seeds eaten by birds and small animals. Bark is a top food source for beavers in South East Ohio. Cavities in the tree used by birds and mammals for nests. Strip mine succession and regeneration. Sometimes used as an ornamental but it has fragile limbs susceptible to ice breakage, and rotting, plus large amounts of twigs being shed. The shallow root system of this tree also tends to invade water systems. Maple syrup can be made from this tree. This tree species is highly susceptible to fire damage which will destroy both mature seeds and new sprouts [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/acesah/ [2] http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_saccharium.html [3] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharinum.htm AS1COM.jpg&57868336424142u„ˆg ÿm Platanus occidentalis This is a native tree of North America with a range from southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, and southern Wisconsin; south in Iowa and eastern Nebraska to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and south-central Texas; east to northwestern Florida and southeastern Georgia. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. In general, this tree grows best on sandy loams or loam with a good supply of ground water, typically on the edges of lakes and streams where summer water tables drop enough to permit soil aeration during the growing season[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Large tree up to 35 m in height and 200 cm in diameter. Bark of the tree is smooth and brownish which exfoliates in jigsaw puzzle shaped pieces to expose green, cream-colored, or white inner bark. Bark is dark brown and scaly at the base of mature trees. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, slightly wider, simple and alternate with 3 to 5 palmate lobes with central lobe wider than it is long, are coarsely toothed, and are prominently 3-veined. Persistent stipules are prominent in the spring. Buds are bluntly coned-shaped, 6-10 mm long, reddish, covered with a single scale enclosed in the base of the leaf stalk until after leaf fall. No terminal bud; end bud originates as lateral bud[2]. Staminate and pistillate flowers are separate but appear on the same tree on different shoots. Staminate flowers are small, yellowish-green, and in clusters along the twigs. The pistillate flowers are larger, crimson, long-stalked and appear in ball like clusters near the shoot tips. Fruits are held in a solitary ball-like aggregate 20-35 mm across that hang from 8-16 mm long stalks. Fruits are achenes and they are small, one seeded, and elongated with stiff brownish hairs at the base[3]. Major Uses: Sometimes a pioneer tree on upland old- field sites, especially in the central part of its range. It has become a favored species for use in intensively cultured "biomass farms" in the southeastern United States that use the coppice growth for fiber. It is valuable for timber and it is also planted as a shade tree because of its distinctive white exfoliating bask and broad dense crown[4]. Poet William Cullen Bryant wrote about this tree: "And plane tree's speckled arms o'er shoot/ The swifter current that mines its root"[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [5] Family Field Guides. Trees: North American Trees Identified by Leaf, Bark & Seed.1997. Steven M.L. Aronson. Workman Publishing POCOM.jpg&456632230236u„‡O ÿ Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum grows from Connecticut southward throughout the East to central Florida and eastern Texas. It is found as far west as Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma and north to southern Illinois. It also grows in scattered locations in northwestern and central Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Distinguishing Characteristics: Sweetgum is monoecious. The small, greenish flowers bloom from March to early May, depending on latitude and weather conditions. Both the staminate and pistillate flowers occur in heads. The staminate inflorescences are racemes; the solitary pistillate flowers are globose heads that form the multiple heads, 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 in) in diameter, of small, two-celled capsules. The lustrous green color of the fruiting heads fades to yellow as maturity is reached in September to November. The beaklike capsules open at this time, and the small winged seeds, one or two per capsule, are then readily disseminated by wind. However, the seed balls can be safely collected for seed extraction several weeks before ball discoloration occurs without harming the seed. Empty fruiting heads often remain on the trees over winter. Bark: Grayish brown, deeply furrowed into broad scaly ridges. Leaves: alternate, simple, and slightly heart-shaped with 5-7 lobed divisions, finely serrate with rounded appressed teeth; bright green and smooth above; paler below. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, railroad ties, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, radio-, television-, and phonograph cabinets, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. Sweetgum is also called redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, or bilsted, it is a common bottom-land species of the South where it grows biggest and is most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. This moderate to rapidly growing tree often pioneers in old fields and logged areas in the uplands and Coastal Plain and may develop in a nearly pure stand. Sweetgum is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeast and the handsome hard wood is put to a great many uses, one of which is veneer for plywood. The small seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is sometimes used as a shade tree. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. LSCOM.jpg&453485233240u„QU ÿÃMagnolia grandiflora Native North Carolina to Florida and Texas, Cultivated 1734 [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree; leaves alternate, simple, entire, evergreen, shiny dark green above, ferruginous-pubescent below; flowers showy, white, fragrant, June; fruit an aggregate of follicles, red seeds [1]. Major Uses: ornamental. This species is resistant to damage by Sulfur dioxide, and is thus often planted in urban areas [2].Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] http://www.na.fs.fed.us MGCOM.jpg&440508253219u„ŠP ÿLiriodendron tulipifera Native to eastern North America (from Vermont west through southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Louisiana, and east to northern Florida) growing in open areas, coves, lower slopes, and disturbed sites [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Palmately veined, orbicular, 4-lobed leaves with entire margin. Showy flowers with yellow-green petals and an orange corolla. Oblong, 1-winged, 4-angled samaras. Stipules are large and encircle the twig. Twigs have a sweet, spicy odor when broken. Sapsucker holes are common on bark of older trees [1]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Wood is commercially important for its soft and workable quality for interiors of furniture, plywood cores, veneer, and composite products [2]. Reclamation of mining sites and crop fields. Most nitrogen-demanding of all trees [2]. Susceptible to a number of leaf diseases and insects, such as aphids which produce honeydew making the tree undesirable in urban areas. Historical values include medicinal uses as worming medicine, antiarthritic, cough syrup, cholera remedy, and heart stimulants. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http:// www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/ltulipifera.htm [2] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=581&Region=North American LTCOM.jpg&436489253222244u„  ÿÛBetula nigra, Betulaceae Black Birch Distinguishing Characteristics: The bark is papery with a white outer color and a red to salmon inner color. Twigs are brown, pubescent, the pith is homogenous and the buds imbricate. Leaves like most birch are simple, alternate, pinnately veined, and double serrated with a lustrous and glabrous topside. The primary range of river birch is the southeastern quarter of the United States. Scattered populations are found along rivers and streams as far north as southern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, and the middle New England States. The tree's beauty makes it an important ornamental, especially at the northern and western extremes of its natural range. Because of its tolerance to acid soils, river birch has been used successfully in strip mine reclamation. It has also been used in erosion control. Its graceful form, attractive bark, and high resistance to the bronze birch borer make it desirable for ornamental planting. River birch is used mainly for local enterprises such as the manufacture of inexpensive furniture, basket hoops, and turned articles. Experiments in North Carolina did not indicate that it is desirable for commercial pulpwood production, but naturally occurring merchantable-sized trees are often harvested for pulpwood when mixed with other bottomland hardwoods. Strength of the wood makes it suitable for the manufacture of artificial limbs and children's toys. "The most beautiful of American trees" is what Prince Maximilian thought of river birch when he toured North America before he became the short-lived Emperor of Mexico. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 BNCOM.jpg&366134224343u„’0+ÿCrataegus phaenopyrum This species is native to southeastern United States. Distinguishing characteristics: Lustrous, serrate, 3 lobed leaf with pinnate venation that extends to sinuses and lobed teeth. Slash like stipule scars. Branched and unbranched thorns are both present. Glossy red fruit can persist until spring. Major uses: Ornamental. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Trees & Shrubs.2002.Don Blaxell, Geoff Bryant, Richard Francis, Denise Grieg, Sarah Guest, Judy Moore, Tim North, Valda Paddison, Simon Roberts, Tony Rodd, Peter Scholer, Barbara Segall, John Stowar, Kevin Walsh. Global Book Publishing Pty Ltd. CPCOM.jpg&479275290393u„3ÿCarya ovata Native Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree with long, flat, plate-like bark; leaves pinnately divided, 5(7) leaflets, serrate, densely ciliate; buds brown; flowers April-May [1, 2]. Major Uses: natural landscaping, wood used for tool handles, rough lumber, railroad ties, fuel, barbecue smoke, furniture, athletic goods. Nuts frequently eaten by squirrels [3, 4]. Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plats of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden: Bronx, New York. [3] http://www.museum.state.il.us [4] http://www.na.fs.fed.us COCOM.jpg&352178222260204u„wÿ&Carya illinoensis Is native to the United States and was found over wide areas by early settlers in the lower Mississippi Valley [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are lanceolate to oblanceolate (12 to 20 in.) with 9 to 17 leaflets that are laceolate to ovate usually sickle shaped that are 2 to 7 in. long. Fruit is smooth, winged, and splits all the way to the base along the four wings. Fruits are usually in clusters of 3 to 12 and are ellipsoidal and 1 to 2 in. long. Twigs are reddish brown with orange-brown lenticles. Bark is brown to brownish gray on mature trees. Major Uses: Timber is used for flooring, paneling, and furniture [1]. Is mainly valuable for its fruit and is produced and harvested on a commercial scale. It is the largest of the native hickories and can grow from 110 to 140 ft. It is often found as a scattered tree on moist but well drained ridges in river bottoms. There are more than a hundred horticultural clones that have been listed. It is susceptible to fire damage at all ages. Bark is extremely sensitive to scorching, and hot fires may kill mature trees [2]. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/carya/illinoesis.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow and Harrar. McGraw-Hill Publishing. CICOM.jpg&348176222269u„HÿpJuglans cinerea Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: Presence of chambered pith. Highly pubescent leaves, petiole, and fruit. Fruit also sticky and oval with sharp corrugations. The fruit is green when young and turns brown with age. V-shaped leaf scars encircle twig. Leaves are alternately arranged and pinnately compound. Major Uses: Fruit is edible, and is the major economic importance of this species. It is sweet and oily like butter, thus the common name being butternut. Little wood cut annually, but can be found in specialty lumberyards [1]. Used seldomly for cabinetwork or furniture. Early settlers used fruit bark/husk to make orange or yellow dye. The root bark is also a laxative. This species popular in New England for making maple-butternut candy [1]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://plants.usda.gov JCCOM.jpg&356427222256198u„…B$ÿRhus aromatica The 'Fragrant Sumac' is a shrub native to eastern North America found in dry, sandy soils and is often in the under story of more open oak-hickory forests [1]. It has compound leaves with three 1-3 inch acute leaflets (A similar species, R .trilobata has .5-1 inch obtuse leaflets) [2]. It has long, hairy, bright red fruits in small irregular clusters and short naked aments that form in the summer and persist through the winter to bloom the following spring. As the common name suggests it is aromatic [2]. This shrub works great as a wood edge or ground cover because of its showy flowers, fruits and autumn foliage. It is also great for erosion control for its habit of developing roots on branch tips that touch the ground [3]. Information provided by Andy Farrell, 2003. [1] Michigan Trees. Barnes and Wagner. University of Michigan Press. [2] Manual of Cultivated Plants. L.H. Bailey. MacMillen Company. [3] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/r/rhuaro/rhuaro1.html Coded by Bill Amberg. ra20com.jpg&344162u„vo)ÿ^Pyrus communis Introduced from Europe. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple alternate leaves which are finely serrated with a shiny upper. Clusters of white showy inflorescence. Glossy twigs with conical shaped terminal buds. Fruit is the common pear. Scaly ridged gray bark. Major Uses: Ornamental. Used as a veneer. Mostly used for cultivation of the common pear. It is cultivated in all temperate zone countries in both hemispheres. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/pcommunis.htm [2] http://www.passina.com/productspearinfo.html PC1COM.jpg&509683290384u„‘GÿEJuglans ailantifolia Also known as Heartnut or the Japanese walnut, this is a variation of cordiformis native to temperate Asia, specifically Japan. Distinguishing characteristics include deciduous pinnately compound leaves with leaflets having a dark green glabrous upper surface and densely pubescent veins on the lower surface. Bark is cracked and shoots have glandular hairs. Mature height can be 15 meters. Male catkins are 15 cm long and hang solitary. Female catkins are erect spikes with purple pubescence. There are 9-22 flowers with prominent pink stigmas that bloom from October to November [1]. The fruit is sticky and rust-colored with thick, heart-shaped shells in clusters of 10-22. The hardwood is used in the lumber industry, and the nuts are used as a food source. It is also planted as a shade tree, and can tolerate a variety of climates. Typical habitat is disturbed forest and shrubland. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.horizons.govt.nz/images/Japanese%20Walnut.pdf [2] http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403010 JACOM.jpg&222u„iÿPrunus avium A common orchard tree in the milder parts of Canada; native to Asia Minor[1]. Grows best on the thicker layers of soil over limestone and on deep flushed soils on lower valley slopes[2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Very small tree; only about 5m in height. Leaves are simple, alternate, obovate, double-toothed, gland-tipped, upper surface is dull dark green with hair beneath at the vein axils. Glands on petioles. Buds are shiny brown, clustered on dwarf shoots, diverging widely from the twig. Flowers are white and showy and borne in small hanging clusters with 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 1 pistil. Fruits are approximately 25 mm across and deep red to black in color[3]. The bark is smooth, reddish or purple brown in color with a metallic copper sheen and large lenticels in bands around the trunk[4]. Major Uses: Used to make furniture, veneers, and paneling. Smokers also like this wood for pipes. Cultivated for its sweet tasting fruit. Birds also love the fruit hence the avium epithet. Grown as an ornamental due to its showy flowers and reddish Autumn foliage color[5]. When burned as firewood, it has the fragrance of cherry blossom. Information provided by Jon Tyson [1] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [2] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm [5] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm pa1com.jpg&495648282380375u„_‰(ÿ%Sorbus aucuparia is found in cooler environments and away from tidewaters areas and wet or disturbed soils. Non-native and is naturalized in disturbed areas.[1] Commonly known as European Mountain Ash, these trees are easy to grow and are among the most decorative tree for a yard. It is a small tree, reaching up to about 40 feet tall. The crown is initially elliptical and will become wider with age. With their pinnate leaves they have a fern-like appearance. These leaves are alternate and 5 to 8 inches long. The individual leaflets are 1 to 1½ inches long, serrated on their upper halves, and have a dull dark green color. The flowers are a showy cluster or small white flowers. These flowers will generally appear in May. The fruits of this tree are clusters of deep red-orange pomes, which ripen in September. The twigs are stout and gray brown in color. There are spur shoots present and will show a narrow leaf scar. Information provided by Stephanie Ramsey, 2004. [1]http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/envirohort/factsheets/trees/emntnash.html SACOM.jpg&511795282384224u„4ÿ¿Carya laciniosa Native to most of the Eastern half of the United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Pinnately compound leaves with seven leaflets. Outer bark exfoliates in long vertically peeling plates. Orange to brown twigs may be slightly pubescent. Large terminal buds [1]. Produces the largest nut of all hickories accumulating to 70- 105 liters of nuts per year [2]. Major Uses: Due to it's hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible wood, it's uses include furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuel wood, and charcoal. A few areas harvest the nuts. Primarily the nuts feed squirrels and other nut eating species. No ornamental value, due partly to cleanup associated with volume of nuts produced [1], and it's vulnerability to a variety of insects [2]. Usually a lowland species susceptible to low light intensities, early settlers used this tree as an indicator of fertile soil [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House [2] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carya/laciniosa.htm CLCOM.jpg&350177222263206u„]*ÿðMalus sylvestris,var domestica - This tree is known throughout the British Isle except Northern Scotland and was Introduced during colonial times. It is found throughout Europe and the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: small deciduous tree. Height: 10 -16 m. Leaves are elliptical, and deep green on the top, and whitish green on the bottom. They are described as abruptly acuminate, cuneate, or rounded. The petiole is very pubescent and dark purple fringed with grey hairs. Bark is dark brown and finely cracked into small square plates. Flowers are white and faintly pink and flower in late May. These flowers provide a valuable nectar source for the manufacturing of honey by bees. The wood is used for carving, inlay work, mallets, and screws. The firewood has a pleasant aroma. The flower from Malus sylvestris is also the state flower of Arkansas and Michigan. