DENDROLOGY
                                              Wood Anatomy Lab IV
                                                  Angiosperm Wood
I.  The first part of this exercise will acquaint you with fundamental anatomical features of
angiosperm wood.   The numbers in (parentheses) following each feature below refers to the slide number in the green box labeled Angiosperm Wood Demos. The numbers in [brackets] refer to the specimen numbers in the brown wooden XRT identification collection.   You will find the on-line help feature of the Angiosperm Wood component of the MUDES of use during this exercise.
PLEASE RETURN ALL SLIDES TO THEIR APPROPRIATE SLOTS WHEN YOU ARE
                                             DONE VIEWING THEM! 
Specific objectives for you to strive to master include:  a)  What section (transverse X, radial
longitudinal R, or tangential longitudinal T) is best to use in assessing a particular character
state?  Hints are provided via abbreviations in the outline below.  b)  What are the features
associated with each character that will permit you to classify the state of that character? 
The NUMBERS in the following outline refer to feature numbers in the hardwood datasheet. 
NA implies that you will not encounter this feature in your study of our selection of North
American woods.
GROWTH RINGS
Variation in vessel size within a growth ring
     84.  Distinct  (examine transverse area of wood)
     85.  Ring porous Quercus (DEMO 2) X [14]
     86.  Semi-ring porous Prunus (DEMO 1) X [9]
      --.   Diffuse porous Nyssa (DEMO 3) X Acer [4] Guess users - code 85 & 86 Absent
VESSELS
Pattern of aggregation
     1.  Exclusively solitary  Eucalyptus (DEMO 4) X Quercus [14]
     --. Radial groups of 2-4 Carya [19] Guess users - code 1,2,3,4,5 Absent
     2.  Radial groups of 4 Amyris (DEMO 5) X Ilex [6]
     3.  Radial or oblique Castanea (DEMO 6) X [16]
     4.  Tangential arrangement Ulmus (DEMO 25) X [11]
     5.  Pore clusters  Gymnocladus (DEMO 26) X Platanus [7]
Perforation Plates
     6.  Perforation plate simple  Castanea (DEMO 6) RT [16]
     7.  Multiple perforation plate Liriodendron (DEMO 7) RT [12]
     8.  Number of bars Liriodendron (DEMO 7) RT [12]
Pit and wall details
     9.  Spirals  Magnolia (DEMO 8) RT [10]
    10.  Pits minute Betula (DEMO 9) R [13]
    11.  Pits opposite or scalariform Liriodendron (DEMO 7) RT [12] or Magnolia (DEMO 8) RT [10]
     --.   Pits alternate Betula (DEMO 9) RT [13] Guess users - code 11 Absent
    12.  Pits vestured (NA)
    13.  Vessels absent (NA) but NB.  Absence of vessels in our material implies you are  
           looking at a gymnosperm and therefore you should be using the softwood data     
           sheet! 
Lumen features
    14.  Tyloses abundant Quercus alba (DEMO 10) XRT [15]
    15.  Tyloses sclerosed (NA)
    16.  Deposits or gum  (NA)
Metric features
    Count the number seen in a 10X objective field:
    17.  Fewer than 5/sq. mm Carya illinoensis [19]
    18.  Fewer than 20/sq. mm
     --.   20-40/sq. mm Soft Maple [4] Guess users - code 17,18,19 Absent
    19.  More than 40/sq. mm Fagus [17]
    Tangential diameter.  Determine this feature using wood samples:
    20. < 50 microns - Not visible to naked eye. Ilex [6]
    21. < 100 microns - Larger pores barely visible to naked eye. Soft Maple [4]
     --. 100-200 microns Betula [13] Guess users - code 20,21,22 Absent
    22. > 200 microns - Distictly visible to naked eye. Carya illionensis [19]
FIBERS, ETC.
    23.  Septate Canarium (DEMO 11) RT
    24.  Thick walled Diospyros (DEMO 12) XRT Fraxinus [1]
    25.  Pits distinctly bordered=fiber tracheids Diospyros (DEMO 2) R Carya [18]
    26.  Tracheids Quercus (DEMO 10) XR [14]
    27.  Spiral thickenings Ilex (DEMO 13) RT [6]
RAYS
    28.  Commonly > 1 mm high  Ilex (DEMO 13) T [6]
    
    Degree of seriation.
 