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.pennine.demon.co.uk/Aboretum/Masy.htm British-Tress.com pmcom.jpg&491282372u„Z*ÿžMalus coronaria Native to the United States and is especially prominent is Ohio as it grows wild in probably every county [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Flowers have pink blossoms. Leaf margins irregularly toothed, and leaves are ovate to oblong and simple. Black, thread-like glands on upper midrib of leaves[2]. Spines on twigs and/or trunk. Fruit is a round, reddish pome about 1 in. in diameter [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Mammals (deer, raccoons) eat fruit and squirrels eat seeds. Fruit also consumed by humans. Less hardy varieties of apple trees are grafted onto M. coronaria [1]. Also hardy in urban environments. Fruit can be made into crabapple jelly. Creates problem when fallen fruit attracts bees and wasps [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto. 2002. [1] http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/crabapple_sweet/crabapple_sweet.html [2] http://ohioline.osu.edu/b700/b700_42.html PCCOM.jpg&490282370u„5ÿÅCarya cordiformis Is a native species [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-9 oval-lanceolate leaflets on pinnately compound leaves. The leaves have acuminate apices and are pubescent beneath. The buds are yellow [2]. The bark is thin and scaly. The young twigs have a rust-brown pubescence that becomes glabrous. The nut is a reddish-brown nut that is thin shelled and found solitary or in clusters of 2 to 3 [2]. Major Uses: The dark close-grain texture makes it valuable to furniture making including flooring [1]. The high shock resistance of the wood makes it favorable to making tools. Other uses include pulpwood, dowels, bars, crates, and pallets. It is also used as fuel especially for smoking meats. Ornamental [1]. It is considered a short lived pecan hickory with a life span of only 200 years. The tree is known by a variety of common names including Bitternut, swamp hickory, and others. Also it is considered one of the most northern pecans [1]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html CC1COM.jpg&345175222271210u„JÿAJuglans regia Juglans regia is native to the region in Eurasia extending from the Near East through to the Himalayas and on to Western China. Walnuts must have been harvested from earliest times but the earliest records of actual growing of orchards of walnut trees go back to classical Greek and Roman times. Distinguishing Characteristics: Deciduous, monoecious trees, 12-15 m tall (Payne vars.), 17-20 m tall (Eureka, Placentia, Mayette, Franquette), and rarely up to 60 m tall; bark brown or gray, smooth, fissured; leaf-scars without prominent pubescent band on upper edge. The leaves are alternate, foetid, pinnate, without stipules; leaflets to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate, glabrescent above, pubescent and glandular beneath. The flowers develop from dormant buds of previous season's growth.Broken twigs and leaves have a spicy somewhat pleasant odor to them. Major Uses: Juglans regia are used for the commercial production of nuts. Nuts consumed fresh, roasted, or salted, used in confectioneries, pastries, and for flavoring. The shells may be used as antiskid agents for tires, blasting grit, and in the preparation of activated carbon. (Activated charcoal and fructose have recently been suggested to foil the alcohol "breathalizer.") Groundnut shells used as adulterant of spices. Crushed leaves, or a decoction used as insect repellant and as a tea. Outer fleshy part of fruit very rich in Vitamin C and produces a yellow dye. Fruit, when dry pressed, yields valuable oil used in paints and in soap making; when cold pressed, a light yellow edible oil used in foods as flavoring. Young fruits made into pickles, also used as fish poison. The wood is hard, durable, close-grained, heavy, used for furniture and gunstocks. Juglans regia is often grown as ornamental. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. JRCOM.jpg&429222252201u„ 8ÿ™Fagus sylvatica Native to the British Isles, continental Europe, and western Asia [1]. Prefers cool, moist areas. Distinguishing Characteristics: Fine hairs on margin with tomentum on veins. Male flowers borne on globose heads, while female flowers borne on spikes. Edible nuts are irregular triangularly shaped in pairs in a woody husk and covered with spines. Bark is gray-blue in color smooth. Often branches close to ground level on tree [2]. Major uses: as a solitary specimen or shade tree in parks, golf courses, estates, or other large areas; not recommended near roadways or disturbed areas. More than 30 cultivars of this tree have been produced for their form, leaf shape, and fall color: varying from a golden copper color to purple. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/f/fagu_syl.cfm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/fsylvatica.html FSCOM.jpg&381327226275269u„ÿFCastanea mollissima Castanea Mollissima is not a native species; it started to be imported here after the chestnut blight wiped out the Castanea dentata in the early 1900's. It has simple alternate leaves that have a toothed or arisatate margin. Unlike C. dentata it rarely grow higher than 50 feet and is branched much lower to the ground. The tree puts out suckers after has been cut to reproduce. The form of the tree makes it inferior for lumber. The wood is usually used for railroad ties and poles because it is resistant to rot. The exocarp has sharp prickles on the cupule with a nut inside that is also edible but it is not as flavorful as the American Chestnut. Because it is resistant to the chestnut blight it is being used to replant in forests that would have had the native tree. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 CMCOM.jpg&180226279271u„dwÿšQuercus macrocarpa Native Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are irregularly lobed, the center pair of sinuses the deepest, pale and pubescent below. Twig is stout with conspicuous corky ridges on secondary growth. Nut enclosed one-half or more with conspicuous fringe on margin [2]. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood is commercially valuable and marketed as white oak. Acorns of bur oak make up much of the food of red squirrels and are also eaten by wood ducks, white-tailed deer, New England cottontails, mice, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and other rodents The species is also widely planted in shelterbelts because of its drought tolerance [1]. Interesting facts: The bur oak has the largest acorns of all native oaks and is very drought resistant. It grows slowly on dry uplands and sandy plains but is also found on fertile limestone soils and moist bottomlands. It is a pioneer tree invading prairie grasslands, and it is planted frequently in shelterbelts. The comparative ease with which bur oak can be grown makes it a fine tree for streets or lawns. Bur oak is a slow-growing tree. It is not resistant to flooding. Tolerates urban pollution better than mostoaks. Can live to 440 years of age [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow & Harrar. McGraw-Hill. QMCOM.jpg&395692226291258u„exÿ Quercus muehlenbergii Native species to North America found in western Vermont and New York, west to southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, extreme southeastern Minnesota, and Iowa; south to southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central Texas; east to northwest Florida; and north mostly in the mountains to Pennsylvania and southwestern Massachusetts. There are local populations in the mountains of southeastern New Mexico, Trans-Pecos Texas, and northeastern Mexico. Leaf is alternate, simple, obovate or oblong, large coarse gland tipped teeth on margin, 4 to 7 inches long, dark, shiny green above, much paler below. Flower is monoecious, male flowers are yellow-green long catkins (3 to 4 inches long); females are green to reddish, very small in leaf axils. Appearing with the leaves. Fruit are acorns, nut 1/2 to 1 inch long, broadest below the middle, thin bowl shaped cap covers about 1/3 of acorn and forms a tattered fringe on the margin of cap, dark brown when mature. Twig is slender to moderate, orange brown, buds cluster at branch tips, terminal buds 1/8 inch long, pointed, chestnut brown, individual scales with frosted edges. Bark is thin, light gray, rough and flaky. It seldom grows in size or abundance to be commercially important, but the heavy wood makes excellent fuel. The acorns are edible and sweet. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/quercus/muehlenbergii.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=QUMU QM1COM.jpg&399693226303262u„gvÿÛQuercus lyrata Quercus lyrata is a native species to the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: Deciduous, simple, alternate, oblong-ovate leaf that has wide middle lobes that resemble a lyre. Fruit is an acorn that is almost completely covered by the cupule that has no fringes. Major uses: Ornamental. This species is protected in New Jersey as an endangered species. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/a.html QLCOM.jpg&395691226291u„f|ÿƒQuercus robur Introduced in the 17th century by English colonists and now thrives in much of Canada and the northern United States [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: lobed alternate, simple leaves (3-5" long and ¾-2 ½" wide) on short petioles (1/6-1/3 " long), leaves are dark green and glabrous, basal lobes present, elongated acorn on a long peduncle with 1/3 of the nut covered by the cap. This large tree is sensitive to drought and, in moist climates, powdery mildew and leaf fungi. It is used as a shade tree in large open areas and its wood is used in furniture making, casks to age wines and spirits and it was once used to build Englands ships centuries ago [3]. The wood is acidic and will corrode nails that are not galvinized. Species is very long lived (up to 1000 years) [3]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs. 1. www.floridata.com 2. www.nobleplants.com 3. www.digimorph.org QRCOM.jpg&406701226266u„nrÿrQuercus bicolor Is a native to North America (Eastern United States) and is found in southern Ontario to Maine and south to Virginia and west to Missouri [2]. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves are deciduous and 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 4 ½ in. wide. Leaves are obovate, shallowly lobed or coarsely toothed. Fruit nut (Acorn) are ¾ to 1 ¼ in. long and are usually paired on a slender peduncle. Twigs are straw-brown, and terminal buds are orange-brown and glabrous. Bark on upper limbs peel off in ragged, papery scales. Lower bark is deeply furrowed into scaly ridges. It is often used as a shade tree for large lawns, golf courses, and parks. Timber is often used for beams, boards, railroad ties, furniture and for flooring. Is able to adapt very well to either wet or dry sites [1]. It is a member of the White Oak group and may hybridize freely in the wild. Fall color is often yellowish-brown, but occasionally reddish-purple or golden. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/qu_color.html [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow and Harrar. McGraw-Hill Publishing. QBCOM.jpg&384687226303260u„b{ÿÆQuercus prinus The Chestnut Oak is native to North America and can be found primarily in the Appalachian Mountains and adjacent hill country. Chestnut oak are distributed from southwestern Maine west through New York to extreme southern Ontario and extreme southeastern Michigan, south through southern Indiana and extreme southern Illinois to extreme northeastern Mississippi, east through northern Alabama to Georgia and north along the Piedmont to Delaware. Chestnut oak grows along the coast of Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and in the New England states. Distinguishing Characteristics: Chestnut oak is a medium-sized, native, deciduous, monoecious tree. It is long-lived and slow growing. At maturity, chestnut oak is usually 65 to 80 feet (20-24 m) tall and 20 to 30 inches (51-76 cm) in diameter, but on good sites, it can reach a maximum size of 100 feet (30 m) in height and 72 inches (183 cm) in diameter. The acorns are large. The leaves are yellow-green, lustrous on top and paler, finely haired on the bottom. The margin of the leaf has evenly sized teeth extending the majority of the margin but becomes less distinct toward the base and apex. Major Uses: Chestnut oak wood is cut and utilized as white oak lumber. The acorns are eaten by numerous upland wildlife species, including white-tailed deer, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and wild turkeys. White-tailed deer occasionally browse young oak sprouts, especially the first year after cutting or burning. The deer only take the top few inches of the sprout unless it is extremely succulent or other food is scarce. Small birds and mammals, as well as insects such as bees, use chestnut oak cavities for nesting. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. QPCOM.jpg&405700226301u„osÿªQuercus cerris It is native to central and southern Europe and Asia. Was introduced as an ornamental tree. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Acorns ripen in their 2nd year and are covered in "mossy" scales and are up to 10mm long. Leaves: Elliptic to oblong deeply lobed/ toothed glossy dark green top, downy when young becoming smooth beneath. Mature trees can reach 35m in height. Monoecious tree. Major Uses: Not used for lumber because of warping and splitting during seasoning. Acorns sometimes used as coffee substitute. Bark and wood used as tannins. Information provided by John Helton, 2003. [1] http://www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/trees/quercus.htm#turkey QCCOM.jpg&688226u„hyÿ^Quercus palustris Native species to North America. Distinguishing Characteristics. In unpruned species, lower branches slope downwards. The leaves are simple and alternate, with 5-7 lobes and axillary tufts of hair on the underside. The twigs and bud have a reddish brown coloration. Fruit is an almost round nut, with only about ¼ enclosed by cupule. Major Uses: Ornamental and shade. Utilized for making veneers and railroad ties, and often used for fuel wood. Knots in wood prevent high quality products. Also planted to attract game species such as the wood duck, white tailed deer, and wild turkey [1]. Tolerated urban stress such as street salt, acid rain, and smoke well, so it is often planted in urban areas [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://plants.usda.gov [2] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quepal.html QP1COM.jpg&403697226319252u„cÿ0Quercus velutina Q. velutina is a native plant to the USA. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves are obovate or ovate in shape with 5 to 7 bristle-tipped lobes. The upper surface is lustrous while the lower surface has pubescent axillary tufts. Leaf shape is variable, with sun leaves having deep sinuses and shade leaves having very shallow sinuses [1]. The nuts are ½ to ¾ inch long and ovoid with approximately 1/3 of the nut enclosed by the cap, which is dull brown and tomentose, with a small fringe at the bottom. The nut also has vertical lines that look like pin stripes running the length of the nut [2]. Buds are large, buff-colored, pubescent, pointed and distinctly angular. The outer bark is nearly black and deeply furrowed while the inner bark is yellow-orange. Major Uses: The wood is used for and marketed as red oak, but the wood quality is lower, and yields are often low due to defects and heart rot [3]. It is not widely used ornamentally because other species are more attractive and better suited to urban conditions. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003 [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/qvelutina.htm [2] http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/trees/Q-velutina.html [3] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?Region=NorthAmerican&SpeciesID=892 QVCOM.jpg&410704226311250u„m~ÿGQuercus shumardii Shumard oak, red oak, swamp red oak Shumard oak is a large, deciduous, native tree. It ranges up to 120 feet (40 m) in height, with trunk diameters of up to 80 inches (200 cm). The crown is open and wide spreading, with massive, ascending branches [1]. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves, seven to eleven lobes with many bristle tips, upper lobes T shaped on eleven?lobed leaves, deep sinuses, axillary tufts of hair [2]. Brown to gray brown, glabrous twigs. The bark is furrowed with broken ridges, shallowly grooved and somewhat scaly on large trees. Shumard oak acorns are egg?shaped and pubescent with the cap covering at most one fourth of the nut. Major uses: Commercial wood, important for trim, flooring, cabinets, and furniture [2]. It is a shade intolerant tree found next to streams and rivers, in bottomlands and on limestone soils. Shumard oak is long?lived; the oldest Shumard oak found on a blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata) savanna was 480 years of age [1]. Quercus is Latin for "oak tree; shumardii is for the geologist Shumard [2]. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/queshu/ [2] Forest Trees: A guide to the Southeastern and Mid?Atlantic Regions of the United States. 2003. Lisa J. Samuelson and Michael E. Hogan. Prentice Hall. QSCOM.jpg&408699226313254u„luÿuQuercus imbricaria Native to Mid- Western, North- Eastern, and Eastern United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: A Red Oak with bristle tips. Alternate, simple leaves with stipules. It has entire leaves with a pubescent underside from 2- 5 cm. wide. Lightly furrowed bark with reddish interior [2]. Flowers begin as greenish catkins and eventually produce 1/2-inch acorns. Acorns are on very shot peduncles in groups of 2 or 3. Major Uses: It's sturdy, usually straight wood is used for beams, boards, railroad ties, and furniture [1]. Also has a use as ornamental or shade tree. It's common name of the "Shingle Oak" refers to its use as shingles for roofing by pioneers. A mature nut of this species takes two years to form [3]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W.; Leopold, Donald J.; White, Fred M. McGraw- Hill [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/qu_caria.html [3] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House QICOM.jpg&391690226330u„qzÿÀQuercus phellos Located from the bottom lands of the Coastal Plain from New Jersey to and southeastern Pennsylvania to Georgia and northern Florida, eastern Texas to southeastern Oklahoma. Also found in Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. It is commonly found on land along courses of water, flood plain forests and upland swamp areas. This is a medium to large oak tree. Distinguishing characteristics: Male and Female flowers are on separate catkins on the same tree, and they lack petals. Flowering occurs from February to May. Leaves are simple and alternate. They have an acute apex that is bristle-tipped. The twig is very slender. Bark is brown and gets rough with age. The fruit is an acorn. This tree is known rapid growth and long life. Major uses: Very important for lumber and pulp. Very important to wildlife due to heavy acorn production. Deer, squirrels, birds, turkey, and ducks make use of acorns and leaves. This tree is easily transplanted and used heavily in urban areas. This is also a good shade tree so it is planted as an ornamental [1]. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002 [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spof/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/quercus/phellos.htm QP2COM.jpg&404699226325u„ktÿ¯Native to the eastern United States and included on Maine's Official List of Endangered and Threatened Plants. [1] Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves are alternate, simple, 3 to 7 inches long, oval in shape with very deep sinuses and bristle-tipped lobes. Leaves are waxy/shiny above and are generally hairless but may have tufts below in vein axils. Male flowers are borne on catkins, female flowers borne on spikes appearing with the leaves in April or May. Acorns are 1/2 to 1 inch long, with a scaled cap covering 1/2 of the nut, the tip of the acorn may have concentric rings. Twigs are slender, red-brown in color with multiple terminal buds. Buds are pointed, slightly angled, and covered with a light colored pubescence on the top half. The bark on young trees is gray-brown, with smooth streaks later developing irregular ridges and furrows. Old trees exhibit a darker, nearly black scaly bark. [2] Major Uses: Quercus coccinea timber is not as highly valued as other oak lumber but is cut and distributed as red oak lumber. [3] The Seneca made a tea of the bark as a wash for gum inflammations; gargle for soar throat and as an intestinal tonic for diarrhea. The active ingredients in every part of the tree are tannin, which is very useful in 1st and 2nd degree burns, and quercin, a compound whose effects are similar to aspirin. [4] Information provided by Keith Gilland, 2004. [1]http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quecoc/distribution_and_occurrence.htm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/qcoccinea.htm [3]http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quecoc/management_considerations.html [4] http://www.botany.ubc.ca/arboretum/UBC090.HTM QC1COM.jpg&385698226318255u„++ ÿÂCorylus avellana The cultivated hazelnut is native to Europe and Asia Minor. It was discovered in Gloucestershire, England around 1863. Hazelnut production failed initially in the eastern US due to Eastern filbert blight. Corylus avellana is a member of the Betulaceae (birch) family. It was considered a large shrub (10-15 ft) in Europe, but has been trained to a single trunk in the United States to facilitate mechanical harvest. It is noted for its contorted, twisted growth. The leaves are doubly toothed which is characteristic of the Betulaceae family. They are also deciduous, alternate, simple, and stipulate. Nuts are large and not winged. Two coarsely toothed, leathery leafy bracts surround each. It is oval in shape, containing a kernel that has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to the palate. Its branches are valued for their use in flower arranging [1]. Filbert wood was used for "divining rods" and "witching rods" which helped locate buried treasure or valuable soil minerals/ores. Nuts were associated with the occult, and said to possess mystic powers. Nuts were burned by priests to enhance clairvoyance, used by herbalists for various remedies, and used in marriage ceremonies as a symbol of fertility [2]. Information provided by Lisa Walter, 2003 [1] http://www.natorp.com/Corylus%27Contorta%27.htm [2] http://www.uga.edu/fruit/hazelnut.htm [3] Textbook of Dendrology. 1996. Hardin, Leopold, and White. McGraw-Hill. CACOM.jpg&254224349311u„;b ÿ«Ostrya virginiana Found in eastern North America from Nova Scotia to Florida and as far west as North Dakota and Texas [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: leaves are alternate, simple, doubly toothed; fruits are flattened nuts enclosed in clusters of inflated papery sacs covered with stiff hairs; the grayish-brown bark is shaggy in vertical strips. This shade toleant tree is a popular tree in recreational areas. The close-grained wood is heavy, extremely hard, and used for fence posts, golf clubs, tool handles, mallets, and the Lakota people used the wood to make bows [1]. The relative fast juvenile growth is utilized in the restoration of disturbed sites. The small size of the tree makes it commercially unimportant in terms of timber [2]. The buds and catkins are an important winter food source for turkey, grouse, pheasant and rodents [2]. Infromation provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com OVCOM.jpg&374573224348308u„< ÿàCarpinus caroliniana Native to Eastern US. Distinguishing Characteristics: Doubly-serrate oblong leaves are pubescent underneath. Reddish-brown twigs are slightly zigzagged with pointed buds. Plant is monoecious with flowers appearing in April. Female flowers are up to 4" long and are subtended by a 3-winged bract which remains on the resulting nutlet. Smooth gray bark with vertical ridges. Major uses: Ornamental, but rarely used because hard to transplant. Important food for wildlife. Wood is hard, but not used because the tree is typically too small for milling. Frost resistant to 17 F. An important component in the understory of American forests. Great fall color varying from yellow to orange to red. Information provided by Scott Sanderson, 2003. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carpinus/caroliniana.htm [2] http://www.sfws.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/index.html [3] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/c/carcar/carcar1.html CCCOM.jpg&372172224348306u„hÿpPopulus deltoides Native tree of North America occurring frequently on moist well-drained sands or silts near streams. It grows from southern Quebec westward into North Dakota and southwestern Manitoba, south to central Texas, and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia.[1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate, triangular in shape, with a taper pointed tip. Approximately 20-25 coarse teeth per side with no teeth on the tip or near the stalk. Upper surface of the leaf is bright shiny green with a paler underside. Petiole is flattened with glands present near the junction. Terminal buds are about 20 mm in length, slender, yellowish-brown and very resinous[2]. Flowers occur from February to April before leaves appear. Male flowers are 8-13 cm long, have 40-60 stamens and are reddish in color. Female flowers are slightly longer at 15-30 cm and less conspicuous in color than the males. Seeds develop in 3-4 valved capsules on short stalks on long catkins[3]. Major Uses: Frequently planted to provide quick shade near homes. Also is used for soil stabilization especially along stream or ditch banks. Is being used as cattle feed since it is a good source of cellulose relatively free of undesirable components such as tannins[4]. Can be and is, used for wood pulp in the paper industry. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press. [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [4] ibid PDCOM.jpg&322639218367u„”‡ÿISalix nigra A native to North America; Black is the largest and the only commercially important willow of about 90 species. This short-lived, fast-growing tree reaches its maximum size and development in the lower Mississippi River Valley and bottomlands of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Leaf is alternate, simple, pinnately veined, lanceolate in shape, 3 to 6 inches long, with a finely serrate margin. Leaves are dark and shiny above, light green below. Flowers are dioecious; flowers are tiny, green, borne on catkins, 1 to 3 inches long. Present May to June. Fruit is cone-shaped capsules that contain many small, cottony seeds; borne on catkins. Capsules split on maturity. Maturing June to July. Twig is slender, orange-brown in color, with a bitter aspirin taste. Buds are small and oppressed, covered by one bud scale. The terminal bud is absent. Stipules/scars are obvious. Bark is Brown to gray-black, with thick, somewhat scaly ridges and deep furrows. Black willow is used for a variety of wooden products and the tree, with its dense root system, is excellent for stabilizing eroding lands. The wood was once used extensively for artificial limbs, because it is lightweight, does not splinter easily, and holds its shape well. It is still used for boxes and crates, furniture core stock, turned pieces, tabletops, slack cooperage, wooden novelties, charcoal, and pulp. Ancient pharmacopoeia recognized the bark and leaves of willow as useful in the treatment of rheumatism. In 1829, the natural glucoside salicin was isolated from willow. Today it is the basic ingredient of aspirin, although salicyclic acid is synthesized rather than extracted from its natural state. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/salix/nigra.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=SANI SNCOM.jpg&335218358326u„%“ÿ7 Ulmus americana American elm is a native tree found throughout Eastern North America. Its range is from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, west to central Ontario, southern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan; south to extreme eastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma into central Texas; east to central Florida; and north along the entire east coast. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leave are in 2 rows; 7.5 - 15 cm long, elliptical, abruptly long-pointed, base rounded with sides unequal; doubly saw-toothed; with many straight parallel side veins; thin; dark green and usually hairless or slightly rough above, paler and usually with soft hairs beneath; turning bright yellow in autumn. Bark: light gray; deeply furrowed into broad, forking, scaly ridges. Twigs: brownish, slender, and hairless. Flowers: 3 (mm) wide; greenish; clustered along twigs in early spring. Fruit: 10 - 12 mm long; elliptical flat 1-seeded samaras, with wing hairy on edges, deeply notched with points curved inward; long-stalked; maturing in early spring. Major uses: The wood of American elm is moderately heavy, hard, and stiff. It has interlocked grain and is difficult to split, which is an advantage for its use as hockey sticks and where bending is needed. It is used principally for furniture, hardwood dimension, flooring, construction and mining timbers, and sheet metal work. Some elm wood goes into veneer for making boxes, crates, and baskets, and a small quantity is used for pulp and paper manufacture. American elm (Ulmus americana), also known as white elm, water elm, soft elm, or Florida elm, is most notable for its susceptibility to the wilt fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi. Commonly called Dutch elm disease, this wilt has had a tragic impact on American elms. Scores of dead elms in the forests, shelterbelts, and urban areas are testimony to the seriousness of the disease. Because of it, American elms now comprise a smaller percentage of the large diameter trees in mixed forest stands than formerly. Before the advent of Dutch elm disease, American elm was prized for its use as a street tree. It was fast growing, hardy, tolerant to stress, and appreciated for its characteristic vase like crown. Beautiful shaded streets in many cities attested to its popularity. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. UACOM.jpg&419870231240354u„&•ÿOUlmus parvifolia Native to northern China, Japan and Korea. Introduced in the early 1900's by Frank N. Meyer (3). Distinguishing characteristics:leaves are alternate, simple, toothed, 2" long elliptical with asymmetrical base and with 12 or less pairs of viens (1). Terminal bud lacking. The fruit is a flat, papery samara 1/3" across that hangs in dense clusters (1) Two distinguishing charecteristics are the fact that this is one of the few species that flowers and fruits in the fall and the bark flakes off in small thin plates leaving a puzzle like pattern of browns, oranges, grays and greens (2). Major uses: it is often used as an ornamental tree to replace the American elm because it is resistant to Dutch Elm Disease. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.hort.uconn.edu 2. www.floridata.com 3. www.plantexplorers.com UPCOM.jpg&421876231u„/"ÿ"Celtis occidentalis is a species native to the Midwest US. It can be found as a small shrub in drier climates, but it is usually found as a tall tree. A Celtis occidentalis can grow to 130 feet tall under the right conditions. They have alternate simple leaves that are 2 to 5 inches long with apical serrated and basal entire margins. The fruit is a round, deep red/purple - black drupe with a thin sweet edible pulp around the seed. The fruit can be about ¼ to 1/3 of an inch around. The wood is of a medium hardness and strength. It is sometimes used for the manufacture of cheap furniture; mostly it is used for firewood because it has a Btu value close to Carya. Many bird and small animals eat the fruit, which hangs on to the tree into winter. Information provided by Jared Baker, 2002 CO1COM.jpg&414192231246362u„ššÿ¼Zelkova serrata Introduced from Japan, Taiwan, and southern Korea around 1861 by Dr. George Rogers Hall. Distinguishing Characteristics: Has a smooth bark which peels away and reveals orange and green patches. Bark also has very prominent raised lenticels. This species has alternate rough leaves that are oblong-ovate with prominent veins and marginal teeth. Small unnoticeable inflorescence with green fruit that is a dry and nutlike drupe. Major Uses: Ornamental. Also used as a source of lumber in Japan. Many times used to replace American elm because it is less susceptible to Dutch elm disease. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/z/zelk_ser.cfm ZSCOM.jpg&426934231361u„a^ÿMorus alba This tree is native to China, and was eventually introduced into the US at a failing attempt to establish a silk industry. It is a deciduous medium to large tree. Distinguishing characteristics: dense rounded tree, fast growing. Leaves have many shapes, can be lobed or not. Leaves are alternately arranged, dark green, and turn a dull yellow in the fall. The fleshy compound multiple fruit consists of many druplets, white to red, is edible, and ripens in June and July. Bark is a light tannish brown, and is said to have a sweet taste. Stems exude a white latex when broken in warm conditions. It prefers moist, well-drained soil. The tree is used to raise silk worms, and to landscape difficult sites. The fruit attracts songbirds. This tree is considered a nuisance, as it escapes cultivars easily. It is called a "trash tree" because of it's messy fruits, suckers, and invasive capabilities. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/m/moralb/moralb3.html http://www.treeguide.com MA1COM.jpg& 430557236248240u„rS ÿOMaclura pomifera Is a native tree found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana [3]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple, alternate, serrate, acuminate tip, ovate, 5-12 cm long leaves with a milky latex [4]. The plant is dioecious with simple, inconspicuous, green 4 parted flowers and male auxiliary, 2.5-3.8 cm, racemes [3]. The globose fruit, 8-14 cm, is a multiple fruit of green 1 seeded drupes [3]. The fruit is not edible [5]. The twigs are thorny [5]. Major Uses: ornamental, root extracts for pesticides, food processing, and dye making [2]. Macluria pomifera has the greatest number of planted trees in North America than any other [2]. It also was used as fence lines leading to the invention of barb wire [2]. Following barb wire it became the major of fence posts that fenced in the west [2]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. MPCOM.jpg&429504236249408u„04!ÿÉEucommia ulmoides Introduced from China in the 1920's. Distinguishing characteristics: Large tree with medium growth rate. Dark green, Elm-like, simple, serrated leaves. Latex in petioles and some in lamina, which can be seen when broken. No terminal buds. Inconspicuous dioecious flowers turn into samaras. Attractive ridge-furrow bark with gray outer and brown inner color. Major uses: Ornamental for leaf and bark texture - no fall color. Makes a good street tree. Easily transplanted. An extract from the inner bark used as a treatment for liver, kidney and spleen problems among others in China. Good pH tolerance and soil adaptability. Information provided by Scott Sanderson, 2003. [1] http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modzz/00001976.html [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/e/euculm/euculm1.html [3] http://www.botany.ubc.ca/arboretum/UBC083.HTM [4] http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/eucommia_ulmoides.html EUCOM.jpg&311u„B#"ÿ^Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zucc. ex J. Hoffmann & H. Schult. Katsura tree This plant is introduced to the United States from Japan and China planted in the early 1900's as part of a Japanese garden (1). Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are light green to yellow and have a cordate base and an overall heart shape leaf. Crenate margins. The fruit on the female tree are banana like clusters of capsules. Bud scales on the twigs are red, and the bark is shedding. Heart-shaped leaves are blue-green in the summer and turn scarlet to yellow in the fall. This tree often has more than one trunk. The leaves start out in spring as a beautiful light pink before turning to light green. (2) In summer the leaves are a bluish green before turning yellowish-apricot in the fall. Suggested uses for this plant include shade tree, specimen plant, and street tree. Named Cercidiphyllum because its foliage resembles that of the Redbud (Cercis). (3) As the leaves fall and decompose, they give off an odor of caramel or cotton candy. Data from: 1) USDA Plant database (http://plants.usda.gov/) 2) University of Pennsylvania Morris Arboretum http://www.business-services.upenn.edu/arboretum/katsura1.html 3) Virginia Cooperative Extension www.ext.vt.edu/departments/envirohort/factsheets/trees/kattr.html Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 CJCOM.jpg&197193u„;ÿ®Fraxinus excelsior F. excelsior is a deciduous tree that flowers before it leafs. This tree is an introduced tree that originates from Europe. (European Ash). The most distinguishable characteristic of this species of Fraxinus is the black buds. There are many different varieties of this species. Most have odd pinnately compound leaves but the variety that is on campus has simple leaves that are glabrous, oppositely arranged and estipulate. The flowers occur in many-flowered panicles (30-200 flowers) that occur on the lateral shoots of the previous years growth. (1) The immature bark is smooth and gray with mature bark forming deep ridges and furrows. The fruit of this species is a samara and form in clusters. The wood from this species is used furniture and veneers. This species has a dwarf habit and seldom reaches a height of over 30m. This species is the only species of Fraxinus in Sweden. (1) Information was provided by Heidi L. Byrd 2003. (1) http://www.systbot.gu.se/staff/evawal/fraxinus/excelsior.html. Eva Wallander. 2/4/2003. (2) http://www.geog.qmul.ac.uk/popweb/fraxi/id.htm. Queen University London. 2001. (3) Class notes. Roger Meicenhiemer. September 8, 2003. FECOM.jpg&351376170u„>ÿFraxinus quadrangulata Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: quadrangular twigs; opposite, pinnately compound leaves; serrate margin. Major Uses: Timber tree, and is often sold to mills as white ash. Used for flooring and interior finishes, and sapwood used for tool handles [1]. Also used for ornamental purposes and shade/shelter [2]. On threatened status in Iowa and Wisconsin [2]. Called blue ash because of liquid that turns blue when hits air. Grows readily in dry soils and dry upland and limestone soils [3]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://project.bio.iastate.edu/trees/campustrees/fraxinusquad/fraxquad_info.html [2] http://plants.usda.gov [3] http://www.cmi.k12.il.us/urbana/uplandsprojects/apple/service/bpark/blueash.html FQCOM.jpg&653354376445168u„=ÿQOleaceae Fraxinus Pennsylvanica: A.K.A.: Green Ash, red ash, swamp ash, and water ash. Native to eastern North America and is readily common west to Wyoming and Colorado along plains watercourses at elevations above 6000 ft. Fast growing and extremely hardy to climatic extremes once established, making it one of the most prevalent species of the Ashes. Leaf is opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape. The leaf is 6 to 9 inches long and is glabrous to silky-pubescent below. The flower is dioecious, both sexes lacking petals, occurring as panicles. Flowers appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit is one-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin, seed cavity, maturing September to October and dispersing over winter. Twig is stout to medium texture, gray to green-brown and either glabrous or pubescent, depending on variety. Leaf scars are semicircular, lacking the notched top. Bark is gray-brown, think, furrowed into narrow, irregular, interlacing, scaly ridges. Older trees may be somewhat scaly. Green ash wood, because of its strength, hardness, high shock resistance, and excellent bending qualities, is used in specialty items such as tool handles and baseball bats but is not as desirable as white ash. It is also being widely used in revegetation of spoil banks created from strip mining. Green ash is very popular as a shade tree in residential areas because of its good form, adaptability to a wide range of sites, and relative freedom from insects and diseases. Seeds are used for food by a number of game and nongame animals and birds. Attempts have been made to artificially cross green ash with other ash species. Only the cross of green ash with velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) was consistently successful, yielded viable seed, and produced identifiable hybrids that grew as fast as the eastern parent. The other crosses yielded no identifiable hybrids. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/fraxinus/pennsylvanica.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_frpe.pdf FPCOM.jpg&651349376441164u„EŒ#ÿáSyringa vulgaris Common lilac is native of Europe, introduced and naturalized in the United States; escapes from cultivation form New York to North Dakota. Distinguishing characteristics: Member of the Olive family (Oleaceae). Lilac is an introduced, perennial, deciduous shrub that can grow between 12- 16 feet tall. The leaves are simple, ovate to broadly ovate, and five to twelve centimeters long. The flowers are mostly white, lilac, or purple, pleasantly fragrant in long terminal panicles. The fruit capsules are 1 to 1.5 centimeters long with flat winged seeds. Major Uses: A green dye is retrieved from the flowers and the leaves and a yellow -orange dye is obtained from the twigs. An essential oil is obtained from the flowers and used in perfume. The bark and leaves has been chewed as a treatment for sore mouth. The Common lilac should be planted in areas with good air circulation to reduce problems with powdery mildew. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. SVCOM.jpg&828376187u„-%$ÿ‚Chionanthus virginicus Native to Eastern half of United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: This species may either be a tree or a shrub. White terminal flowers, pleasantly fragrant, in clusters form 4- 6 inches long. Female trees produces oval shaped drupes, dark bluish in color approximately 1 inch long. Opposite, simple, pinnately-veined leaf. Elliptical in shape with an entire margin [1]. Major Uses: Widespread ornamental use, although expensive due to difficulties in propagation. A good ornamental due to tolerance of air pollution and adaptability to urban settings, although moist soil is preferable [2]. No commercial uses. This species has developed a common name of "Grancey Graybeard" due to it's cascade like blooms which resemble that of an old mans white beard [3]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/c/chivir/chivir3.html [3] http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/c/chionan.htm CVCOM.jpg&644212376u„x2%ÿ¢Diospyros virginiana Diospyros virginiana is a native plant to the US [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leafs are alternate, simple, pinnately-veined, lustrous dark green above, entire margin and 2 1/2 to 5 1/2 inches long [2]. It is dioecious, with white to greenish-white, male flowers in threes. Female flowers are solitary, and both are about 1/2 inch long. The flowers bloom March to mid-June. The fruit is a plum-like berry that is green before ripening, turning orange to black when ripe and 3/4 to 2 inches in diameter. The fruit is astringent when green but sweet and edible when ripe. The buds are dark red to black with 2 bud scales [2]. The bark is very distinguishable because it is very dark and broken up into square scaly thick plates reminiscent of charcoal briquettes. Major Uses: The wood stays smooth under friction, so it is used to make shuttles, spools, bobbin and golf heads. The berry is also edible [3]. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003. [1] http://www.bbg.org/sci/nymf/encyclopedia/ebn/dio0010.htm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/dvirginiana.htm [3] http://www.bbg.org/sci/nymf/encyclopedia/ebn/dio0010.htm DVCOM.jpg&635298378u„)d& ÿ^Paulownia tomentosa Royal paulownia is an introduced ornamental that has become well established in this country. It is also known as princess-tree, empress-tree, or paulownia. Royal paulownia is a native of eastern Asia. It has been widely planted in North America from Montreal to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas. It has also been planted in some Pacific States. The tree is moderately cold hardy and has naturalized principally in the East and South. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree: to 12 m (40 ft) tall and 30 cm (12 in) in diameter, with open spreading crown. Bark: scaly, dark brown to gray. Twigs are smooth, brown, with prominent white lenticels. Flower buds develop in the fall and are large and conspicuous in clusters through the winter. Leaves are opposite, broadly ovate, 15-40 cm (6-16 in) long and 10-20 cm (4-8 in) wide; acuminate, cordate, light green above, pale and densely hairy below. Flowers: numerous, blue-violet, about 5 cm (2 in) long, in large panicles, blooming before leaves appear in early spring. Fruits egg-shaped brown capsules about 4 cm (1.5 in) long with many small winged seeds, maturing in fall. Major Uses: Royal paulownia was introduced into this country as an ornamental, and it still retains some popularity for that purpose. Its use in reclamation of the disturbed soils of surface mines grows yearly. The wood is highly prized for the manufacture of specialty items in Asia, and there is a brisk export business of logs to Japan. The export market has led to establishment of commercial plantations in this country. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. PTCOM.jpg&661581406448u„ 'ÿ(Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern catalpa Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are cordate shaped in whorls of three with no terminal buds showing. Fruit is a distinctive cigar shaped terminal capsule. The fruit has many winged seeds inside. Originally native to the lower Ohio River valley and central Mississippi River Valley, this tree has been widely distributed through human intervention. Farmers first brought it into Ohio, commonly using it for fence posts. By way of intentional planting and "escapes" this tree has become established in most of Ohio's counties. People also have planted the Northern Catalpa as an ornamental tree for its showy, spring flowers. The wood, mostly used for fence posts, also has been used for railroad ties, cheap furniture, and interior finish. This is the favored food-plant of the Catalpa Sphinx Moth, which sometimes strips a tree of its leaves. Data from: http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/catalpa/catalpa.html Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 CSCOM.jpg&664183405449188u„OT ÿ=Magnolia acuminata Native to United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Green cucumber-shaped fruit with red-orange fruit. Yellow flowers borne on end of branches and close at night [1]. Leaves are simple, alternate, elliptical to ovate, deciduous, and pubescent. Buds are tomentose. Major uses: Ornamental. Seeds eaten by birds and rodents. Wood used for crates, furniture, interior trim, venetian blinds, and plywood. Sold as yellow-poplar wood [1]. Has not been sold as cucumber wood since 1928. Is an endangered tree species in Florida and Indiana[2]. There are no important diseases, but is very susceptible to ground fires and frost. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/magnolia/accuminata.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cge_bin/topics.cgic MACOM.jpg&437506253217404u„SY ÿJMagnoliaceae Magnolia Virginiana: A.K.A.: Sweet bay, swamp-bay, laurel, swamp, sweet magnolia, and swamp-laurel. Native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains from Long Island south through New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to southern Florida; west to eastern Texas, and north into southern Arkansas and southwest Tennessee; also appears in isolated portions of eastern Massachusetts, where it may reflect only older ornamental plantings. Mostly abundant in the States of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. Found on moist to wet sites in the southeastern U.S. Intermediate shade tolerance. The leaves are simple, alternate, evergreen, elliptical, approximately 6 inches long, and silvery white on the underside. Readily distinguished from others in genus by the white pubescence of its lower leaf surfaces. Young twigs are green and hairy with a velvety hairy terminal bud. Bark is mottled gray-brown to almost white and smooth, becoming scaly on older stems. Flowers are white and fragrant. Fruit is a cone-like cluster of red follicles. The soft aromatic straight-grained wood is easily worked and finishes well, so it is used for veneer, boxes, and containers. Its flowers and foliage make it an attractive landscape tree. Sweet bay is also a favorite food of deer and cattle. Deer browse the leaves and twigs all year. Cattle utilize sweet bay especially in the winter, when it can account for as much as 25 percent of their winter diet. Analysis of browse samples from Georgia and east Texas indicate that sweet bay contains 10 percent crude protein. The seeds are a favorite food of gray squirrels and are eaten to a lesser extent by white-footed mice, wild turkey, quail, and songbirds. Sweet bay is at times confused with loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus) and red bay (Perseaborbonia), since "bay" is the term commonly used in referring to any of these three species. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.forestry.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/magnoliaceae_pg/sweetbay_magnolia.htm [2]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/magnolia/virginiana.htm MVCOM.jpg&444519253221u„NV ÿMagnolia macrophylla Native to the southeastern U.S from Kentucky to Florida. This species had the largest simple leaf of any dicotyledonous tree in North America [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves can be from 12-32 inches long, and 7-12 inches wide and do not change color in fall. Large flowers are produced ranging from 8-12 inches wide with an ivory color and rose tint at the base of the flower. Fruits are in conelike aggregates and are called follicles that have a pinkish- red color, and are approximately 3 inches long. Major Uses: Some use as a shade tree. Due to a lack of urban tolerance and slow decomposition of leaves, causing a great deal of leaf litter, ornamental use has been slim [2]. This tree is currently listed as endangered in both Arkansas and Ohio [1]. Although generally considered deciduous, it may be semi- evergreen in the deep South [2]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] www.forestry.state.al.us/publication/100/Bigleaf%20Magnolia.pdf [2] hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/MAGMACA.pdf MFCOM.jpg&439253222u„RX ÿóMagnolia stellata Introduced to the US in 1860's from Japan, this species is commonly known as the Star Magnolia [1]. Distinguishing characteristics are the smaller, dark green elliptic leaves that are 2 to 4" long which have a bronze cast when new [2]. The bark is smooth and silver on the main trunk, and twigs are chestnut brown in color. Mature height is 15-20 feet. Flower are white to pink and are 3-4" across with 12-18 fragrant and showy sepals. Buds are grey and pubescent. Aggregate fruit is reddish green, about 2" long. When mature in early autumn, the fruit opens and drops orangish-red seeds. This softwood, small tree or shrub is for ornamental use in landscaping. It prefers deep organic and acidic soil. Flowers often bloom in late winter or early spring, before the leaves even emerge, and so are often prone to frost damage. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/m/magno_st.cfm [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/m/magste/magste1.html MSCOM.jpg&517253u„-+ÿÕCrataegus crus-galli Native to Midwest U.S and Southern Canada. Distinguishing Characteristics: Obovate - oblanceolate leaves are waxy- green, 3 inches long, alternate arrangement, held upright above the stem, and in a V shaped staggering arrangement when looking down the axis of the stem. May be red, purple, orange, and yellow leaves on the tree at the same time during fall. Round, half inch drupe grows in clusters that are green in summer, orange by September, brick red in November, and can be persistent until January or later. This tree is low branching producing a short and more horizontally shaped tree. Trunk may become multi-trunked, and has bark peeling in thin gray strips. A white, unpleasant smelling flower blooms in mid- spring. One of the most distinguishing characteristics is the unbranched thorns, which can be quite sharp and dangerous. Major Uses: Due to this trees high urban tolerance and adaptability to poor soils, various soil pH levels, drought, heat, and winter salt spray, it makes and excellent and multi- use ornamental. Such uses include street liner, tall barrier hedge, and wildlife attraction due to the fruit that squirrels and birds consume. Although very adaptable environmentally this tree is quite susceptible to several pests and diseases including the Cedar Hawthorn Rust which affects the fruit, foliage, and stems [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/plantlist/cr_galli.html CC3COM.jpg&468269282392u„}ˆ,ÿ’Sassafras albidium S. albidium is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America. The most distinguishing characters of this species are the bright green, alternate, oval leaves. The leaves, on the same twig, are a mixture of 1-3 lobes. The tree grows to a height of 10-40 feet tall. The ridges and furrows of the bark are very aromatic. The tree flowers between the months of April- June before the leaves. The flowers are arranged in clusters and are greenish yellow. The fruit of this tree is a drupe arranged in clusters. For a time the tree was considered to be a cure all, making it a major colonial export, 2nd only to tobacco. As time went on the tree was only found effective relieving intestinal gas and as a diuretic. Until 1960, it was used as an antiseptic for dentistry and for flavoring in foods such as root beer and chewing gum. It was then determined the compound safrole, found in the oil of the root bark, was potentially carcinogenic. (1) The lumber of the Sassafras albidium is used today as a substitute for Fraxinus nigra. Information provided by Heidi L. Byrd, 2003. (1) Magic and Medicine of Plants. 1986. Readers Digest Association. SA1COM.jpg&450783264227242u„€-ÿôAlbizzia julibrissin Albizzia Julibrissin also commonly known as the silk tree or the mimosa is an introduced species from Asia. It's commonly found from Iran to Japan. It is a deciduous tree that can grow to 20 or 40 feet in height. It has even bipinnately compound leaves. The tree grows best in full sun light, does well with the hot summers but it can be damaged by a harsh winter. In the north it best planted in a microclimate to protect it for the harsh winters in the north. The tree does very well in the warmer climates of the south. It produces large puffy flowers all summer long and is very attractive to hummingbirds. Fruit is a thin, light brown to medium dark brown legume. The tree is mostly used as an ornamental or as a shade or patio tree. The leaves of this tree will close in response to the sun going down and reopen in the morning. The bark of Albizzia Julibrissin can be made into a tea that can be used to cure liver infection or insomnia. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 AJCOM.jpg&51795302387u„8?.ÿÔNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Even alternate pinnate/bipinnate compound leaves with acute/rounded apices, leaf length 10-50 cm, width 5-25 cm, leaflet blade length .1-10 cm, leaflet blade width .1-2.5 cm, surface is glabrous and lustrous, reddish brown twisted sickle legume, bark grayish brown with narrow ridges divided fissures, armed with heavy branched thorns on the lower branches and trunk. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: Honey-locust wood is dense, hard and durable used locally for posts, pallets, crates, general construction, furniture, interior finish, turnery, and firewood. It is useful, but is too scarce to be of economic importance. Interesting Facts: Honey-locust pods contain 16.1 % crude fiber and 9.3 % protein. Cattle, goats, white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail, and crows eat the locust pods. Honey-locust pods are being fermented for ethanol production in studies to explore the feasibility of biomass fuels. The tree is short-lived, intolerant of shade and reproduction becomes established only beneath openings in the forest canopy. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/gletri/ GTCOM.jpg&523362304388214u„{$/ÿ6Cercis canadensis Native to eastern North America (from New Jersey to southeastern Nebraska, south to Texas, and east to central Florida) [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: small tree with maximum size approximately 25feet. Often multi-branched or having multiple trunks. Flowers appear in early spring before the heart-shaped leaves. Flowers and Legumes are borne on the branches, a trait known as cauliflory. Major Uses: Ornamental. Flowers and fruit are edible for many wild animals, such as deer and birds. Historically used by Native Americans medicinally for colds, flu, and fevers [2]. Interesting Facts: mentioned in Biblical references. Often located in disturbed areas and along forested areas as well as within due to their tolerance of sun and shade. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2202. CC2COM.jpg&518199304391400u„C@0ÿ"Caesalpiniaceae Gymnocladus Dioicus: A.K.A.: Kentucky coffee tree. Native to Midwestern North America. It grows in bottomlands, ravines, and lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains from western New York and western Pennsylvania, west to southern Wisconsin, and south through Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and northern Louisiana. Usually scattered and rather uncommon in the wild. The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, very large 1 to 3 feet long, with numerous 1 1/2 to 2 inch, ovate leaflets with entire margins. Flowers are dioecious, males and females in long 3 to 4 inch branched clusters, whitish, appearing May to June. Fruits are reddish-brown, flattened, thickened pod, 3 to 8 inches long, 1 1/2 to 2 inches wide, contains 6 or more, dark brown seeds imbedded in a sticky pulp. Twigs are very stout, light brown with whitish patches, large heart-shaped leaf scar, salmon colored pith, and buds small and sunken. Bark is dark grayish-brown, scaly, developing deep fissures with scaly ridges. It is well suited as a lawn tree because it is attractive in all seasons and casts only light shade in summer. Kentucky coffee tree is useful as an urban tree and for street plantings since it is very tolerant of air pollution, salt and drought. Female trees are, however, messy in fall when they drop their pods. Male cultivars, which do not produce pods, are becoming available in the trade. The reddish brown wood is hard, durable and very attractive when finished and polished. It is used in cabinet making. Early settlers made a coffee substitute from the roasted seeds. Native Americans used infusions of the roots and bark as a laxative. The name, Gymnocladus, means "naked branch." Although the roasted seeds were once used as a substitute for coffee, the raw seeds are poisonous. It has been reported that cattle have been poisoned from drinking water into which seedpods have fallen. Information provided by Justin Makii, 2002 [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/g/gymn_dio.cfm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/gdioicus.htm GDCOM.jpg&524364304391212u„™&1ÿwCladastris kentukea Is a native tree found naturally in the southern Appalachian, Ozarks, and Ouachita [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Pinnately compound 20-35 cm long [1] with 6-9 alternate ovate-elliptical leaflets [6]. The leaflets also are entire, almost sessile, and glabrous [1]. The inflorescences are 20-40 cm pendulous panicle with fragrant white flowers [1]. The fruits are clusters of legumes [4]. The bark is smooth, and it has a multi-stemmed habit [4]. Major Uses: ornamental, was once used for yellow dye that could be extracted from the wood [1]. The name of the tree is derived from several sources, the common name yellow wood from the yellow heart-wood. The scientific name Cladrastis, is Greek, meaning brittle wood and kentuckea meaning Kentucky, a common location of the tree [1]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. The specific epithet of this species was formerly lutea. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. CL1COM.jpg&519216298395219u„s‹2ÿ/Styphnolobia japonicum Formerly Sophora japonica. The 'Japanese Pagoda tree' or 'Scholar-tree' is a native to China and Korea, introduced into North America in 1747. This tree was also recently known as Sophora japonica. It has single or doubly compounded leaves and a persistent terminal infructescence that will bear a legume that resembles a strand of beads[1]. It has longer leaflets and an absence of spines to differentiate it from S. viciifolia and is deciduous and bears its flowers in panicles to differentiate it form S. secundiflora.[2] It is mainly used as an ornamental street or lawn tree and because of its beauty it is often planted around Buddhist temples which is where its common names are derived. A yellow dye can be extracted by baking the flowers until brown and then boiling them in water[3]. Information provided by Andy Farrell, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/s/sopjap/sopjap1.html [2] Manual of Cultivated Plants. L.H. Bailey. MacMillan Company. [3] Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Dirr. Stipes Publishing Company. SJCOM.jpg&529791298u„Lƒ3ÿ£Robinia pseuodacacia The commonly known "black locust" is a native species belonging to the Fabaceae family originally located in the range of the Appalachian mountains and in southern Missouri [1]. The plant has successfully been planted in almost every other states and many other countries. Distinguishing characteristics include; alternate pinnately compound leaves harboring around 7-19 leaflets 1 1/2 to 2 inches long and 1/2 to 3/4 an inch wide [2]. The leaflets can be elliptical or ovate with entire margins. The base of the glabrous leaflets are round and the surfaces are a dull dark blue-green color occasionally with a slight pubescence on the abaxial midrib. The flowers are showy and aromatic, white, born in racemes around 5 inches long. The fruits are brown, flat and shaped like pea pods around 2-4 inches long. The fruits contain 4-8 reniform seeds 3/16 an inch long. The twigs are zigzag shaped, red-brown in color with spines are paired, 2 at each leaf [2]. The bark red-brown to nearly black with ridges and furrows. Major uses: the wood is very strong hard and durable and is used for fence posts, tool handles, railroad ties, fuel wood, etc. The bark is well-known to be toxic to all animals [1]. This species used to be utilized in recolonization of mined land in the past but popularity of this tree for this purpose has gone down. The tree is a legume and returns many minerals to the soil through its decaying leaves. Information provided by Ryan Banks, 2003. [1]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/robpse/ [2]. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W., Leopold, Donald J., and White, Fred M. McGraw Hill. RPCOM.jpg&526753298392216u„e4ÿËPhellodendron amurense This tree was introduced to the United States from Asia prior to 1874 [1]. It is native to China, Manchuria, and Japan. Known to escape from cultivation, this tree is found in suburban and urban fringe forests in New York and Pennsylvania [1]. It naturalizes in minimally managed areas. Distinguishing Characteristics: Long pinnately compound leaves (10 to 15 cm) with 5 to 11 leaflets. Crushed leaves give off an odor resembling turpentine. Pea sized, clustered fruits that change from green to black, and smell good when crushed. Grows to be 30 to 40 feet tall with one short main trunk, and several large main branches. Bark tends to be very corky. Flowers are small and greenish-yellow. At maturity, the tree looks flat topped. The twigs lack terminal buds. Major uses: shade tree, ornamental. The tree is typically wider than it is tall. It is best to plant male trees, because the fruit from females is a litter problem. It tends to self sow, and is easy to transplant. It is tolerant of many soil types and pH levels [2]. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002 [1] http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtphel.html [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/p/pheamu/pheamu3.html PACOM.jpg&584310171u„˜B5 ÿ4Hamamelis virginiana - Common Witch-hazel Native to eastern and central United States. It is a deciduous small tree or large shrub. It is nearly as wide as it is tall, has an irregular shape, and is multi-stemmed. Distinguishing characteristics: Smooth gray to gray brown bark. Leaves are simple and alternate. They are obovate to elliptical with an uneven base. They are bright to dark green. Fall colors are a clear yellow. Buds are naked and very pubescent. Flowers are spider-like and yellow, with a spicy fragrance. They bloom in October and November. The fruit is a capsule that expels it's seed explosively in the fall. This tree prefers moist, cool, acidic soil. It is fairly pollution tolerant. It is used in landscape as borders, for shady areas, and for fall color. There is no commercial use for the wood. An alcohol astringent is extracted from the bark commercially. Native American used the leaves for tea and medicine. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter http://www.treeguide.com http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/h/hamvir/hamvir3.html HVCOM.jpg&452370237272u„ZÿbAcer griseum This species was introduced from China. Distinguishing characteristics: Papery bark that peels and curls to reveal cinnamon red branches and trunk. Leaves are odd pinnately compound with three leaflets. The underside of these leaflets are glaucous with fine pubescence. Major uses: Ornamental. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Trees & Shrubs.2002.Don Blaxell, Geoff Bryant, Richard Francis, Denise Grieg, Sarah Guest, Judy Moore, Tim North, Valda Paddison, Simon Roberts, Tony Rodd, Peter Scholer, Barbara Segall, John Stowar, Kevin Walsh. Global Book Publishing Pty Ltd. AG2003com.jpg&42336u„Yÿ+Acer platanoides Native to Europe and western Asia. Now grows throughout many temperate areas in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-lobed leaves with 2 extra "teeth" on each lobe. Leaf veins and petiole exude milky sap when broken. Petiole often longer than leaf. Flowers presented in yellow-green clusters. Paired, winged samaras grow at a wide angle of approximately 180degrees. Large, plump green to purple terminal buds [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental, yet not good for residential areas due to damage causing root system. Hard wood used for furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and tool handles. Interesting Facts: commonly used in urban areas due to its tolerance of pollution. Due to its overuse as a specimen, this species has become essentially wild and now dominantly present in some areas once comprised of native species. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/aplatanoides.htm [2] http://www.botany.ubc.ca/arboretum/UBC049.HTM APCOM.jpg&57559336154u„Tÿ”Acer ginnala, or 'Amur Maple', is native to Manchuria, northern China and Japan. In the United States it is found in the midwestern, mid-Atlantic and northeastern states. It was introduced to North America in 1860 (Bailey 1949). [3] Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are opposite and simple, with serrated margins. The leaves are 5-10cm long, 3 lobed; middle lobe is usually much longer than two side lobes. Leaf texture is shiny green above and paler below. Leaf shape is highly variable. Inflorescences are pale yellow or creamy; found on long-stems in tall wide clusters that appear in early spring. Samaras, 2-3cm long, hang at very tight angles or nearly parallel. Slender twigs glabrous and reddish-brown in color. Lenticels are lighter. Leaf scars raised. Buds short and broad. Bark is grayish-brown, smooth with darker striations or furrows with age. [4] Major Uses: Ornamental. Wings of samaras, in some varieties, turn bright pink to red at maturity. It is a durable tree, tolerating poor soil, but will grow less vigorously in the southern end of its range. It will leaf scorch in dry summers in full sun but is very drought-tolerant, particularly in partial shade. The plant is sometimes used in hedges or screens, and can be used for planting along streets beneath power lines. It is popular in bonsai form or in containers and above ground planters, often as a patio tree. [2] This species has become invasive in some natural areas, and for this reason should be not be used where its offspring have the potential to escape into the wild [5]. Information provided by Susan Arnold, 2004. [1] Bailey, L.H. 1949. Manual of Cultivated Plants. Macmillan, New York. [2] http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/ACEGINA.pdf [3] http://webapps.lib.uconn.edu/ipane/browsing.cfm?descriptionid=31 [4] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/aginnala.htm [5] http://www.midwestlandscapeplants.org/plantdetails.cfm?speciesid=396 AG1COM.jpg&41336154u„^ÿöAcer pseudoplatanus Is an introduced species from Europe [4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5 lobed leaves, 8-16 cm [4], with the lobes and teeth never sharply acuminate, they resemble Platanus leaves [6]. The inflorescences are pendulous racemes,6-15 cm [6] containing numerous 8-12 cm yellow-green flowers [4]. The fruit is a paired samara with 60-90° angle. The bark peels off in small flakes [4] Major Uses: ornamental [4]. It occasionally escapes from cultivation [6]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. AP1COM.jpg&57662336153u„XÿÉAcer palmatum Acer palmatum or Japanese Maple is a small ornamental tree and was introduced to the United States and native to the Orient.(1) This species has a slow growth rate and a spreading shape with a short, stout trunk, branching low to the ground. It performs best with rich, moist soil conditions in partially shaded locations (2). Distinctive characteristics: Simple leaf, arrangement is opposite, total length 5?13 cm, palmately lobed, primary lobes 7?9, margins finely serrated, sinuses broadly cleft extending more than one half the distance from the apex to the midrib. Twigs and buds greenish to reddish or purplish, leaf scar is V shaped with three distinct bundle scars. Fruit is a, double samara, angled at 75 to 100 degrees, green, 1?2 cm in length[3]. Economic Importance: Japanese Maple is valued for its interesting foliage [2]. Currently it is an expensive species due to its slow growth, and low availability. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://plants.usda.gov/ [2] http://www.hcs.ohio?state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_matum.html [3] Taxonomy and Ecology of Woody Plants in North American Forests. 2002. James S. Fralish and Scott B Franklin. John Wiley & Sons. AP2COM.jpg&50336155u„UÿÚAcer negundo Acer Negundo is a native species. It is a small to large deciduous tree. It is often multi-stemmed, but it can be found single stemmed. It can grow to be very high almost 70 feet for the tallest, but most trees are only about 40 to 50 feet high. It has odd pinnately compound leaves with 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. It also retains a green stem. Its blunt buds are covered with fine white hairs. Acer negundo is a fast growing tree and is also very drought and cold hardy. The trunk of the Acer negundo is very susceptible to rot and is often infested with box elder bugs. The leaves fall for an extended period of time as does the samaras so it is thought of as a dirty tree. The tree is planted in the west a lot as a means of erosion and flood control. The wood of Acer negundo is not desired for lumber because it is light and low in strength. The wood is sometimes used in the making of cheap boxes and furniture. Information provided by Jared Baker, 2002 AN1COM.jpg&57248336426144u„WÿôAcer campestre Native to Europe and near east Africa. Distinguishing Characteristics: Small yellow green leaves with rounded apices and sinuses. Milky sap in petiole. Scaly brown buds. Clusters of small yellow-green flowers in spring. Densely branched round crown. Major Uses: Mostly a landscape tree because of the dense branches. Tolerable to air pollution and urban conditions. Information provided by John Helton, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/acecam/acecam1.html ACCOM.jpg&38336u„JŽÿgTilia cordata Introduced to North America from Europe, possibly during colonial times[1]. Believed to have been dominant tree of English forests. Naturally distributed in England and Wales, and southern Scotland and most of western Europe except southern Spain, Italy, and Greece[2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple alternate with glossy green upper surface and lighter green lower surface. Margins of leaf have double serrations. Base of leaf is assymetric to heart-shaped. Leaf length is approximately 4-7 mm. Creamy yellow flowers occur in June and July as pendulous inflorescences. Fruits are small round nutlets with a rough surface which hang in clusters from pale yellow bracts and persist into winter. Twigs form a zig-zag pattern and reddish, shiny, and ovoid winter buds can be seen. Tree shape is pyramidal to tear-drop[3]. Major Uses: Often used as a shade or street tree due to its pyramidal shape and its ability to grow in a variety of soils. The flowers attract bees and so the tree is used by beekeepers[4]. It is good for carving and making small articles such as models. The wood is relatively soft and does not warp once dried. The bark has strong fiber and it was once used to make rope. Sugar can be made from the sap and the flowers can be dried and made into tea[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/linden_littleleaf/linden_littleleaf.html [2] http://www.british-trees.com/guide/smallleavedlime.htm [3] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ti_rdata.html [4] ibid [5] ] http://www.british-trees.com/guide/smallleavedlime.htm TCCOM.jpg&654857324352281u„Hÿ%Tilia europaea Hybrid between two native European Tilias, T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Agreeable odor. 5-10 cm long broadly ovate leaves with inequilateral bases, acuminate apices and serrated margins. Leaves are dark green above and bright green below. They are also glabrous with axillary tufts of hair. Major Uses: Used as an aphrodisiac. Egyptians used as cures for diseases. Information provided by John Helton, 2003 [1] http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A921 TECOM.jpg&599999654860324u„ 6ÿöAesculus glabra Native to Midwestern United States. Now ranging in areas from southern Michigan to central Texas [1]. Grown in woodland areas as well as ornamental specimens, yet a poor street tree. Distinguishing Characteristics: Non-Resinous buds. Large, showy, greenish-yellow fowers in spring. Polygamomonoecious: flowers either hermaphroditic or male. Produce very large seeds in a prickly capsule.Has an unpleasant odor when leaves are crushed. Major uses: ornamental. Rough lumber with small commercial importance; yet valuable, easily worked wood used for some furniture production. Roasted seeds once used for medicinal purposes. Seeds, leaves, and inner bark, containing saponins, are toxic to many vertebrates including humans when taken internally. Native Americans used buckeyes as fish poison as well as charms against arthritis. Aesculus glabra is the state tree of Ohio. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=116&Region=World AG2COM.jpg&58383334411157u„>6ÿ«Aesculus hippocastanum Was introduced to the country in 1957 from Europe and Asia [7]. It prefers full sun in well-drained soil making it a highly used shade tree [6]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-7 palmately compound, opposite blunt doubly serrate leaflets (10-25 cm). The winter buds are highly resinous. The twigs are glabrous. New growth has a thick brown wooly pubescence. The flowers are white with yellow to red speckles born on erect panicles [2]. Major Uses: Ornamentals [6]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html 6. http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_hipposcastanum.html 7. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology Ninth Edition. 2001. Hardin, Leopold, & White. McGraw-Hill. AHCOM.jpg&58586334409158u„ 6ÿßThis species was formally known as Aesculus octandra Aesculus flava, Aesculus octandra Marsh. (Synonym) The native range is down the Ohio River Valley. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have 5 pinnately compound elliptical leaflets that are yellow to green. The fruit is a smooth light brown capsule, unlike the spiky capsule of Aesculus glabra. Has a distinct sweet smell that contrast to the unpleasant odor of Aesculus glabra. This is the largest of the buckeyes. The wood is the softest of all American hardwoods and makes poor lumber; but it is used for pulpwood and woodenware. The young shoots and seeds contain poison that is harmful to animals, but the shape and foliage make this an attractive shade tree. The abundant, large nuts of yellow buckeye contain much starch but are apparently not suitable for food because they contain a poisonous glucoside, aesculin. The American Indian ate yellow buckeye nuts but first they roasted the nuts among hot stones and then peeled and mashed them and leached them with water for several days. This treatment apparently removed the aesculin. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 AOCOM.jpg&58685334410u„? 6ÿ®Aesculus Carnea was brought to the United Sates from Germany where it originated as a cross between Aesculus pavia and Aesculus hippocastanum. It is a medium shady tree, which grows to about 30 or 40 feet tall. It has a very dark green palmately compound leaf with five leaflets. The compound leaf stays green into late October or early November. It is called the ruby red horsechestnut because of its large showy red to pink flowers in the late spring. Fruit is a capsule that is about an inch to an inch and half long containing 1-6 seeds with a light colored hilum on the top of the seed. It is more hardy tree than A. hippocastanum when it come to drought tolerance and mildew. The tree mostly planted as ornamental. The wood is not widely used commercially. Some researchers believe that it breeds true from seed, others think it is almost sterile; it is most often propagated by grafting. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 AC1COM.jpg&87334409159u„‰7ÿ¬Introduced to Philadelphia by William Hamilton from eastern Asia in 1784 by way of Europe [1]. Naturalized in disturbed areas, roadsides, and urban environments throughout North America. Distinquishing Characteristics: Very long (30 - 60 cm) pinnately compound leaves with very disagreeable odor. Dark green glands associated with apices of basal teeth. Large showy inflorescences form large masses of oblong, twisted samaras. Very stout twigs have disagreeable odor and lack terminal buds. Major Uses: Ornamental. Reclamation of degraded landscapes. Fast growing in polluted urban environments. Very aggressive weedy species in hardwood forests since numerous seeds are produced and the tree generates abundant root and stump sprouts. Can be difficult to eradicate. The root system can cause damage to sewers and foundations. Bees collect nectar for honey production. The soft, weak, coarse-grained, and creamy white to light brown wood has no commercial value. This was the tree featured in Betty Smith's 1943 book and Elia Kazan's 1945 film "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn". Information provided by Roger Meicenheimer, 2002. [1] http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/jennjim/ailanthus.html AACOM.jpg&53992433232u„‹a8ÿqNyssa sylvatica Native to eastern North America from Maine to Michigan and Illinois and south to central Florida, thriving in moist soils(1). Distinguishing characteristics:Alternate, simple, entire, dark green leaves with lighter sparsely pubescent on the veins, leaves clustered on dwarf branches (1). Some varieties have thin leaves with many clear dots on the underside (1). Terminal bud 7mm long with 5 yellowish-brown to reddish-brown scales that are hairy at the tips (1). The fruit is an oval, dark blue drupe with a large ribbed pit. The bark is reddish brown and has deep irregular ridges and diamond shaped plates up to 3cm thick (2). Major uses: the tough wood is used for lumber, pulp, veneer, gunstocks and pistol grips. The autumn foliage makes Nyssa sylvatica a popular ornamental tree. Bees also use the nectar to make honey. The young seedlings are highly browsed by deer and the fruits are eaten by numerous bird species (2). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. Farrar, John L. 1995. Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Pgs.402-403. 2. www.fs.fed.us NSCOM.jpg&620567358402402u„#)9ÿ!Cornaceae Cornus Florida: A.K.A.: Flowering dogwood Occurs naturally in the eastern United States from Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to eastern Texas and Mexico, and east to central Florida. It grows in a variety of habitats throughout its range, but generally occurs on fertile, well drained but moist sites. Flowering dogwood is usually an under-story component in mixed hardwood forests or at the edges of pine forests. Leaves are opposite, simple, arcuately veined, 3 to 6 inches long, oval in shape with an entire margin. Flowers are very small, but surrounded by four large white (occasionally pink) bracts, 2 inches in diameter. Appearing March to April in the south, June in the north. Fruits appear as shiny, oval red drupes, 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, in clusters of 3 to 4, maturing in September to October. Twigs are slender, green or purple, later turning gray, often with a glaucous bloom. The terminal flower buds are clove-shaped; vegetative buds resemble a cat claw. Bark is gray when young, turning very scaly to blocky. The wood of dogwood is very hard and has some value in the forest products trade for such things as commercial loom shuttles and spindles. In colonial (U.S.A.) times, a tea brewed from the bark was said to reduce fevers. Squirrels and birds devour the red fruits. In recent years, flowering dogwood has been severely impacted by dogwood blight, a fungus disease that can decimate natural populations. The disease was first discovered in the 1970's, and by the 90's; it had spread throughout most of the dogwood's range. Infected trees show small spots with purple margins on the leaves. The disease eventually kills the leaves, and in 2-3 years, the tree dies. The disease (an anthracnose in the genus Discula) thrives in cool, moist weather and dogwoods in the open, with good air circulation and sunlight, are not usually attacked, as are trees in the forest under story. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cornus_f.cfm [2]http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/cflorida.htm CFCOM.jpg&615234358397181u„*9ÿPCornus mas Introduced species to this country probably before 1800 [3]. Native to Central and Southern Europe and Western Asia. Distinguishing Characteristics: Can be multi- or single-trunked, and grown as either a small tree or shrub. Small, yellow inflorescences. Leaves are simple, opposite, broad elliptic, with undulating leaf margins and approximately 3 in. long. The leaves have an arcuate vein pattern. Fruits are drupes that are green and then ripen to a bright red [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental and urban tolerant. Fruit eaten by birds and squirrels [2]. Fruit utilized in France to make an alcoholic beverage, vin de courneille, and is also used in preserves [1]. It is suggested that C. mas be planted in front of a red brick wall or near an evergreen tree to provide contrast with the yellow inflorescences [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://www.bright.net/~dogwood/article.html [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/plantlist/description/co_mas.html [3]http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/dogwood_cornelian_cherry/dogwood_cornelian _cherry.html CM1COM.jpg&243358397186u„t:ÿHAsimina triloba Asimina Triloba or the common pawpaw is a species that is native to the eastern US. It has simple alternate obovate leaves about 6 to 12 inches long. The stem has an unpleasant order when it is broken. It produces an edible greenish yellow to brown berry that is about 5 inches long and tastes similar to a banana. Inside the fruit are 2 to 3 flat bean shaped seeds. The fruit can be eaten raw or used to make puddings, breads or ice cream. Asimina triloba is planted as an ornamental or can be planted for fruit production. It can be a very weedy species in clear-cut areas in most of the midwest the site needs to be treated to suppress the Asimina triloba from shading out the other trees. There has been an anti cancer drug purified from this tree and it is being tested now. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 ATCOM.jpg&446119225398u„€;ÿÞThis species is native to Eurasia, but can now commonly be found from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, and from New England all the way to Missouri [3]. Distinguishing characteristics: A member of the Rhamnaceae, this species can grow to a height of 22 feet, with a gray to brown rough textured cork and horizontally elongated lenticels [2]. The leaves are simple and stipulate in form, predominately opposite, but can be alternate, with a sharp terminal point, and jagged teeth along margins. The leaves are also a dark green color and are glabrous, lacking pubescence on either upper or lower surface. The flowers produced by R. cathartica have 4 petals with a yellow-green color in spring, and are borne in clusters [3]. The fruit produced is a small, very black drupe that appears green or red when unripe. Another common feature of R. cathartica is that the twigs often end in spines. Major uses: R. cathartica was originally introduced as an ornamental and used as hedge rows as early as 1849 in Wisconsin [1]. The wood was also used to make fencing, however it has become quite invasive in the present day. The drupes are still used by some for their laxative effects, but should only be used by adults only. The immature drupes are used to make green pigmented water colors, and the yellow dye from the wood has been used to color paper and maps. The wood is also used for small turnery [4]. The fact that R. cathartica is well adapted to many types of soil conditions as well as it's ability to form dense patches which shade out native species has made it highly invasive to North American habitats. Information provided by Adam Lawson, 2004. [1] http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/invasive/factsheets/buckthorns.htm [2] Farrar, John, L. 1995. Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Iowa State University Press. Ames. P. (278) [3] http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/rhca1.htm [4] http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr-html?Rhamnus+cathartica&CAN=LATIND RCCOM.jpg&594709340406278u„un)ÿCoded by Eric Chapman. Pyrus calleryana, or 'Bradford Pear', native to China, was introduced to the United States around 1908. Named in 1963 after Frederick Charles Bradford, former director of the USDA Plant Introduction Station in Glenn Dale, Maryland. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are alternate, simple, heart-shaped to ovate, and 5-8cm in length. Margins are finely serrated and conspicuously undulating or wavy. Leaves are shiny green above, paler and dull below. In spring trees bear large clusters of showy white inflorescences, which appear before or with the leaves. Often so dense the entire tree appears white. Flowers can sometimes have a disagreeable odor. Small (1.25cm diameter), round, brown pome fruits. Twigs are glossy brown to reddish-brown. Terminal buds are large (0.5-1.25cm long), ovate, and covered in light brown woolly hairs. Bark is first smooth with numerous lenticels, light brown to reddish-brown. Later turns grayish brown with shallow furrows. [5] Mayor Uses: Ornamental. Popular for landscape use in urban areas where air pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil, and/or drought are common [4]. This tree has a habit of forming tight branch crotch angles that are points of weakness. In the event that the tree is not pruned, it will eventually split under its weight due to high winds, storms, ice, snowload, etc. [6]. As a young tree, it grows quickly and offers good resistance to fireblight [6]. Some say the tree has little invasive potential [2]. In other places it is considered invasive because of its tendency to spread into natural habitats [3]. Information provided by Susan Arnold, 2004. [1] Grimm, William C. 2002. The Illustrated Book of Trees. Stackpole Books. Mechanicsburg, PA. 467-469. [2] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_ST537 [3] http://enature.com/fieldguide/showspeciesRECNUM.asp?recnum=TS1195 [4] http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PYRCALB.pdf [5] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/pcalleryana.htm [6] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/p/pyrcal/pyrcal1.html pc20acom.jpg&468262368-369u„PW ÿÁMagnolia soulangiana Also known as the saucer magnolia, this tree is of garden origin. The parents of this hybrid are both native to China. The Saucer Magnolia originated by chance in 1820, as an accidental seedling in a French garden. [1] It's a member of Magnoliaceae. The leaves are elliptic to obovate and are 20 cm long and 12 cm wide. They are tapered at the base and usually rounded at the tip with a short point. They are dark green and nearly smooth above, paler and fine pubescence underneath. The bark is gray and smooth. Fruit clusters ripen from green to pink. It is a cylindrical cluster up to 10 cm long. Large, pubescent buds are carried through the winter at the tips of the branches. They open in early spring to produce large, white flowers with the backs or bottoms of petals colored pink. The flower display is often cut short or destroyed by frost. It is an early spring-flowering tree that also has ornamental winter floral buds, smooth gray bark, bold texture, and dense shade. This specimen is used as a focal point in an entranceway or street tree. It is often serving as an early spring accent. Saucer magnolia's can be sensitive to being transplanted in autumn. Information provided by Lisa Walter, 2003 [1]http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/magnolia_saucer/magnolia_saucer.html [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ma_giana.html [3] TREES. 1992. Coombes, Allen J. Dorling Kindersley. MS1COM.jpg&443515253u„—6<!ÿwEuonymus alatus Introduced into the USA from northeastern Asia around 1860 for use as an ornamental shrub [1]. Distinguishing characteristics: Opposite, elliptical, serrated leaves form a shaded canopy in the densely-stemmed shrub, being dark green in Summer and flaming red in Autumn. The species form and select cultivars (both being rarely available) have prominently corky stems with a hint of green in the non-corky regions, while the cultivar 'Compacta' (the overwhelming and often singular choice) has the situation reversed, with green stems being interrupted by longitudinal hints of corkiness. Creamy-green flowers and beige-orange fruits (prominently displayed in some other members of the genus) are subdued, sparse, and rarely noticed for this species. Growth habit is vased in youth, and, if rarely or never sheared, becomes rounded and horizontally layered in its branching with maturity [2]. Major Uses: The bright red fall foliage makes this shrub a popular ornamental planting, and it is commonly planted along interstate highways, as hedges, and in foundation plantings. While it behaves well in urban areas, E. alatus planted near woodlands, mature second-growth forests, and pastures can be problematic. It has been observed escaping from cultivation in the northeast and Midwest, notably in Connecticut, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. E. alatus is a threat to woodland areas, fields, and coastal scrubland because it out competes native species [1]. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003. [1] http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrteuon.html [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/eu_alata.html EACOM.jpg&633312192u„zM=ÿÌLigustrum vulgare Introduced to the US from Europe and North Africa, particularly Morocco, and is commonly known as the European Privet. Spread mostly in the Northeast and Midwest United States. It is invasive and grows in a variety of habitats such as roadsides, disturbed forest edges, coasts. Distinguishing characteristics include simple, opposite leaves that are shiny and lanceolate with entire margins. It is a perennial deciduous shrub that blooms in mid-spring. Mature height is 3 to 4 meters. Bark is smooth grey-brown. Twigs and petioles are pubescent. Lenticels are present. Auxiliary buds and petioles are purplish in color, but the terminal bud scales remain green. Flowers are white with an unpleasant odor. Fruit, which appears in early September, is a dark purple drupe that is toxic to humans. The seeds are spread by animals, mainly birds. The leaves are high in phenolic compounds, which discourage herbivory [2]. This species is not a lumber or veneer source, and is mainly used as an ornamental shrub and for hedgerows. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/l/ligvul/ligvul1.htm [2] http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdg/ligustrum_spp.pdf LV20com.jpg&1151797483376u„9Q>"ÿðLonicera maackii Introduced to the United States in 1898 from china [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple oppositely arranged leaves. Glabrous dark green upper surface. Small white inflorescence which flowers in May and June [2]. Fruits are bright red and very abundant in autumn months [2]. Has a brown pith coloration and pubescence on one year twig [3]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Sometimes used for landscaping but not often due to its invasiveness. Weak shrub has no commercial value for wood. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://webapps.lib.uconn.edu/ipane/browsing.cfm?descriptionid=66 [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/lo_ackii.html [3] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/l/lonmaa/lonmaa1.html Lmcom02.jpg&943495418u„Ž—?"ÿþViburnum acerifolium Viburnum acerifolium is a native species to the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: Multi-branched trunk. Deciduous, simple, opposite, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate leaf that is somewhat pubescent. In the fall leaves change to a reddish purple color. Fruits a black egg-shaped drupe. Stems are brown with pubescence. Blooms in June with yellowish-white flowers. Major Uses: Landscaping. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/a.html VACOM.jpg&1341936889418u„@D@#ÿzHydrangea arborescens Native, New York to Iowa, south to Florida and Louisiana [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Shrub 1-3 m, leaves coarse, opposite, simple, acute to acuminate, rounded to cordate at base, 5-20 cm, serrate; bark shreddy; flowers white to green to brown, in flattened to broadly convex corymbs 5-10 cm in diameter, June-Sept.; fruit a capsule [1,2]. Major Uses: ornamental, medicinal use as diuretic and for kidney stones [3]. Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plats of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden: Bronx, New York. [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us image02.jpg&747475382292u„,9Aÿ¯Forsythia suspensa- "Weeping forsythia" Native to China. Introduced to North eastern U.S. in 1833 [4]. Distinguishing characteristics: A deciduous shrub growing 8-10ft tall and 10-15ft. wide. It has a distinct weeping habit with fine arching and trailing branches. The Weeping forsythia is one of the first shrubs to flower in the early spring. A large array of golden yellow flowers appears in March-April before the leaves are even present. Flowers are 1-2 inches across with four narrow petals. There are 1-3 flowers at each node. The leaves are oppositely arranged and mostly simple, some are divided into 2-3 lobes. They have toothed margins and are 2-4 inches long. The stems are slender and hollow between nodes and dotted with many raised lenticels. Fruit is an inconspicuous brown capsule [2]. Major uses: landscaping: mixed shrub borders or mixed hedges. It is an attractive shrub because it can be trained to grow up a wall or to grow up into a tree or large shrub [1]. Seeds of Forsythia have been used for medicinal purposes having antibacterial, antifungal, and other properties [3]. White tailed deer are extremely fond of Forsythia and will keep the leaves stripped all summer long if given the chance [1]. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/f/fors_sus.cfm [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/f/forsus/forsus3.html [3] http://www.brickfieldspark.org/data/forsythia.htm [4] http://www.il-st-acad-sci.org/transactions/PDF/8813.pdf fs2com.jpg&339376u„K’ÿ/Tilia tomentosa Introduced to the United States and is native to western Asia [2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are cordate and ovate, densely pubescent underneath. Leaves have serrate and doubly serrate margins. Pubescence can be found on the twigs as well as the buds. Blade length is 2 to 4 in. Flowers are yellowish white and fragrant. Fruits are nuts and have pubescence, are inconspicuous (<0.5 in.) and persist into winter. Fruits are oval in shape and are dry/hard with a tan color woody. There is typically one trunk with branches that droop [1]. Twig color is brown or green. Major Uses: Used as a hedge, and it is often used in cities: urban tolerant - parking lots streets without sidewalks. It is difficult to transplant, but is good as a street tree and casts dense shade [1]. Prefers moist well drained soil but will grow in a range of soil type. It will tolerate wind, salts, and air pollution. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_ST642 [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/t/tiltom/tiltom3.html TTCOM.jpg&654u„G‘ÿ`Tilia platyphyllos is an introduced species that is native to Europe and Southwest Asia. Tilia playphyllos is commonly known as the Bigleaf Linden or Large Leaf Lime Tree. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple alternately arranged leaves are ovate to cordate in shape and average 2" to 5" long. Leaves associated with sharp leaf margin serrations, also a hairy pubescence on both under and top side of the leaf. The summer color of leaf is a dark green. Flowers are typically small and in dropping clusters. The flower clusters are found with a "leaf-like bract." Color associated with the flower is a light yellow. These flowers are bee attracters because of the aroma of the fragrance. The fruit is a small 0.5" round nut that is a cream color that dangles in the air almost like a ornament from a Christmas tree. Bark characteristics are ridges and furrows with a brown color. This tree typically likes full sun but prefers moist deep well drained soil, and can typically reach 60' to 80' tall. [2] Common uses of the Tilia are as a remedy for colds, vomiting, and anxiety. The wood is very good material used for making furniture or musical instruments because it is very easy to cut. The inner bark is used to make shoes, mats, baskets, rope, and clothing. Charcoal is also commonly made from the wood used for drawing and medicinal purposes. [3] Information provided by Grady Rogers, 2004. [1] http://www.parks.ci.portland.or.us/urbanforestry/trees/TIPL.html [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/t/tilpla/tilpla1.html [3] http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Tilia+platyphyllos&CAN=LATIND TPCOM.jpg&999654u„~Cÿ4Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry This species is part of the Rosaceae family and is a native species that has a shrub-like form with a narrow crown; it can form a small tree with an upright trunk. The distinguishing characteristics are the leaf is simple finely serrate ovate pinnately veined, green above, light green below. The twig is slender flexible and red-brown in color. The pointed scaly buds may be up to 4 cm long, and have hairy margins. (1) If you see the tree between March and June you will see large showy white flowers with 5 approximately 12cm petals on an 8 cm raceme, before the leaves appear. During the months of June to July the fruit of this species is a characteristic round red (not ripe) to black (ripe) edible drupe. The bark of this species is an ashy-gray color and is smooth when young developing long ridges and furrows. This species is most economically important as an ornamentally, the fruits are edible as well. The common name derived from the tradition of holding a memorial for all those who died in the winter in the Appalachia, at the time the berries flowered. (2) This information was provided by Heidi L. Byrd 2003. 1.) http://www.rptuthill.com/specs.php?index1=42&index2=1 2.) http://www.treeguide.com/species.asp?species1d=147®ion=world Coded by C. David Walters al20com.jpg&767377101,105u„"'9ÿONative Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaf: Alternate, simple, oval to ovate, arcuate venation, 2 1/2 to 5 inches long; leaves do tend to cluster near branch tips so they may appear whorled or opposite; margins may be somewhat wavy. Flower: White, in flat-topped clusters. Fruit: Bluish-black drupe in clusters; fruit stalks turn reddish. Twig: Slender, reddish to green in color; leaf scars small slits, terminal buds small (1/4 inch long), ovoid with two or three scales showing; pith white; dead twigs turn a yellowish-orange color. Bark: Smooth, dark green, streaky; eventually develops shallow fissures. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: ornamental Interesting Facts: On the endangered species list according to the preservation of native flora of Florida. Mujomij means Cornus alternifolia in Anishinabe. They used the plant to bathe diseased eyes by steeping the root in water and straining the liquid for a curable solution. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/calternifolia.htm http://www.d.umn.edu/~mcanned1/ethano.html&u„`_ÿµData encoded by Matt Peachey, 2000; and Nathan Howell, 2001. The native range of Morus rubra is from Massachussetts and southern Vermont west through the southern half of New York to extreme southwestern Ontario, southern Michigan, central Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south to Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central Texas; and east to southern Florida. Morus rubra grows well under a wide variety of conditions. It is often found in pastures and on field borders. Distinguishing Characteristics: The bark is dark and scaly and divided into irregular, elongate plates. The orange inner bark is tough and fibrous. The leaves are highly variable, and can be lobed (up to 3) or not lobed. Also the leaves are papery, and white fibers show when torn. The fruit resembles blackberries. Major uses: Morus rubra wood is light, soft, weak, close-grained, and durable. It is doesn't have much commercial importance. Some uses include fence posts, farm implements, furniture, interior finish, and caskets. Many species of birds and small mammals eat the fruits of Morus rubra. Morus rubra has shallow roots, so it is not used a soil stabilizer. Morus rubra is planted for its fruit and as an ornamental. The fruit is used to make jams, jellies, pies, and beverages. Native Americans used the fibrous bark to make cloth. Morus rubra is becoming increasingly scarce in the central portions of its range, possibly due to a bacterial disease. Information provided by Patricia Shamhart, 2004. [1]http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/morrub/ [2]http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/trees/moru.html [3]http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/mrubra.htm mr20com.jpg&xxxxxu„“„ÿ!Salix babylonica Introduced to United States from China. Naturalized mostly near urban areas throughout the Eastern United States [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Alternate finely serrated lance shaped leaves from 3-6 inches in length. Clusters of brown one inch long valve like capsules. No terminal buds. Long drooping olive colored twigs with very small buds [2]. Bark is grey to brown and irregularly furrowed [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Used many times in poetry from the time of Shakespeare, usually about its shimmering leaves [3]. [1] Nation Audubon Society Field Guide To Trees.1980.Alfred A. Knopf Inc. Page 329-330 [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/sbabylonica.htm [3] http://www.trees-online.com/types_of_trees/salix_babylonica.shtml Coded by Dan Fogarty. sb20com.jpg&292 381,382,388436,43725,26385,386u„KD%ÿWCoded by Karen Balkey. Introduced. Native to Eastern Asia and possibly introduced by birds around the mid to late 1800's. Distinguishing Characteristics: At maturity, a large tree with alternate, simple, palmately compound leaves with 5-7 lobes, looking similar to Liquidambar styraciflua. Young stems are stout and armed with many yellowish prickles. Flowers are showy clusters of small, white flowers and fruits are small, black drupes. Major uses: Used in landscaping because Kalopanax makes an interesting shade tree. Bees are highly attracted to the showy flowers, as are birds to the fruits. In 2002, The College of Pharmacy in Kyungsung University in South Korea did a study of the effects of Kalpanax pictus stem bark as a treatment for rheumatoidal arthritis. It proved possibly effective in reducing rheumatoidal syndromes through antioxidative mechanisms. Information provided by Lucille M. Repper, 2004. [1] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nin.gov [2] www.hort.uconn.edu [3] Dirr, Micheal A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Stipes Publishing. Champaign, Illinois. p. 531 kp20com.jpg&611745362455-56u„IÿYTilia euchlora Koch. The 'Crimean Linden' is a hybrid developed in the 19th century and its parentage is believed to be T. cordata and T. dasystyla [1]. The leaf exhibits an inequilateral base, serrated margin, and acuminate apex that is the typical Tilia leaf shape and fruit accompanied by a large leaf-like bract. It has smaller leaves like T. europeae and T. cordata. Unlike T .cordata it has a light green color on the underside of its leaves and its fruit has a thick shell. Unlike T. europeae the upper surface of the leaf is glossy and the teeth have long slender points [2] This species being a horticultural creation is used ornamentally as a street or shade tree. Information provided by Andy Farrell, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/t/tileuc/tileuc1.html [2] Manual of Cultivated Plants. L.H. Bailey. MacMillen Company. te1com.jpg&u„(”ÿQUlmus glabra is an introduced species from Britain. Its range is woods, hedges and by streams, and more common in the west and north. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves have ruff pubescence, and are doubly serrated with an inequilateral base. The pubescence is also on the terminal buds and the stems. There is a zigzag internode pattern. Major Uses: Fiber from the inner bark is used for making mats and ropes. It is also used ornamentally for shade. The wood is very durable so has many odd uses. Ulmus glabra is easy to transplant and culturally very adaptable, so many times the tree has been grafted. Unfortunately it is susceptible to Dutch Elm Disease. Information provided by Patricia Shamhart, 2004. [1]http://woodyplants.nres.uiuc.edu/plant/ulmglca80 [2]http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ulmus+glabra ugcom.jpg&133-134u„`E&ÿ²Myrica pennsylvanica Northern bayberry This native dioecious species is a member Myrica family. The distinguishing characteristics of this species are the leathery, alternate, simple, obovate or oblong. The leaves are aromatic, dark green with pubescence (sometimes) and yellow resin dots on the underside. In spring both the female and male flowers (catkins) can be seen in the leaf axils before the leaves appear. In the late summer bluish-white waxy (initially pubescent) drupes can be seen in clusters on short stalks. The twig of this species, when immature, is slender, brittle, reddish brown appearing white due to pubescence and matures to be smooth and gray. (2) The bark of this usually rounded shrub is thin, smooth and gray-brown in color. The economic importance is its use in landscape. It is hearty in dry, sandy, acidic soils and they are tolerant of salt sprays. The wax from the berries provides fragrance for the bay berry scented candles. (1) This information provided by Heidi L. Byrd. 1.) http://gardening.about.com/library/weekly/aa040100c.html?terms=myrica+pensylvanica 2.) http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/Syllabus2/mpensylvanica.htm Coded by Stephen Robnick. mp20com.jpg&u„*5F!ÿCoded by Nathan Compton. This species is found throughout North and Central America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. [1] The deciduous varieties are valued for their vividly colored fruits are gorgeous autumn colors. Depending on the cultivar this can be a climbing vine, a shrub, or a semi-shrub. As a shrub it is fairly small, and when against a wall it can reach 8 to 25 feet. They can grow in almost any kind of soil, and are tolerant of dry, shallow, alkaline soil. They are susceptible to spider mites and thrips, but the worst pest is the Euonymus scale. This can severely stunt its growth and be fatal. Leaves are oppositely arranged and are evergreen to semi-evergreen. Margins are finely serrated. They are dark green with lighter veins and elliptical in shape. The flowers are inconspicuous and are a creamy green to yellow-green color and are found in small bunches in the leaf axils early in the summer. Information provided by Stephanie Ramsey, 2004. [1]http://www.botanyworld.com/euonymus.html ef20com.jpg&963241u„yjÿïPrunus cerasifera Native to Western Asia, Caucasia [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Alternate, simple, toothed, 1 ½- 2 ½" long, no glands on petiole, small shrubby tree, rounded twigs, ascending or spreading branches. Fl. White, fragrant, solitary, April. Major Uses: Common ornamental, often cultivated for purple leaves. Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M. A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Stipes Publishing Company. Coded by Lisa Schill. pc20bcom.jpg&409u„21+ÿØCrataegus viridis Green Hawthorn, Southern hawthorn, Winter King Hawthorn Green hawthorn is a small tree to 11 m (35 ft) tall and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. Distinguishing Characteristics: the glossy green leaves have toothed edges and tend to be elliptical to oval in shape. Flowers, appear in clusters of white and open in mid?May. The fruit is a bright red drupe, one fourth to one half of an inch in diameter, maturing in autumn [1]. The bark is pale gray, scaly, with orange inner bark. Twigs brown, glabrous, spines mostly absent [2]. Major Uses: The wood, hard and strong, is used for tool handles. Many cultivars are available for landscaping [3]. In 1753 Linnaeus gave this species its Latin name, meaning "green" from a specimen with shiny green foliage sent from Virginia [4]. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.net/profile/ros/craviwk/ [2] http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/crat?vir.htm [3] Forest Trees: A guide to the Southeastern and Mid?Atlantic Regions of the United States. 2003. Lisa J. Samuelson and Michael E. Hogan. Prentice Hall. [4] Field Guide to Trees: Eastern Region. Elbert L Little. 1980. National Audubon Society:Alfred A. Knopf Inc. Coded by Mathew Agan. cv20com.jpg&458-48978300404-405, 410-411166,169u„ ŠG'ÿ‡Coded by Douglas Means. Native to Eastern and Central U.S.A. Distinguishing Characteristics: One common name, American Bladdernut, refers to a balloon-like inflated capsule fruit; initially light green and turning brown with age. The flowers are greenish white and campanulate (bell-shaped) and hang in showy panicles. Staphylea trifolia has oppositely arranged pinnately compound leaves with three leaflets, the central leaflet long-stalked and the lateral leaflets short-stalked. Older bark is greenish gray with white, linear, fissures giving this shrub or small tree a striped appearance. Major Uses: Sometimes used in landscaping and naturalization of disturbed lands because it makes a nice foliage plant and is easily root propagated. Thought to be first cultivated around 1640. Information provided by Lucille M. Repper, 2004. [1] Cronquist and Gleason. 1998. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Canada, 2nd edition. The New York Botanical Gardern. Bronx, New York. pp. 349-350. [2] Dirr, Micheal A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Stipes Publishing. Champaign, Illinois. pp. 966-967. st20com.jpg&568984634-635423504-505186244u„˜?"ÿViburnum opulus Viburnum opulus is European Cranberry bush. This species is primarily known through its various cultivars and is native to Eurasia and North Africa [1]. It is sometimes confused with American Cranberry bush (Viburnum trilobum), and differs primarily in the degree of leaf incision and also in the warty glands on the upper petiole, which are convex and slightly stalked. There are several cultivars, which exist that vary in flowers, fruits, or size. Distinctive Characteristics: Leaves are opposite, ovate, trilobed, and deeply incised, about 3" long and 3" wide, overall shape resembling a trilobed Maple leaf [1]. The creamy?white flowers are composed of an outer ring of large sterile flowers and an inner ring of tiny fertile ones. The fruit of this species is cranberry colored and sized and remains on branches through winter. It was primarily consumed by wildlife. Economic Importance: The shrub is useful as a medium tall hedge or border for screening or a windbreak, essentially erosion control. It is an attractive flowering landscape, ornamental plant [2]. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio?state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/vi_pulus.html [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=VIOPA2 Coded by Julienne Wright. vo20com.jpg& 1341-1342936-937474418325-328u„.LH(ÿâKoelreuteria paniculata The Golden Rain tree, also known as the Chinese Flame tree is native to China and Korea. It is a member of the Sapindaceae (soapberry) family. Leaves are pinnately compound up to 45 cm long. They are either lobed or divided into leaflets that are 10 cm long. Leaves are deeply toothed or lobed, dark green above, and turn golden yellow in autumn. Clusters of showy lime-green fruit pods in late summer change to brown capsules in autumn and persist throughout the winter into the following season [1]. They are bladder like capsules about 5 cm long and resemble Chinese lanterns. This tree is one of the few to flower in mid-summer, usually early July. Inflorescences (45 cm) are very showy and made up of many green-yellow to bright yellow small flowers (1.2 cm). Flower centers are marked red. The bark is pale brown and shallowly fissured, but becomes furrowed with age. This tree is used mainly as an ornamental. It is good as a small shade tree. It is a tough and an adaptable tree. It is normally found in hot, dry, river valleys. It does well in urbanized and polluted areas. It is also adaptable to most soil conditions. Information provided by Lisa Walter, 2003 [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ko_ulata.html [2]http://www.2shoptrees.net/new/product/productdetails.aspx?proname=Golden+Raintree&Campaign_id=63&user=google&keyword=broad3+adgroup19 [3] TREES. 1992. Coombes, Allen J. Dorling Kindersley. Coded by Amanda Green. kp20bcom.jpg&989-990640-641250u„D.+ÿ…Crataegus lavallei Originated in the Segrez Arboretum in France around 1880. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Has a disagreeable odor. Leaves: obovate to elliptic, tapered at the base, pointed at the tip, serrate, glossy dark green top paler and hairy beneath. Each flower contains 15-20 yellow stamens surrounded by white pearl-like structures. Has a brownish gray outer bark and a rusty colored under bark. Major uses: It is used as a landscape and a bonsai tree. It is a hybrid between C. stipulaceae and C. crusgalli. Information provided by John Helton, 2003 [1] http://www.hort.net/profile/ros/crala/ Coded by Barrett Scurlock. cl20com.jpg&509159xu„ƒNIÿ”Coded by Lisa Ogdin. Lindera benzoin is native to North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, elliptical shaped leaves typically 3-5 inches long. The entire margin can be somewhat ciliate. The leaves also have a strong spicy odor when they are crushed hence the common name, "Spicebush." This species is usually characterized as a bush or a large shrub with several stems, which takes a typical rounded form. This species produces a flower that is a yellow-greenish color that appears in axillary clusters during months March to May. [1] Fruit associated with this shrub is a bright red drupe when ripe or green before ripening, that is on average 3/8 of an inch long. Inside the drupe contains on large seed that has a peppery taste and scent. Fruits mature around months of September or October. Twigs often show an olive-green to brown color that have a very distinctive globose bud, usually with 2 to 3 yellow-green scales. Even the buds when spliced have an obvious spicy or peppery smell about them. Bark color ranges from brown to gray brown often accompanied by white lenticels. [2] One major uses from the Spicebush is its leaves contain small quantities of camphor, this oil can be used an insect repellent or disinfectant. The younger leaves, fruit, and twigs all contain aromatic oils that reveal a very fragrant scent and flavor. These are commonly made into a tea, and a spice frequently substituted for "allspice." This Shrub also has a use around the house as a remedy for colds, dysentery, and internal parasites. This shrub is also an important host plant for butterflies that especially like the Spicebush. [3] Information provided by Grady Rogers, 2004. [1] http://www.usi.edu/science/biology/TwinSwamps/Lindera_benzoin.htm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/lbenzoin.htm [3] http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Lindera+benzoin lb20com.jpg&422261-262148,150u„•†ÿ´Salix exigua S. exigua is a thicket-forming shrub with a cluster of multiple stems that occasionally forms a single trunk. The leaves are linear and are 4-10 cm long. They have pointed ends and occasionally they have a few scattered teeth. The leaves vary, from lacking pubescence to being densely pubescent. The color of the leaves is yellowish green on both surfaces. The bark is gray in color and with maturity becomes fissured. The twigs are slender upright and may have gray pubescence. In the early the flowers are catkins that are 2.5-6cm long with yellow pubescent scales at the end of leafy twigs. The fruit mature in the early summer and are light brown pubescent capsules. This hardy species has perhaps the greatest range of all tree willows, ranging from the Yukon River in central Alaska to the Mississippi River in southern Louisiana. (1) This species can be used to plant on stream bottoms to prevent surface erosion. The twigs can be used for decorative, household items such as baskets, and livestock can feed on this species. Information provided by Heidi L. Byrd 2003. (1) National Auborn Society Field Guide to Trees Eastern Region. Chanticlear Press Coded by Abigail Fox. se20com.jpg&152u„„!ÿqCeltis laevigata- "Sugarberry" Native to southeastern U.S. Distinguishing characteristics: A moderate sized tree ranging from 60-80ft. tall. Leaves are dark green, simple, alternate, and ovate with an entire leaf margin (distinguishing it from toothed leaf of the Common hackberry). Fall color is yellow. It has smooth, gray bark that may become corky with age. Small male, female, and bisexual flowers are born on the same plant. The fruit produced is an edible droop, orange-red in color and sweet [1]. Major uses: Commonly used as a shade or accent tree because of its tolerance of urban stresses. Sugarberry is of minor importance in the forest products trade where the wood is used for crating and furniture [2]. However, for the most part the wood is soft and weak and has limited use because of its lack of strength. The fruit is used by wildlife, especially birds, as a nutritious food source. The sugarberry thrives in moist soils, especially clay soils of river flood plains and streams. It is found primarily in southern Indiana and Illinois south to Florida and Texas. The fruit from this tree was used as a food seasoning by Native Americans and early settlers [1]. Information provided by Melissa Sama, 2003. [1] http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horticulture/kytreewebsite/commonnamefiles/text/celtisinfo.htm [2] http://www.floridata.com/ref/c/celtis_1.cfm Coded by Matt Peachey. cl20acom.jpg&u„ 6ÿ`Aesculus parviflora Native to North America [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Palmately compound leaves with 5 and sometimes 7 leaflets. The leaflets are 3-8 inches in length and have short petioles. Highly resinous buds. Leaves have a dark green upper and have cuneate bases and acuminated apices. Fruit is a tan pear shaped capsules [2]. Flowers are small 4-petaled and tubular with long white filaments [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Able to grow with very little sun so good for landscapes with lots of shade. Tree is not very susceptible to many diseases common to other Aesculus species. Considered aggressive but not invasive. No real commercial value for wood [2]. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=AEPA2#guides [2] http://www.mallorn.com/pom/Aug97/ Coded by Douglas Means. ap20com.jpg&58212263863-64186u„†‚B$ÿRhus typhina It is native to the eastern Untied States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Deep crimson berries in a dense cluster grown at the top of the trees. Leaves: large, pinnately compound with 11 - 31 leaflets, coarsely serrate margins; fall color is purplish red, orange-red or yellowish. Fruits ripen in fall and remain through winter. Usually grown as a shrub but can reach 25' 30' in height and 6' to 12' in width. Major Uses: Grown mostly for shrubbery in landscapes. Native Americans use to make a lemonade type drink from this tree. It has a high concentration of Vitamin C. The bark and fruit were used as tanning for leather. Information provided by John Helton, 2003. [1] http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/r/rhus_typ.htm Coded by Matthew Agan. rt20com.jpg&551-55294454-455195-196u„J ÿâAlnus glutinosa "European Black Alder" A native of Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. It was introduced to North America sometime during the colonial period and since has become naturalized from Newfoundland south to Delaware and west to Illinois and Michigan [3]. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaf is atypical compared to other Alders in that it is round in shape, rather than elliptical. Leaves are simple, alternate, and have a doubly serrated margin. Some leaves have a distinct notch at the apex and all easily flutter in the breeze. [1]. Monoecious, male flowers are slender reddish-brown catkins (1-1.5 in. long); female flowers are small (1/6 in) reddish-brown cone-like catkins in clusters near branch tips. Fruit is a woody cone-like catkin, ¾ in. long, egg shaped, contains many small winged nutlets persistent through winter. The twigs are green and sticky when young and later turn grayish brown. The bark is initially smooth and grayish brown and later develops small, irregular, broken patches [2]. Major uses: It is grown as a shade tree in urban areas or near moist areas such as ponds and creeks where it provides erosion control and ornamental appeal [1]. In its native range the Black Alder is used as a source of stock for processed wood (pulp, chipboard, etc¼) and specialty items such as wooden shoes and clog soles [3]. It has extremely rapid growth and is able to self-sow to form a colony of saplings within a few years of initial seed production [1]. Information provided by Melissa Sama, 2003. [1] http://www.ohiodnr.com/forestry/Education/ohiotrees/alder.htm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/aglutinosa.htm [3] http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria4/m42.pdf Coded by Eric Chapman. ag20com.jpg&91-9269-70367-369u„|3K)ÿÙCoded by Abigail Fox. This is an introduced species to North America that is native to Europe and Asia first cultivated in Germany in 1736, but would be introduced to the U.S. in the late 1800's [2]. It has become naturalized in weedy and moist areas, along streams and rivers, as well as on slopes throughout N. America and Canada. Distinguishing characteristics: E.angustifolia is a deciduous tree that grows up to 30 ft tall. The stems, buds, and leaves have a dense covering of silvery scales, or trichomes. The leaves are lanceolate to oblong, ranging from 4 to 8 cm in length, and 1 to 2 cm in width, with a silvery green appearance [1]. This tree produces flowers and fruits by the age of three, with creamy yellow flowers appearing in June and July, which are later replaced by the drupe like fruit elliptical in shape. Major uses: This species has been used mainly as an ornamental because of the attractive inflorescences. E. angustifolia has also been used as a windbreak and for erosion control along streams and rivers [1]. This species out competes native vegetation in several ways. For instance, it strains water reserves and fixes nitrogen in the roots, which allows it to grow on bare mineral substrates and thus dominate riparian vegetation [2]. Information provided by Adam Lawson, 2004. [1] Hardin, J., Leopold, D., White, F. 2001. Textbook of Dendrology. McGraw-Hill. New York. P. (425-426) [2] http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/elan1.htm ea20com.jpg&565-566104519-20716-717301-302274u„AL*ÿÊHalesia tetraptera Formerly Halesia carolina. Native to Eastern US. Commonly found at high elevations in the Appalachian Mts. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are simple, alternate, ovate to obovate up to 7 inches long with slightly serrated margins. Racemes of white bell-shaped flowers in spring turning to lime green/brown 4-winged drupes persisting to winter. Smooth gray bark with tan stripes. Two and three year old bark exfoliates stringy filaments. Older bark scaly. Major Uses: Ornamental. Wood used for pulp and cabinetry. Shade tolerant. Not tolerant of high pH. Disease, pest tolerant. Poor fall color. Pink flowers possible in some cultivars. Information provided by Scott Sanderson, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/h/haltet/haltet1.html [2]http://www.sfws.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/styracaceae_pg/carolina_silverbell.htm [3] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ha_ptera.html Coded by Lisa Ogden. hc20com.jpg&637-638825-826340-341402-403304-305u„Cÿ¾Amelanchier arborea This is a native species commonly known as the "downy serviceberry" belonging to the Rosaceae family [1]. Distinguishing characteristics include: alternate, simple, ovate, pinnately veined, 1 1/2 to 3 inch long finely serrated leaves. Some leaves may show pubescence below when young [2]. This deciduous tree has showy flowers that appear before the leaves, are white and have 5 half inch long petals. The fruits are red to dark purple when ripe, about 1/4 to 1/8 inch in diameter, and are edible. The twigs are thin and flexible, with a reddish-brown color sometimes covered with slight pubescence. The buds are imbricate, around 1/2 inch long, and pointed. The bark is smooth when young and is ashy-gray with dark stripes [2]. After aging the bark becomes rough with long splits and furrows. Major uses: the wood is not often used but can be for pulp [1]. Many animals use the fruit of this species as a food source. Information provided by Ryan Banks, 2003. [1]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/amearb/ [2].Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W., Leopold, Donald J., and White, Fred M. McGraw Hill. Coded by Julianne Wright. aa20com.jpg&460766-767512251414-415u„ [*ÿ Malus floribunda Native to Japan. It was introduced to North America by Phillip Von Siebold in 1862 [1]. Distinguishing characteristics: 15-25 ft. tall with a broad, rounded, densely branched canopy. Leaves are simple, deciduous and elliptical in shape. They are alternately arranged and have pinnate venation. The flowers are very showy and pink or white in color and have a very pleasant fragrance. The fruit is round and fleshy and either red or yellow in color. Major uses of tree and wood: Crabapples are used as a food source for wildlife, especially birds and squirrels, and are also harvested to make jellies for human consumption. This tree is a popular ornamental because of its showy appearance and urban tolerance. The tree is used to make large parking lot islands (more than 200 sq. feet), wide tree lawns, and is also recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway [2]. All members of this genus have a toxin Hydrogen cyanide in their seeds and possibly in their leaves. In small quantities Hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration, improve digestion and has been used in the treatment of cancer [3]. Information provided by: Melissa Sama 2003. [1] http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1933/v2-140.html [2] http://www.hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/malfloa.pdf [3] http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Malus+floribunda Coded by Bill Amberg. mf20com.jpg&548183188-189u„jpÿGQuercus acutissima The 'Sawtooth Oak' is a native to Japan, China, Korea, and the Himalayas that was introduced to North America as an ornamental in 1862 [1]. The leaves of this species are evenly toothed as the name suggests with bristle tips on each tooth. They are glabrous above and below except for axillary tufts (A similar species, Q. variabilis is tomentose on the underside of the leaf). The acorn involucre covers about two thirds of the nut [2]. This species is mainly used as an ornamental shade tree in North America and there is a 'Gobbler' variety that is especially favored by wildlife for its profuse nut production. Information provided by Andy Farrell, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/q/queacu/queacu1.html [2] Manual of Cultivated Plants. L.H. Bailey. MacMillen Company. Coded by Amanda Green. qa20com.jpg&370316u„$(9Coded by Nathan Compton. cd20com.jpg& 1105-110777, 106358u„Mf ÿ‚Platanus hybridium Formerly Platanus acerifolia. Hybrid cross between native Platanus occidentalis and introduced Platanus orientalis. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves are simple, alternate, and palmately veined. They are 5-9 inches long and have 3-5 lobes with course teeth. The twigs have a moderate zigzag pattern and are encircled by stipule scars. The bark is very attractive, smooth and light brown, flakes off to reveal patches of creamy white, olive, and yellow The base of the petiole encloses its conical buds. Flowers are monoecious, separate males and females, and appear in early spring as clusters of 2 ball-like structures. The fruit is a spherical of multiple achenes 1-1.5 inches in diameter, ripening to brown in October and persisting into winter [1]. Major uses of tree and wood: Wood is used for furniture, millwork, flooring, butcher blocks, and musical instruments. This is also a popular ornamental shade tree. Many years ago the pioneers cut trunks of great dimension into cross-sections which they then bored through the center to make primitive solid wheel for ox carts. Sycamore wood was also used to make wooden barber poles, wooden washing machines and wooden stereoscopes [2]. Information provided by: Melissa Sama, 2003. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/pxacerifolia.htm [2] http://www.nysite.com/nature/flora/sycamor Coded by Lisa Schill. ph20com.jpg&438492-493243u„kÿ"Prunus cerasus There is good evidence suggesting that P. cerasus arose from an unreduced pollen grain of P. avium crossed with P. fruticosa. Also known as the sour cherry, this species originated in the area between the Black and Caspian seas of Asia Minor. English settlers brought it to the United States. Prunus cerasus is a member of the family Rosaceae. It is a medium sized tree, but kept at 12 ft. in cultivation. The leaves are elliptic to ovate, 3 in. long and 2 in. wide, dark green above, sharply toothed, and smooth of both sides. The bark is purple brown in coloration and has orange-brown lenticels, peeling horizontally. Flowers are white with five petals. They occur in small clusters in mid-spring. Prunus cerasus is the latest blooming of the stone fruit trees, therefore, frost is not as serious an issue as it is for the sweet cherry, but it is still a major limitation in the eastern US. The sour cherry produces an edible red to black cherry. The ripe fruit remains sour, hence the name sour cherry. Cherry stalk tea is a diuretic and is thought to cure kidney diseases. The cherry has been associated with virginity from ancient times to modern, which probably arose from the red colored fruit with enclosed seed symbolizing the uterus. Maya, the virgin mother of Buddha was offered fruit and general support by a holy cherry tree while she was pregnant [1]. Information provided by Lisa Walter, 2003 [1] http://www.uga.edu/fruit/cherry.htm [2] TREES. 1992. Coombes, Allen J. Dorling Kindersley Coded by Karen Balkey. pc20com.jpg& 458, 497-49887926238,258,260-261u„‚,M$ÿ™Cotinus coggygria Commonly known as the European smoke tree. It has a growth habit of both a tree and a shrub [1]. It is introduced to the United States and a native species in S. Europe, central China and the Himalayas, where it grows on dry rocky hillsides and in open woods, usually on limestone [2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are alternate, smooth and bluish green in color, oval shape, 1.5?3.5" long. Fruits are tiny kidney shaped brown berries [2]. Flowers are dioecious. They are inconspicuous little yellowish green blossoms that bloom in the summer, and remain cloudlike throughout the summer [2] Economic Uses: It is ornamental. The wood can be used for cabinet making, picture frames. The leaves and bark are a good source of tannins. The twigs are used in basketry. And there is also an essential oil that is obtained from the leaves and flowers [3]. Intense color is this plant's most outstanding feature. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://plants.usda.gov/ [2] http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/coti_cog.cfm [3] http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi?bin/arr_html?Cotinus+coggygria Coded by Barrett Scurlock. cc20com.jpg&976150-151u„ACN%#Data encoded by Sarah Carrino, 2001 HH01com.jpg& 1077-1078746265463188u„Œ™?"ÿýViburnum prunifolium V. prunifolium is a native plant which commonly occurs in moist woods, thickets and on stream banks [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: It is usually grown as a large, upright, multi-stemmed, deciduous shrub with an irregular crown, but it also may be grown as a small, single trunk tree. The leaves are 1 to 3 inches long with a reddish petiole and serrulate. The flowers bloom from April to May and are white, appearing in panicles, two to four inches wide. The Drupes are ¼ inch long, elliptical and mature from September to October into a blue-black coloration with a whitish bloom. The twigs are coarse in appearance with dark bark and contain red-brown or purple, pubescent and pointed buds. Flower buds are large and appear swollen [2]. Major Uses: The small specimen tree or large specimen shrub is most often used as a shrub border or tall hedge. It is also commonly incorporated into the background of native plantings. The fruits are edible and may be eaten off the bush when ripe or used in jams and preserves [1]. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003. [1] http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=G240 [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/vprunifolium.htm Coded by C. David Walters. vp20com.jpg&1340336-337u„\*ÿ›Malus Sieboldii Introduced from Asia by Charles Sprague Sargent in 1892. Distinguishing characteristics: Alternate, simple ovate leaves with acuminate apex and stipules. Deciduous. Blooms April - June with fragrant pink/rose flowers. Develops ¼ to ½" yellow to red persistent pome from a flower with 20 stamens and 3-5 styles. Branches pubescent when young, becoming glabrous. Major Uses: Ornamental. Wood is unimportant in the lumber industry. Sometimes used as root stock for commercial apple trees. Roots very well from cuttings. Hardy zones 4-8. Highly resistant to apple scab. Information provided by Scott Sanderson, 2003. [1] http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/malus_sieboldii.html [2] http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/plants/rose_plants.html [3] http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010915 Data encoded by Katrina Coveney, 2001 MS01com.jpg&u„!cO+"Data encoded by Melissa Back, 2001 pqcom2002.jpg&652309-310u„–…ÿŽSalix discolor This species of the Salicaceae (willow) family is a native, non-invasive species. Distinguishing characteristics: This species is shrub like usually multi-stemmed reaching heights of 30 feet. The leaves are alternate, simple, elliptical to oblong, often reaching sizes of 2-4 inches [1]. The leaves are somewhat serrated and can be pubescent. The plant is dioecious, and the flowers are borne on catkins and both the male and female flowers are very pubescent reaching about 1 inch in length. The fruit is a capsule borne in a cluster, where each capsule contains many small fuzzy seeds. The buds on twigs can be purple to red with a single cap like scale. The bark starts out gray/brown and smooth and becomes split and scaly [1]. Major uses include mostly ornamental purposes and not so much wood products. The Salix genus also provides a compound known as Salicin which is very similar to active ingredients in many painkillers, which was used by native Americans by extraction from the bark and roots. Information provided by Ryan Banks 2003. [1]. http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub44.htm encoded by Marcus Reynerson, 2001 SD01com.jpg&33232080-81u„:R>"ÿäLonicera morrowii This species is non-native brought to the United States from Asia belonging to the caprifolicaceae family. Distinguishing characteristics include simple, oppositely arranged oval to ovate leaves the can be 1 to 2 ½ inches long, showing pubescence [1]. The flower is small often an inch that starts out white and changes to yellow with appealing fragrances. The fruit is very small, about ¼ inch, and is a red berry. This species is shrub like forming many stems creating a wide crown up to 8 feet. There are pretty much no major uses for the wood of the species or its ornamental purposes [1]. Much research has been done to figure out a way to stop the Lonicera species from spreading in the United States. Already one of the most problematic invasive species, the numerous berries of the Lonicera are devoured by birds and thus easily spread in open areas. This spreading is accomplished by the super-vigorous growth habit of the plants. These species put out leaves before basically any other species has time to, and grows at an astounding pace, often up to 8-10 feet a year. Information provided by Ryan Banks 2003. [1]. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/lmorrowii.htm encoded by Sara Ernst, 2001 LM01com.jpg&221954-965102-103u„lÿ Prunus maackii Named after botanist Richard Maack, native to Manchuria and Korea and introduced to United States in 1878 [2]. Member of the Rosaceae, commonly known as Amur Chokeberry or Chokecherry. Distinguishing Characteristics: deciduous, 30-40 ft tall. Leaves are alternate, simple, ovate with serrate margins and a pubescent mid-rib and are 2-4" long. White flowers are fragrant and showy. They bloom in late April, in 2" long dense racemes. Fruit is a round black drupe, about 0.5" diameter, that attracts birds. Ornamental bark is reddish brown and peels off in shiny strips. Trees often planted in gardens to provide winter coloring from the ornamental bark. Seeds contain amygdalin, which in processed form is used in cancer chemotherapy, and phloretin, which is an antibiotic [1]. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/trees/handbook/th-3-73.pdf [2] http://extension.umn.edu/county/dakota/Gardening/Trees/amurchokecherry.html Data encoded by Nathan Howell, 2001 PM01com.jpg&u„7E "Data encoded by Catherine Dilley image02.jpg&559-560223-224290-291430-431184u„P,ÿ{Berberis thundbergii Introduced to the United States from Japan. Distinguishing characteristics: Multi-branched trunks. Deciduous, simple, alternate, ovate leaves that are significantly wider at the tip than at the base. In the fall leaves change to orange, red, purplish color. Very twiggy with over- arching branch tips. Twigs in zigzag pattern. There is a single spine located at each node. Blooms in April with numerous small yellow flowers. Fruits are bright red berries. Major Uses: Landscaping. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/a.html Data encoded by Sarah Carrino, 2001 BT01com.jpg&265139,141u„= ÿ´Data encoded by Katrina Coveney, 2001 Native to Europe and Asia Minor. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are doubly serrate with impressed veins. Monoecious, pendulous catkins produced before foliage. Three-lobed bracts with light brown nutlets. Prominent axillary winter buds are long and partially curved around the twigs. Many branches occur low on trunk in a semi-whorled fashion [1] Bark texture is smooth with shallow vertical strips.Outer bark color is dark brown-black to dark ash grey while the inner bark is reddish to orange reddish. Major uses: as specimen or focal point for its dense, formal, symmetrically columnar or rounded shape. Often used to soften corners of large buildings. The species is rarely available, but cultivars, such as Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata', are more commonly attainable. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/plantlist/description/ca_tulus.html CB01com.jpg&4714293u„QÿAronia melanocarpa The 'Black Chokeberry' is a multi-stemmed shrub native to eastern North America. It can be found in bogs, wet meadows, swamp woods or the dry acidic soil of ledges and steep slopes [1]. It has simple, alternate, serrated leaves and flowers in terminal clusters. It can be distinguished from A. arbutifolia and A. prunifolia by its nearly glabrous leaves and inflorescence (as opposed to tomentose parts of other two) and by its dark berry-like pomes [2]. It is used ornamentally as a border shrub or in clumps because of its fall foliage, fruits and flowers. Despite the name Chokeberry its fruits are edible, being described as pleasant and juicy although there are much better tasting berries to be found in the woods [3]. Information provided by Andy Farrell, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/aromel/aromel1.html [2] Manual of Cultivated Plants. L.H. Bailey. MacMillan Company. [3] Natural History of Wild Shrubs and Vines. Donald Stokes. Harper & Row Publishers. encoded by Melissa Back, 2001. AM01com.jpg&759-760110282164u„1/+ÿtSmall to medium sized native tree (shrub) of old fields and fence rows. Rarely planted as landscape tree. Thorns usually present. Red-orange pome in fall. Bad smelling, white flowers in early spring. Underside of leaf very pubescent early in growing season, less pubescent later. Yellow-orange rust spots common on leaves. 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