    29.  Exclusively 1-seriate Populus (DEMO 14) T Tilia [3]
    --.  Commonly 2-3-seriate Fraxinus nigra [2] Guess users -   code 29,30,31 Absent.
    30.  Commonly 4-10-seriate Ilex (DEMO 13) T [6]
    31.  Commonly > 10-seriate Platanus (DEMO 15) T [7]
    32.  Aggregate rays Robinia (DEMO 16) T
    33.  Two distinct widths Quercus (DEMO 10) T [14]
    Type of marginal cells.
    34.  Homocellular Populus (DEMO 14) RT Betula [13]
      --.  1-2 marginal rows Ochroma (DEMO 17) RT Liriodendron [12] Guess users -  code 34,35,36  Absent.
    35.  4 or more marginal rows Nyssa (DEMO 3) RT Ilex [6]
    36.  10 or more marginal rows Gleospermum (DEMO 18) RT
   
    37.  Bi- or tri- seriate parts narrow (NA)
    38.  Tile cells (NA)
    39.  Sheath cells (NA)
    40.  Canals or latex tubes (NA)
    41.  Storied (NA)
    Metric features.
    42.  Commonly < 4/mm Platanus (DEMO 15) XT [7]
     --.   4-12/mm Castanea (DEMO 6)  XT [16] Guess users  code 42,43 Absent.
    43.  Commonly > 12/mm (NA)
    44.  Ray parenchyma - vessel pits large Weinmannia (DEMO 19) R Castanea [16]
AXIAL PARENCHYMA  
    Use polarized optics to facilitate identification.
    45.  Predominately apotracheal (includes diffuse, diffuse aggregate, and banded - see 
           features 46 and 51).  Lithocarpus (DEMO 20) X Juglans cinerea [21]
    46.  Diffuse Malpighia (DEMO 21) X Juglans cinerea [21]
    47.  Predominately paratracheal Castanea (DEMO 6) X [16]
    48.  Vasicentric Weinmannia (DEMO 19) X Ulmus [11]
    49.  Aliform or confluent  Maclura (DEMO 22) X Fraxinus [1]
    50.  Rare or absent Liquidambar (DEMO 23) X [8]
    51.  Banded Maclura (DEMO 22) X Fraxinus [1]
    52.  Bands 1-seriate Platanus (DEMO 15) X [7]
    53.  Bands > 4 seriate Robinia (DEMO 16) X
    54.  Bands > 6/mm Carya illinoiensis (DEMO 24) X [19]
    55.  Storied (NA)
    56.  Fusiform cells common (NA)
    57.  Marginal/zonate Fraxinus (DEMO 25) X [1]
OTHER FEATURES
    58 - 66. (NA)  
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    67.  Dinstinct odour (NA)
    68.  Distinctive colour - look at the wood
    69-71.  (NA)
GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
        74-79,81-83 (NA)
        80.  North America
            Time, resources, and scope of objectives limit this class to consideration of woods    
endemic to the continent of North America.  That's not to say that  there are not plenty of
woods worthy of your attention  outside the scope of this class, we simply do not have the time or
money to investigate them.
II.  Keying woods.  The second part of this exercise will give you practice in applying what
you mastered in the first section.  Using what you have learned relative to character state
assessment identify the "unknown" angiosperm specimens 1-21, using the wood and XRT
slide samples that are provided and the Angiosperm Wood component of the MUDES.
   ALL WOOD SAMPLES AND WOOD SECTIONS MUST BE REPLACED IN THE
         EXACT POSITION FROM WHICH YOU OBTAINED THEM!. 
ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE:  YOU WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY  21 KINDS OF HARD
(ANGIOSPERM) WOOD EITHER BY SIGHT OR MICROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION.