×w ኖ0Angiosperm Trees3.53.5˙š ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM INITIAL DATA BASE AND MENUS CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. LAST UPGRADE DEC 2004×˙˙ CXAttdata)Pointed}The two sides of the leaf meet the petiole at an angle. It can be acute, right obuse. A pointed or sharp base. €)Straight or Flat=The two side of the base form a 180 degree angle. €) Not EqualgThe two bottom sides of the leaf on either side of the stem are not the same. They are not symetrical.€% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€*Toothed5Jagged, serrated or scalloped edge. € 0.1 - 0.6 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ > 25.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€*LobedcLarge indentations on the sides of the leaf sometimes nearing the middle of the leaf. See picture.€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). Athelp71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ToothedlA leaf margin or edge that is bumpy, jagged, or scalloped. These can be single or double "teeth". €Pointedy The two sides of the leaf form an angle at the petiole or stem. This can be an acute, right, or obtuse angle. €Straight or FlatIThe two side of the leaf form a 180 degree angle. See picture. € Not EqualnThe two sides of the leaf along the base are not the same. The base of the leaf is not symmetrical. €5RoughWBark that is rough with ridges and furrows or plate-like scales. Not smooth or papery.€FleshysThis includes all common fruits like apples, peaches, and pears. This alos includes berries, and leathery fruits.€&RoundDBoth rounded base and apex. About as wide as it is long .€&Arrow or SpadešLeaf gradually becomes narrower moving from base to apex (top). Apex is generally pointed. Arrow shaped leaves almost appear to be triangular. €&HeartXThe shape of a valentine with two humps at the base and a pointed tip or apex. €OvalcThese leaves are slightly longer than they are wide with a generally curvy apperance. €Arrow or SpadešLeaf gradually becomes narrower moving from base to apex (top). Apex is generally pointed. Arrow shaped leaves almost appear to be triangular. € Long and ThiniThese leaves are much longer than they are wide. They may look like extremely elongated ovals. €& Long and ThiniThese leaves are much longer than they are wide. They may look like extremely elongated ovals. €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Whitish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Yellowish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Orangish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Reddish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Pinkish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Brownish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Purplish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Blackish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Greenish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Tannish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Samara (helicopter) ˙aA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Nut ˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpg€Legume (bean, pea pod) ˙QAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Anacardiaceae€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€`Milky Juice in Petioles ˙The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. To test for milky juice, break the petiole in half and squeeze the petiole. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the broken ends of the petiole. ATHELP30.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Latex Strands in Leaf Blade şGently tear the leaf blade in half while slowly pulling the two halves apart. Look for small strings of white rubbery latex that stretch within the gap between the broken leaf lamina. ATHELP31.jpg€Coriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpg€PCatalpa€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg€$Opposite ˙eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg€$Whorled ˙More than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP29.jpg€%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%Singly Compound ĹThe leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Doubly Compound ˙ The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg€%Even Pinnately Compound cAll of the leaflets are paired. There is no terminal leaflet. The total number of leaflets is even. ATHELP1.jpg€%Odd Pinnately Compound dThere is one terminal, unpaired leaflet at the end of the leaf. The total number of leaflets is odd. ATHELP1.jpg€% 3 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€;Reddish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Greenish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€; Yellowish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Creamish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Whitish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Pinkish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Purplish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Juglandaceae €OHamamelidaceae €O Bignoniaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€&Oval •Having a leaf lamina that is oval or eliptical in shape. Oval have a pointed tip. Check the overall shape of the leaf ignoring teeth and/or lobes. ATHELP10.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€'Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€'Palmate ˙In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€˙˙€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€)Rounded CHaving a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€˙˙€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Leguminosae€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCotinus€P Amelanchier€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€5Papery ˜Trunk bark has more or less smooth texture with outer bark peeling off in thin paper-like sheets. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€3Brownish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Grayish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Whitish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3 Yellowish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Orangish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Reddish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Blackish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Greenish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€4Whitish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4 Yellowish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Orangish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Reddish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Greenish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Tannish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Brownish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Grayish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Blackish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€;Orangish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Salicaceae €OUlmaceae €OOleaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Rounded CHaving a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. Athelp4.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Entire LHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OFabaceae €O Cornaceae €O Platanaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€NWell Defined Trunk 7The main trunk is unbranched where it meets the ground. ATHELP96.jpg€NMulti-Branched - No Main Trunk ˙_Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. ATHELP96.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€`Petiole Pubescent (Hairy) ˙7The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If it is pubescent, then there are "hairs" on the petiole which may be readily visible or detected by lightly rubbing the petiole. In some species, the use of a hand lens may be required to see the hairs. ATHELP30.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Grayish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€ Bluish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€O Eucommiaceae €˙˙€OCaesalpiniaceae €˙˙€ORutaceae €O Magnoliaceae €O Rhamnaceae €˙˙€OHippocastanaceae €O Simaroubaceae €O Lauraceae €ORosaceae €O Annonaceae €O Tiliaceae €OMoraceae €PJuglans €O Ebennaceae €˙˙€O Betulaceae €PCarya €O Aceraceae €OFagaceae €PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €PMagnolia €PPrunus €PMalus €˙˙€PAcer €PTilia €PAesculus €PCornus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€P Phellodendron €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€XMarch ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XApril ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XMay ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJune ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€˙˙€XAugust ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSyringa €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PAsimina €˙˙€PSalix €PBetula €˙˙€POstrya €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCarpinus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCeltis €PMaclura €P Liriodendron €PEucommia €PZelkova €P Gleditsia €PCercis €˙˙€P Sassafras €˙˙€˙˙€P Gymnocladus €˙˙€PRobinia €˙˙€˙˙€P Liquidambar €˙˙€Unpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.€PRhamnus €˙˙€PMorus €PPyrus €P Diospyros €˙˙€P Plantanus €P Ailanthus d˙˙ CXMenudata˙˙Angiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg _[!"#NOPق˙˙قLEAF BLADE LENGTHŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgقLEAF BLADE WIDTHˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpgق_LEAF PETIOLE LENGTHűThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg ق˙˙ق˙˙قUNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgefÎق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق# FRUIT COLOR˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg <@?>=D:BEA8Cق# FRUIT TYPE˙FFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. ATHELPC6.jpgJKLق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICS˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPGق˙˙قLEAFLET BLADE LENGTHżThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg˝čéęëقLEAFLET BLADE WIDTHThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgíîďđق LEAFLET SHAPE˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.#$%ق˙˙ق˙˙ق LEAFLET BASE˙?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg…قLEAFLET MARGIN (EDGE)˙ The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina. ATHELPC1.jpg‹ق˙˙قGENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSčLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. Athelp71.jpg%$ق˙˙قTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS˙$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.534قFLOWER CHARACTERISTICSŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.X;قFRUIT CHARACTERISTICS˙FFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. ATHELPC4.jpg قLEAF ARRANGEMENTůLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpg‚ƒ„Ů‚LEAF COMPLEXITY˙Leaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg …†‡‰Šˆ‹Œق[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade. ATHELPC2.jpgł !"&ق[SIMPLE LEAF VENATION˙A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgşťŮ‚˙˙ق[SIMPLE LEAF BASE—A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgĘق[SIMPLE LEAF MARGIN (EDGE)jA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina. ATHELPC1.jpgĐق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق!OUTER BARK COLOR˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpgKNMLPIJOق!INNER BARK COLOR˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg RUTSVWXYZق!TRUNK BARK TEXTURE˙ Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. ATHELP15.jpg4>ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق" FLOWER COLOR×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpgž™[œ›šŸŮ‚˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قTRUNK BRANCHING˙^The trunk is the main vertically oriented stem axis of the tree from which secondary lateral branches emerge to form the crown (branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit) component of the tree. The trunk stem is continuous with the underground multi-branched root system, that typically occupies as much volume underground as the crown does above ground. ATHELP96.jpg%&قFAMILIES˙đIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!OZGMŤ=ÂK;ÁPŞCŠE÷@IgĂAF?eDHfقGENERA˙ďIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!(Y[ÖšŁNgźÂ\ÓżQTÁÇJžĚ˝UWŃŸaŐVŇRĎɜĔZSŔق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق"FLOWERING TIME‡ˆ‰ŠŒق˙˙ق˙˙قSIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'*)&ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قPETIOLE (STEM) CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpg`ق_UNUSUAL PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSšThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. athelp30.jpg2`ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙&\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1996. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.TEyewitness Handbooks Trees. 1992. Coombes A. J. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.JThe Families of Flowering Plants. 1973. Hutchinson, J. Oxford Univ. PressFlora of Japan. Ohwi.IFlora of North America. 1997. Torrey and Gray., Oxford University Press.KFlora of the Northeast. 1999. Magee, D. W. Univ. Mass. Press. Amherst, MA>The Glory of the Tree. 1966. Boom, B. and Kleijn. Doubleday.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.NHow To Identify Flowering Plant Families. 1982. Baumgardt, J. P. Timber PressWThe Illustrated Book of Trees. 1983. Grimm, W. C. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.nThe Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 1980. Mohlenbrock, R. H. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale, IL.^Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 12. 1952. Gleason, H. A.cManual of Cultivated Broad Leaved Trees and Shrubs. 1984. Krussmann, G. Timber Press. Portland ORUManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.MManual of the Trees of North America. 1905. Sargent, C. S., Dover Publ. NY.VManual of the Trees of North America. 1922. Sargent, C. S., Houghton Mifflin Co. NY.lManual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1968. Radford, A.E. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. NC‡Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1991. Gleason and Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden. NYbManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL."Michigan Trees. Barnes and WagnerxThe New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern Unived States and Adjacent Canada. 1956. Gleason H. A.%North American Trees. Preston, R. J.Oxford Book of Trees.DOxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. 1981. Oxford Univ. Press+Peterson's Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs.^The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2000. Rhoads, A. F. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.@Pruning: A Practical Guide. 1993. McHay, P. Abbeville Press. NY&Shrubs of Indiana. 1932. Deam, C. C.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.KTextbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, J. W. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.MTrees of Indiana. 1953. Deom, C. C. The Bookwalter Co. Inc. Indianapolis, INDTrees of North America and Europe. 1978. Phillips, R. Random HousepTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.3Tree, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Kansas. Stephens.LVascular Plant Taxonomy. 1988. Walters D. C. and D. J. Keil. Hunt Publ. Co.˜The Woody Plants of Ohio Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized and Escaped. 1961. Braun, E.L. Ohio State University Press. Columbus OH=˙˙ CXItemnameApple, Common or Wild>ƒ> Ash, Blue>ƒ? Ash, Green>ƒ Ash, White>ƒBeech>ƒBirch, River or Red>ƒƒBuckeye, Bottlebrush>ƒ]Buckeye, Ohio or Fetid>ƒ_Buckeye, Yellow or Sweet>ƒfBuckthorn, European>ƒD Catalpa Tree>ƒCherry, Black, Wild or Rum>ƒRCork Tree, Amur>ƒcDogwood, Flowering>ƒ5 Elm, American>ƒElm, Northern, Slippery>ƒ7 Hackberry>ƒ;Hardy Rubber Tree>ƒHickory>ƒHickory, Shellbark; or King-Nut>ƒL(Honeylocust; Sweet-locust; Thorny Locust>ƒ1#Hop-Hornbeam, American; or Ironwood>ƒ2Hornbeam, American>ƒ^Horse-Chestnut, Common>ƒ`Horse-Chestnut, Red>ƒNKentucky Coffeetree>ƒ@ Lilac, Common>ƒ)Linden, American; American Basswood; Lime>ƒ\Linden, Common or European>ƒQLocust, Black or Yellow>ƒGMagnolia, Bigleaf>ƒhMagnolia, Saucer>ƒ)Magnolia, Southern or Evergreen; Bull-Bay>ƒHMagnolia, Star>ƒF%Magnolia, Sweetbay or Swamp; Swampbay>ƒXMaple, Japanese>ƒU Maple, Norway>ƒ #Maple, Red, Soft, Scarlet, or Swamp>ƒ Maple, Silver, Soft or White>ƒMaple, Sugar or Hard>ƒ9Mulberry, White>ƒ Oak, Red>ƒ Oak, White>ƒ: Osage-Orange>ƒePawpaw>ƒgPear, Bradford Callery>ƒ Pear, Common>ƒBPersimmon, Common>ƒMRedbud, Eastern; or Judas-tree>ƒJSassafras, Common>ƒqServiceberry, Allegheny>ƒŽSmoketree, Smokebush>ƒ'Sweetgum; Redgum; Sapgumm; Starleaf-gum>ƒSycamore>ƒaTree-of-Heaven>ƒ&Tuliptree; Yellow Poplar; Tulip-poplar>ƒ Walnut, Black>ƒ Walnut, English or Persian>ƒtWillow, Babylon Weeping>ƒ“ Willow, Pussy>ƒ8 Zelkova Tree=>ƒXpalmatum>ƒU platanoides>ƒ rubrum>ƒ saccharinum>ƒ saccharum>ƒ`carnea>ƒ_flava>ƒ]glabra>ƒ^ hippocastanum>ƒƒ parviflora>ƒa altissima>ƒqlaevis>ƒetriloba>ƒnigra>ƒ2 caroliniana>ƒ laciniosa>ƒovata>ƒDspeciosa>ƒ7 occidentalis>ƒM canadensis>ƒcflorida>ƒŽ coggygria>ƒB virginiana>ƒ;ulmoides>ƒ grandifolia>ƒ americana>ƒ? pennsylvanica>ƒ> quadrangulata>ƒL triacanthos>ƒNdioicus>ƒnigra>ƒ regia>ƒ styraciflua>ƒ tulipifera>ƒ:pomifera>ƒ grandiflora>ƒG macrophylla>ƒh soulangeana>ƒHstellata>ƒF virginiana>ƒ sylvestris>ƒ9alba>ƒ1 virginiana>ƒRamurense>ƒ occidentalis>ƒserotina>ƒg calleryana>ƒcommunis>ƒ alba>ƒ rubra>ƒf cathartica>ƒQ pseudoacacia>ƒt babylonica>ƒ“discolor>ƒJalbidum>ƒ@vulgaris>ƒ americana>ƒ\europaea>ƒ5 americana>ƒrubra>ƒ8serrata˙˙ CXItemrec˙IFraxinus Americana This species belongs to the Oleaceae (olive) family and is native to the United States, and can be found from Nova Scotia to eastern Minnesota and south to Texas spreading to northern Florida [1]. Distinguishing characteristics include; 8-12 inch leaves, usually with 7 leaflets but can sometimes exceed this number and rarely has 5 leaflets [2]. The leaflets can be 2 ˝ to 5 inches long and 1 ź to 2 ž inches wide. The shape of the leaflets can be ovate, elliptical and other times oval, with acute or acuminate apexes, and rounded or acute bases. The margins are serrate or entire, with leaf surfaces dark green and glabrous above and whitish or pale green with pubescence or glabrous below. The tree is dioecious, the male flowers bloom first and the pollen is airborne when the female flowers are receptive. The fruit is a lanceolate samara 1-2 inches long and only ź inch wide, which can live for 3-4 years on the forest floor [2]. A major defining characteristic is the deep diamond-shaped furrow and ridges appearance of the bark when mature. Major uses: the wood of this ash is economically important due to its strength, hardness, weight and shock resistance. It's used for tool handles, second only to hickory. Most baseball bats are made out of this wood along with tennis rackets, hockey sticks, and oars among other things [1]. Also can be utilized as a snake bite prophylactic. The tree is very common today for it quickly colonizes abandoned fields and farmland. Especially in areas like Ohio this ash can be used for rehabilitation of disturbed sites, like old coal mines. Information provided by Ryan Banks, 2003. [1]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/fraame/ [2]. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W., Leopold, Donald J., and White, Fred M. McGraw Hill. FACOM.jpg&647347376439162šƒ'˙‹Acer saccharum Native to the US [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leafs are opposite, simple, palmately veined, 3 to 6 inches long and have five lobes with a toothed margin [2]. The flower is yellow to green, small, clustered and hang from a long (1 to 3 inch) stem, appearing with the leaves. The fruit is a two-winged horseshoe-shaped samara about 1 inch long, appearing in clusters. The twig is brown, slender and shiny with lighter lenticels. The terminal buds brown and have very sharp points [2]. The bark is variable, but is generally grayish brown. Older trees may be furrowed, with long, thick irregular curling outward ridges. Major Uses: A. saccharum is a very important timber tree for it's hard, often figured, wood [3]. The wood is often used to make furniture, cabinets, veneer and musical instruments. It is the only tree today used for syrup production. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?Region=NorthAmerican&SpeciesID=106 [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharum.htm [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acer/saccharum.htm ASCOM.jpg&57970336414134šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ8˙_Tilia americana This native tree is found throughout the eastern United States [1]. Reaching heights of 75 to 130 feet at maturity. Distinguishing Characteristics: reddish outer bark with a dark inner bark, the leaves are simple with a serrated margin, ovate with a truncate, inequilateral base, lustrous on the upper surface and the lower side has axillary tufts of hair. The small nut produced has a smooth exocarp with a persistent ovate bract. The wood is used for cabinet making, paneling and trim, musical instrument soundboards, and pulp [1]. The inner bark is believed to have been used by Native Americans for a variety of goods such as fabric, clothing, roping, basket weaving, and canoe construction. Also, most of our honey is made from Tilia americana flowers [2]. Tilia americana's wood is classified by Carey and Gill as a "fair" firewood [1]. Basswood is a favorite source of food of the White-tail deer and its easily decayed wood makes a good home for cavity nesting animals like the wood duck and woodpecker [1]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com TACOM.jpg&597999653855324352280šƒ˙SFagus grandifolia, American Beech Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have more than 10 pairs of pinnate veins and the leaf margin is blatantly serrate. The bark is a smooth gray, the twigs are in a zigzag pattern. Buds are spindle like. This slow-growing, common, deciduous tree reaches its greatest size in the alluvial soils of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. Beech mast is palatable to a large variety of birds and mammals, including mice, squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks, and blue jays. Beech wood is excellent for turning and steam bending. It wears well, is easily treated with preservatives, and is used for flooring, furniture, veneer, and containers. It is especially favored for fuel wood because of its high density and good burning qualities. Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as a medicine for various human and animal disorders. Data from Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 FGCOM.jpg&380325226276268šƒ -˙|Prunus serotina Native to eastern North America spanning from Minnesota to Texas and from Florida to Nova Scotia with populations in Arizona and New Mexico (1). Distinguishing characteristics: alternate, simple 2-6 inch long, leaves that are toothed, thick and leathery with a pair of glands on the petiole and tufts of hair along the basal part of the midvein. The bark is thin and smooth and brown to black on young trees, but fissured, scaly, thick and almost black on older trunks. The fruit is a purplish-black drupe (1.2 cm in diameter) (1). Major uses: The wood is strong, hard, close-grained and reddish brown. It is valued for furniture, panelling, veneers, and cabinetry. Prunus serotina in soil reclamation of disturbed surface mines. The bark is used in the Appalachians as a cough supressant, remedy and sedative. The fruit is used to flavor rum and brandy. The fruit is also eaten raw or made into jellies and wines. The fruits are an important source of food for many animals but the leaves, twigs and bark are poisonous to livestock but not to White-tailed deer (1). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us PSCOM.jpg&506661282380380šƒ;˙0Ulmus rubra Native tree of North America with a range that extends from southwestern Maine to New York, extreme southern Ontario, northern Michigan, central Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota; south to eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, southwestern Oklahoma, and central Texas; then east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. It is most abundant in the Great Lake States and in the corn belt of the Midwest as it grows best on moist, rich soils of lower slopes, stream banks, river terraces, and bottom land especially those of limestone origin.[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Medium sized trees up to 25 m tall and 60 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, approximately 15-20 cm long with single serrated margins and an asymmetric base. Upper surface of leaf is dark green and scabrous, underside of leaf is paler and less hairy. Leaves are pinnately veined. Buds are about 6mm long, dark brown with reddish brown hairs, with a rounded tip[2]. The flowers are inconspicuous and perfect[3] each on separate short stalks in dense fascicles and they appear before the leaves from February to May. Fruits are circular samaras 10-15 mm long, which are hairless except on the seedcase, which is covered by reddish-brown hair[4]. Inner bark is "slippery", hence the common name. Major Uses: The wood is inferior to Ulmus americana but it is still used commercially for the same products: furniture, paneling and containers. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [4] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press URCOM.jpg&423871231241358šƒ8˙Juglans nigra Native from New England all the way through Texas. A large deciduous tree, it grows between 50 and 75 feet tall. Distinguishing characteristics: pinnately compound leaves are 1 to 2 feet long with up to 23 leaflets. Leaflets are finely serrate and 3 to 3.5 inches long. The leaves emit an odor when crushed. Male flowers are single stemmed catkins. Female flowers on short spikes near end of twig[1]. Flowers are present April to June. Twig is stout with short buds. The fruit is a semi-fleshy nut. The meat is edible when it matures from September to October. Bark is dark brown-gray to dark brown-black. with rounded ridges and furrows forming moderatly think uneven plates. This wood is rated as one of the most durable woods, even in conditions favorable to decay. Major uses: furniture, cabinets, gunstocks, novelties, interior paneling, and veneer[2]. The grain is very straight, and easily is easy to work with hand tools and machines. It takes paint and stain well, and glues and polishes well[2]. This tree is difficult to transplant and prefers moist, well-drained soil. They are used for food, fruit, lawn trees, and to fill parks and wide open spaces[1]. The fruit is known to be messy. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/jnigra.htm [2] http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/HardwoodNA/htmlDocs/juglans2.html JNCOM.jpg&358428222253200šƒ)1˙łQuercus rubra Native tree of North America and is the only native oak extending northeast to Nova Scotia. It has a range from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, to Ontario, in Canada; from Minnesota south to eastern Nebraska and Oklahoma; east to Arkansas, southern Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate with 7-9 lobes with several bristle-tipped teeth and V-shaped notches. Upper surface dull yellowish green, paler underneath. This tree is monoecious and its staminate flowers are borne in catkins that develop from leaf axils of the previous year. The pistillate flowers are solitary that develop in the axils of the current year's leaves. The fruit is an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters from two to five, is 12-25 mm long, almost as wide and short-stalked. Cup saucer-shaped 15-25 mm across, enclosing about one-quarter of the nut[2]. Major Uses: Extensively planted as an ornamental because of its symmetrical shape and brilliant fall foliage[3]. Important food source for squirrels, deer, turkey, and birds. Information provided by Jon Tyson. ] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar.Iowa State University Press [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm QR1COM.jpg&407703226309248šƒ*0˙ďQuercus alba Is a native species found in upland forests preferring western facing slopes[4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves are obovate-oblong 10-20 cm long. They are 3-4 paired lobes with entire or sparsely toothed lobes [3]. The underside of the leaf is pubescent when young then becomes glabrous with a bluish to grey-green color. The fruits are acorns about ź covered with a cap. The young shoots are pubescent [3]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Food for wildlife [2]. It is also a highly prized lumber for furniture, veneer, paneling, flooring, and railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, ships, and caskets. It is currently the major source of wood for whiskey barrels [5]. The white oak can live upwards of 600 years [3]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html QACOM.jpg&382686226288256šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ%˙kNative to the Eastern United States and Canada, hardy in USDA zones 3-9. [1] Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves are opposite with 3 to 5 palmate lobes, serrate margins and relatively shallow sinuses. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, light green above, whitened and sometimes glaucous or hairy beneath leaving V-shaped leaf scars. Flowers appear March to May before leaves; usually bright red but occasionally yellow. Fruits in clusters of 1/2 to 3/4 inch long samaras with slightly divergent wings appearing May to June on long slender stems. Twigs appear reddish and lustrous with small lenticels, buds usually blunt, green or reddish (fall and winter) in color with several scales usually present. Bark on young trees is smooth and light gray, becoming darker and breaking into long scaly plates in mature trees. [2] Major Uses: An important source of timber and pulpwood. The wood is used for furniture, veneer, pallets, cabinetry, plywood, barrels, crates, flooring and railroad ties. Acer rubrum is also a popularly planted ornamental shade tree due to its brilliant red fall foliage. [3] Information provided by Keith Gilland, 2004. [1] http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/acer_rubrum.html [2]http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/arubrum.htm [3]http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/acerub/management_considerations.html ARCOM.jpg&57764336423140šƒ&˙śAcer saccharinum Native to Northern Central, Eastern, and Northern Southern U.S, and South Eastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Opposite, Simple, 5 lobed, palmate venation, deep, and doubly serrate leaf, with a silver colored underside. Young stems possess a fetid odor when crushed. acute - right angle double samara fruit [2]. Branches swoop downward, and then curve back upward [3]. One of the earliest flowering species within it's range, blooming in late February, April, or May. Major Uses: Wood used for furniture, boxes, crates, food containers, paneling, and core stock. A Timber harvest in Mid- West U.S. Seeds eaten by birds and small animals. Bark is a top food source for beavers in South East Ohio. Cavities in the tree used by birds and mammals for nests. Strip mine succession and regeneration. Sometimes used as an ornamental but it has fragile limbs susceptible to ice breakage, and rotting, plus large amounts of twigs being shed. The shallow root system of this tree also tends to invade water systems. Maple syrup can be made from this tree. This tree species is highly susceptible to fire damage which will destroy both mature seeds and new sprouts [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/acesah/ [2] http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_saccharium.html [3] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharinum.htm AS1COM.jpg&57868336424142šƒ5, ˙m Platanus occidentalis This is a native tree of North America with a range from southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, and southern Wisconsin; south in Iowa and eastern Nebraska to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and south-central Texas; east to northwestern Florida and southeastern Georgia. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. In general, this tree grows best on sandy loams or loam with a good supply of ground water, typically on the edges of lakes and streams where summer water tables drop enough to permit soil aeration during the growing season[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Large tree up to 35 m in height and 200 cm in diameter. Bark of the tree is smooth and brownish which exfoliates in jigsaw puzzle shaped pieces to expose green, cream-colored, or white inner bark. Bark is dark brown and scaly at the base of mature trees. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, slightly wider, simple and alternate with 3 to 5 palmate lobes with central lobe wider than it is long, are coarsely toothed, and are prominently 3-veined. Persistent stipules are prominent in the spring. Buds are bluntly coned-shaped, 6-10 mm long, reddish, covered with a single scale enclosed in the base of the leaf stalk until after leaf fall. No terminal bud; end bud originates as lateral bud[2]. Staminate and pistillate flowers are separate but appear on the same tree on different shoots. Staminate flowers are small, yellowish-green, and in clusters along the twigs. The pistillate flowers are larger, crimson, long-stalked and appear in ball like clusters near the shoot tips. Fruits are held in a solitary ball-like aggregate 20-35 mm across that hang from 8-16 mm long stalks. Fruits are achenes and they are small, one seeded, and elongated with stiff brownish hairs at the base[3]. Major Uses: Sometimes a pioneer tree on upland old- field sites, especially in the central part of its range. It has become a favored species for use in intensively cultured "biomass farms" in the southeastern United States that use the coppice growth for fiber. It is valuable for timber and it is also planted as a shade tree because of its distinctive white exfoliating bask and broad dense crown[4]. Poet William Cullen Bryant wrote about this tree: "And plane tree's speckled arms o'er shoot/ The swifter current that mines its root"[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [5] Family Field Guides. Trees: North American Trees Identified by Leaf, Bark & Seed.1997. Steven M.L. Aronson. Workman Publishing POCOM.jpg&456632230236šƒ4 ˙ Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum grows from Connecticut southward throughout the East to central Florida and eastern Texas. It is found as far west as Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma and north to southern Illinois. It also grows in scattered locations in northwestern and central Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Distinguishing Characteristics: Sweetgum is monoecious. The small, greenish flowers bloom from March to early May, depending on latitude and weather conditions. Both the staminate and pistillate flowers occur in heads. The staminate inflorescences are racemes; the solitary pistillate flowers are globose heads that form the multiple heads, 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 in) in diameter, of small, two-celled capsules. The lustrous green color of the fruiting heads fades to yellow as maturity is reached in September to November. The beaklike capsules open at this time, and the small winged seeds, one or two per capsule, are then readily disseminated by wind. However, the seed balls can be safely collected for seed extraction several weeks before ball discoloration occurs without harming the seed. Empty fruiting heads often remain on the trees over winter. Bark: Grayish brown, deeply furrowed into broad scaly ridges. Leaves: alternate, simple, and slightly heart-shaped with 5-7 lobed divisions, finely serrate with rounded appressed teeth; bright green and smooth above; paler below. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, railroad ties, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, radio-, television-, and phonograph cabinets, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. Sweetgum is also called redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, or bilsted, it is a common bottom-land species of the South where it grows biggest and is most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. This moderate to rapidly growing tree often pioneers in old fields and logged areas in the uplands and Coastal Plain and may develop in a nearly pure stand. Sweetgum is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeast and the handsome hard wood is put to a great many uses, one of which is veneer for plywood. The small seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is sometimes used as a shade tree. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. LSCOM.jpg&453485233240šƒ # ˙ĂMagnolia grandiflora Native North Carolina to Florida and Texas, Cultivated 1734 [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree; leaves alternate, simple, entire, evergreen, shiny dark green above, ferruginous-pubescent below; flowers showy, white, fragrant, June; fruit an aggregate of follicles, red seeds [1]. Major Uses: ornamental. This species is resistant to damage by Sulfur dioxide, and is thus often planted in urban areas [2].Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] http://www.na.fs.fed.us MGCOM.jpg&440508253219šƒ7! ˙Liriodendron tulipifera Native to eastern North America (from Vermont west through southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Louisiana, and east to northern Florida) growing in open areas, coves, lower slopes, and disturbed sites [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Palmately veined, orbicular, 4-lobed leaves with entire margin. Showy flowers with yellow-green petals and an orange corolla. Oblong, 1-winged, 4-angled samaras. Stipules are large and encircle the twig. Twigs have a sweet, spicy odor when broken. Sapsucker holes are common on bark of older trees [1]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Wood is commercially important for its soft and workable quality for interiors of furniture, plywood cores, veneer, and composite products [2]. Reclamation of mining sites and crop fields. Most nitrogen-demanding of all trees [2]. Susceptible to a number of leaf diseases and insects, such as aphids which produce honeydew making the tree undesirable in urban areas. Historical values include medicinal uses as worming medicine, antiarthritic, cough syrup, cholera remedy, and heart stimulants. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http:// www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/ltulipifera.htm [2] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=581&Region=North American LTCOM.jpg&436489253222244šƒ  ˙ŰBetula nigra, Betulaceae Black Birch Distinguishing Characteristics: The bark is papery with a white outer color and a red to salmon inner color. Twigs are brown, pubescent, the pith is homogenous and the buds imbricate. Leaves like most birch are simple, alternate, pinnately veined, and double serrated with a lustrous and glabrous topside. The primary range of river birch is the southeastern quarter of the United States. Scattered populations are found along rivers and streams as far north as southern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, and the middle New England States. The tree's beauty makes it an important ornamental, especially at the northern and western extremes of its natural range. Because of its tolerance to acid soils, river birch has been used successfully in strip mine reclamation. It has also been used in erosion control. Its graceful form, attractive bark, and high resistance to the bronze birch borer make it desirable for ornamental planting. River birch is used mainly for local enterprises such as the manufacture of inexpensive furniture, basket hoops, and turned articles. Experiments in North Carolina did not indicate that it is desirable for commercial pulpwood production, but naturally occurring merchantable-sized trees are often harvested for pulpwood when mixed with other bottomland hardwoods. Strength of the wood makes it suitable for the manufacture of artificial limbs and children's toys. "The most beautiful of American trees" is what Prince Maximilian thought of river birch when he toured North America before he became the short-lived Emperor of Mexico. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 BNCOM.jpg&366134224343šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙Carya ovata Native Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree with long, flat, plate-like bark; leaves pinnately divided, 5(7) leaflets, serrate, densely ciliate; buds brown; flowers April-May [1, 2]. Major Uses: natural landscaping, wood used for tool handles, rough lumber, railroad ties, fuel, barbecue smoke, furniture, athletic goods. Nuts frequently eaten by squirrels [3, 4]. Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plats of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden: Bronx, New York. [3] http://www.museum.state.il.us [4] http://www.na.fs.fed.us COCOM.jpg&352178222260204šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ./)˙^Pyrus communis Introduced from Europe. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple alternate leaves which are finely serrated with a shiny upper. Clusters of white showy inflorescence. Glossy twigs with conical shaped terminal buds. Fruit is the common pear. Scaly ridged gray bark. Major Uses: Ornamental. Used as a veneer. Mostly used for cultivation of the common pear. It is cultivated in all temperate zone countries in both hemispheres. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/pcommunis.htm [2] http://www.passina.com/productspearinfo.html PC1COM.jpg&509683290384šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙żCarya laciniosa Native to most of the Eastern half of the United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Pinnately compound leaves with seven leaflets. Outer bark exfoliates in long vertically peeling plates. Orange to brown twigs may be slightly pubescent. Large terminal buds [1]. Produces the largest nut of all hickories accumulating to 70- 105 liters of nuts per year [2]. Major Uses: Due to it's hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible wood, it's uses include furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuel wood, and charcoal. A few areas harvest the nuts. Primarily the nuts feed squirrels and other nut eating species. No ornamental value, due partly to cleanup associated with volume of nuts produced [1], and it's vulnerability to a variety of insects [2]. Usually a lowland species susceptible to low light intensities, early settlers used this tree as an indicator of fertile soil [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House [2] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carya/laciniosa.htm CLCOM.jpg&350177222263206šƒ(*˙đMalus sylvestris,var domestica - This tree is known throughout the British Isle except Northern Scotland and was Introduced during colonial times. It is found throughout Europe and the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: small deciduous tree. Height: 10 -16 m. Leaves are elliptical, and deep green on the top, and whitish green on the bottom. They are described as abruptly acuminate, cuneate, or rounded. The petiole is very pubescent and dark purple fringed with grey hairs. Bark is dark brown and finely cracked into small square plates. Flowers are white and faintly pink and flower in late May. These flowers provide a valuable nectar source for the manufacturing of honey by bees. The wood is used for carving, inlay work, mallets, and screws. The firewood has a pleasant aroma. The flower from Malus sylvestris is also the state flower of Arkansas and Michigan. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.pennine.demon.co.uk/Aboretum/Masy.htm British-Tress.com pmcom.jpg&491282372šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ9˙AJuglans regia Juglans regia is native to the region in Eurasia extending from the Near East through to the Himalayas and on to Western China. Walnuts must have been harvested from earliest times but the earliest records of actual growing of orchards of walnut trees go back to classical Greek and Roman times. Distinguishing Characteristics: Deciduous, monoecious trees, 12-15 m tall (Payne vars.), 17-20 m tall (Eureka, Placentia, Mayette, Franquette), and rarely up to 60 m tall; bark brown or gray, smooth, fissured; leaf-scars without prominent pubescent band on upper edge. The leaves are alternate, foetid, pinnate, without stipules; leaflets to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate, glabrescent above, pubescent and glandular beneath. The flowers develop from dormant buds of previous season's growth.Broken twigs and leaves have a spicy somewhat pleasant odor to them. Major Uses: Juglans regia are used for the commercial production of nuts. Nuts consumed fresh, roasted, or salted, used in confectioneries, pastries, and for flavoring. The shells may be used as antiskid agents for tires, blasting grit, and in the preparation of activated carbon. (Activated charcoal and fructose have recently been suggested to foil the alcohol "breathalizer.") Groundnut shells used as adulterant of spices. Crushed leaves, or a decoction used as insect repellant and as a tea. Outer fleshy part of fruit very rich in Vitamin C and produces a yellow dye. Fruit, when dry pressed, yields valuable oil used in paints and in soap making; when cold pressed, a light yellow edible oil used in foods as flavoring. Young fruits made into pickles, also used as fish poison. The wood is hard, durable, close-grained, heavy, used for furniture and gunstocks. Juglans regia is often grown as ornamental. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. JRCOM.jpg&429222252201šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ* ˙ŤOstrya virginiana Found in eastern North America from Nova Scotia to Florida and as far west as North Dakota and Texas [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: leaves are alternate, simple, doubly toothed; fruits are flattened nuts enclosed in clusters of inflated papery sacs covered with stiff hairs; the grayish-brown bark is shaggy in vertical strips. This shade toleant tree is a popular tree in recreational areas. The close-grained wood is heavy, extremely hard, and used for fence posts, golf clubs, tool handles, mallets, and the Lakota people used the wood to make bows [1]. The relative fast juvenile growth is utilized in the restoration of disturbed sites. The small size of the tree makes it commercially unimportant in terms of timber [2]. The buds and catkins are an important winter food source for turkey, grouse, pheasant and rodents [2]. Infromation provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com OVCOM.jpg&374573224348308šƒ ˙ŕCarpinus caroliniana Native to Eastern US. Distinguishing Characteristics: Doubly-serrate oblong leaves are pubescent underneath. Reddish-brown twigs are slightly zigzagged with pointed buds. Plant is monoecious with flowers appearing in April. Female flowers are up to 4" long and are subtended by a 3-winged bract which remains on the resulting nutlet. Smooth gray bark with vertical ridges. Major uses: Ornamental, but rarely used because hard to transplant. Important food for wildlife. Wood is hard, but not used because the tree is typically too small for milling. Frost resistant to 17 F. An important component in the understory of American forests. Great fall color varying from yellow to orange to red. Information provided by Scott Sanderson, 2003. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carpinus/caroliniana.htm [2] http://www.sfws.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/index.html [3] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/c/carcar/carcar1.html CCCOM.jpg&372172224348306šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ:˙7 Ulmus americana American elm is a native tree found throughout Eastern North America. Its range is from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, west to central Ontario, southern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan; south to extreme eastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma into central Texas; east to central Florida; and north along the entire east coast. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leave are in 2 rows; 7.5 - 15 cm long, elliptical, abruptly long-pointed, base rounded with sides unequal; doubly saw-toothed; with many straight parallel side veins; thin; dark green and usually hairless or slightly rough above, paler and usually with soft hairs beneath; turning bright yellow in autumn. Bark: light gray; deeply furrowed into broad, forking, scaly ridges. Twigs: brownish, slender, and hairless. Flowers: 3 (mm) wide; greenish; clustered along twigs in early spring. Fruit: 10 - 12 mm long; elliptical flat 1-seeded samaras, with wing hairy on edges, deeply notched with points curved inward; long-stalked; maturing in early spring. Major uses: The wood of American elm is moderately heavy, hard, and stiff. It has interlocked grain and is difficult to split, which is an advantage for its use as hockey sticks and where bending is needed. It is used principally for furniture, hardwood dimension, flooring, construction and mining timbers, and sheet metal work. Some elm wood goes into veneer for making boxes, crates, and baskets, and a small quantity is used for pulp and paper manufacture. American elm (Ulmus americana), also known as white elm, water elm, soft elm, or Florida elm, is most notable for its susceptibility to the wilt fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi. Commonly called Dutch elm disease, this wilt has had a tragic impact on American elms. Scores of dead elms in the forests, shelterbelts, and urban areas are testimony to the seriousness of the disease. Because of it, American elms now comprise a smaller percentage of the large diameter trees in mixed forest stands than formerly. Before the advent of Dutch elm disease, American elm was prized for its use as a street tree. It was fast growing, hardy, tolerant to stress, and appreciated for its characteristic vase like crown. Beautiful shaded streets in many cities attested to its popularity. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. UACOM.jpg&419870231240354šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙"Celtis occidentalis is a species native to the Midwest US. It can be found as a small shrub in drier climates, but it is usually found as a tall tree. A Celtis occidentalis can grow to 130 feet tall under the right conditions. They have alternate simple leaves that are 2 to 5 inches long with apical serrated and basal entire margins. The fruit is a round, deep red/purple - black drupe with a thin sweet edible pulp around the seed. The fruit can be about ź to 1/3 of an inch around. The wood is of a medium hardness and strength. It is sometimes used for the manufacture of cheap furniture; mostly it is used for firewood because it has a Btu value close to Carya. Many bird and small animals eat the fruit, which hangs on to the tree into winter. Information provided by Jared Baker, 2002 CO1COM.jpg&414192231246362šƒ<<˙źZelkova serrata Introduced from Japan, Taiwan, and southern Korea around 1861 by Dr. George Rogers Hall. Distinguishing Characteristics: Has a smooth bark which peels away and reveals orange and green patches. Bark also has very prominent raised lenticels. This species has alternate rough leaves that are oblong-ovate with prominent veins and marginal teeth. Small unnoticeable inflorescence with green fruit that is a dry and nutlike drupe. Major Uses: Ornamental. Also used as a source of lumber in Japan. Many times used to replace American elm because it is less susceptible to Dutch elm disease. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/z/zelk_ser.cfm ZSCOM.jpg&426934231361šƒ()˙Morus alba This tree is native to China, and was eventually introduced into the US at a failing attempt to establish a silk industry. It is a deciduous medium to large tree. Distinguishing characteristics: dense rounded tree, fast growing. Leaves have many shapes, can be lobed or not. Leaves are alternately arranged, dark green, and turn a dull yellow in the fall. The fleshy compound multiple fruit consists of many druplets, white to red, is edible, and ripens in June and July. Bark is a light tannish brown, and is said to have a sweet taste. Stems exude a white latex when broken in warm conditions. It prefers moist, well-drained soil. The tree is used to raise silk worms, and to landscape difficult sites. The fruit attracts songbirds. This tree is considered a nuisance, as it escapes cultivars easily. It is called a "trash tree" because of it's messy fruits, suckers, and invasive capabilities. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/m/moralb/moralb3.html http://www.treeguide.com MA1COM.jpg& 430557236248240šƒ+" ˙OMaclura pomifera Is a native tree found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana [3]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple, alternate, serrate, acuminate tip, ovate, 5-12 cm long leaves with a milky latex [4]. The plant is dioecious with simple, inconspicuous, green 4 parted flowers and male auxiliary, 2.5-3.8 cm, racemes [3]. The globose fruit, 8-14 cm, is a multiple fruit of green 1 seeded drupes [3]. The fruit is not edible [5]. The twigs are thorny [5]. Major Uses: ornamental, root extracts for pesticides, food processing, and dye making [2]. Macluria pomifera has the greatest number of planted trees in North America than any other [2]. It also was used as fence lines leading to the invention of barb wire [2]. Following barb wire it became the major of fence posts that fenced in the west [2]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. MPCOM.jpg&429504236249408šƒ!˙ÉEucommia ulmoides Introduced from China in the 1920's. Distinguishing characteristics: Large tree with medium growth rate. Dark green, Elm-like, simple, serrated leaves. Latex in petioles and some in lamina, which can be seen when broken. No terminal buds. Inconspicuous dioecious flowers turn into samaras. Attractive ridge-furrow bark with gray outer and brown inner color. Major uses: Ornamental for leaf and bark texture - no fall color. Makes a good street tree. Easily transplanted. An extract from the inner bark used as a treatment for liver, kidney and spleen problems among others in China. Good pH tolerance and soil adaptability. Information provided by Scott Sanderson, 2003. [1] http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modzz/00001976.html [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/e/euculm/euculm1.html [3] http://www.botany.ubc.ca/arboretum/UBC083.HTM [4] http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/eucommia_ulmoides.html EUCOM.jpg&311šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙Fraxinus quadrangulata Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: quadrangular twigs; opposite, pinnately compound leaves; serrate margin. Major Uses: Timber tree, and is often sold to mills as white ash. Used for flooring and interior finishes, and sapwood used for tool handles [1]. Also used for ornamental purposes and shade/shelter [2]. On threatened status in Iowa and Wisconsin [2]. Called blue ash because of liquid that turns blue when hits air. Grows readily in dry soils and dry upland and limestone soils [3]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://project.bio.iastate.edu/trees/campustrees/fraxinusquad/fraxquad_info.html [2] http://plants.usda.gov [3] http://www.cmi.k12.il.us/urbana/uplandsprojects/apple/service/bpark/blueash.html FQCOM.jpg&653354376445168šƒ˙QOleaceae Fraxinus Pennsylvanica: A.K.A.: Green Ash, red ash, swamp ash, and water ash. Native to eastern North America and is readily common west to Wyoming and Colorado along plains watercourses at elevations above 6000 ft. Fast growing and extremely hardy to climatic extremes once established, making it one of the most prevalent species of the Ashes. Leaf is opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape. The leaf is 6 to 9 inches long and is glabrous to silky-pubescent below. The flower is dioecious, both sexes lacking petals, occurring as panicles. Flowers appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit is one-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin, seed cavity, maturing September to October and dispersing over winter. Twig is stout to medium texture, gray to green-brown and either glabrous or pubescent, depending on variety. Leaf scars are semicircular, lacking the notched top. Bark is gray-brown, think, furrowed into narrow, irregular, interlacing, scaly ridges. Older trees may be somewhat scaly. Green ash wood, because of its strength, hardness, high shock resistance, and excellent bending qualities, is used in specialty items such as tool handles and baseball bats but is not as desirable as white ash. It is also being widely used in revegetation of spoil banks created from strip mining. Green ash is very popular as a shade tree in residential areas because of its good form, adaptability to a wide range of sites, and relative freedom from insects and diseases. Seeds are used for food by a number of game and nongame animals and birds. Attempts have been made to artificially cross green ash with other ash species. Only the cross of green ash with velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) was consistently successful, yielded viable seed, and produced identifiable hybrids that grew as fast as the eastern parent. The other crosses yielded no identifiable hybrids. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/fraxinus/pennsylvanica.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_frpe.pdf FPCOM.jpg&651349376441164šƒ7#˙áSyringa vulgaris Common lilac is native of Europe, introduced and naturalized in the United States; escapes from cultivation form New York to North Dakota. Distinguishing characteristics: Member of the Olive family (Oleaceae). Lilac is an introduced, perennial, deciduous shrub that can grow between 12- 16 feet tall. The leaves are simple, ovate to broadly ovate, and five to twelve centimeters long. The flowers are mostly white, lilac, or purple, pleasantly fragrant in long terminal panicles. The fruit capsules are 1 to 1.5 centimeters long with flat winged seeds. Major Uses: A green dye is retrieved from the flowers and the leaves and a yellow -orange dye is obtained from the twigs. An essential oil is obtained from the flowers and used in perfume. The bark and leaves has been chewed as a treatment for sore mouth. The Common lilac should be planted in areas with good air circulation to reduce problems with powdery mildew. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. SVCOM.jpg&828376187šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ/%˙˘Diospyros virginiana Diospyros virginiana is a native plant to the US [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leafs are alternate, simple, pinnately-veined, lustrous dark green above, entire margin and 2 1/2 to 5 1/2 inches long [2]. It is dioecious, with white to greenish-white, male flowers in threes. Female flowers are solitary, and both are about 1/2 inch long. The flowers bloom March to mid-June. The fruit is a plum-like berry that is green before ripening, turning orange to black when ripe and 3/4 to 2 inches in diameter. The fruit is astringent when green but sweet and edible when ripe. The buds are dark red to black with 2 bud scales [2]. The bark is very distinguishable because it is very dark and broken up into square scaly thick plates reminiscent of charcoal briquettes. Major Uses: The wood stays smooth under friction, so it is used to make shuttles, spools, bobbin and golf heads. The berry is also edible [3]. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003. [1] http://www.bbg.org/sci/nymf/encyclopedia/ebn/dio0010.htm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/dvirginiana.htm [3] http://www.bbg.org/sci/nymf/encyclopedia/ebn/dio0010.htm DVCOM.jpg&635298378šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ '˙(Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern catalpa Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are cordate shaped in whorls of three with no terminal buds showing. Fruit is a distinctive cigar shaped terminal capsule. The fruit has many winged seeds inside. Originally native to the lower Ohio River valley and central Mississippi River Valley, this tree has been widely distributed through human intervention. Farmers first brought it into Ohio, commonly using it for fence posts. By way of intentional planting and "escapes" this tree has become established in most of Ohio's counties. People also have planted the Northern Catalpa as an ornamental tree for its showy, spring flowers. The wood, mostly used for fence posts, also has been used for railroad ties, cheap furniture, and interior finish. This is the favored food-plant of the Catalpa Sphinx Moth, which sometimes strips a tree of its leaves. Data from: http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/catalpa/catalpa.html Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 CSCOM.jpg&664183405449188šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ"' ˙JMagnoliaceae Magnolia Virginiana: A.K.A.: Sweet bay, swamp-bay, laurel, swamp, sweet magnolia, and swamp-laurel. Native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains from Long Island south through New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to southern Florida; west to eastern Texas, and north into southern Arkansas and southwest Tennessee; also appears in isolated portions of eastern Massachusetts, where it may reflect only older ornamental plantings. Mostly abundant in the States of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. Found on moist to wet sites in the southeastern U.S. Intermediate shade tolerance. The leaves are simple, alternate, evergreen, elliptical, approximately 6 inches long, and silvery white on the underside. Readily distinguished from others in genus by the white pubescence of its lower leaf surfaces. Young twigs are green and hairy with a velvety hairy terminal bud. Bark is mottled gray-brown to almost white and smooth, becoming scaly on older stems. Flowers are white and fragrant. Fruit is a cone-like cluster of red follicles. The soft aromatic straight-grained wood is easily worked and finishes well, so it is used for veneer, boxes, and containers. Its flowers and foliage make it an attractive landscape tree. Sweet bay is also a favorite food of deer and cattle. Deer browse the leaves and twigs all year. Cattle utilize sweet bay especially in the winter, when it can account for as much as 25 percent of their winter diet. Analysis of browse samples from Georgia and east Texas indicate that sweet bay contains 10 percent crude protein. The seeds are a favorite food of gray squirrels and are eaten to a lesser extent by white-footed mice, wild turkey, quail, and songbirds. Sweet bay is at times confused with loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus) and red bay (Perseaborbonia), since "bay" is the term commonly used in referring to any of these three species. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.forestry.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/magnoliaceae_pg/sweetbay_magnolia.htm [2]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/magnolia/virginiana.htm MVCOM.jpg&444519253221šƒ$ ˙Magnolia macrophylla Native to the southeastern U.S from Kentucky to Florida. This species had the largest simple leaf of any dicotyledonous tree in North America [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves can be from 12-32 inches long, and 7-12 inches wide and do not change color in fall. Large flowers are produced ranging from 8-12 inches wide with an ivory color and rose tint at the base of the flower. Fruits are in conelike aggregates and are called follicles that have a pinkish- red color, and are approximately 3 inches long. Major Uses: Some use as a shade tree. Due to a lack of urban tolerance and slow decomposition of leaves, causing a great deal of leaf litter, ornamental use has been slim [2]. This tree is currently listed as endangered in both Arkansas and Ohio [1]. Although generally considered deciduous, it may be semi- evergreen in the deep South [2]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] www.forestry.state.al.us/publication/100/Bigleaf%20Magnolia.pdf [2] hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/MAGMACA.pdf MFCOM.jpg&439253222šƒ!& ˙óMagnolia stellata Introduced to the US in 1860's from Japan, this species is commonly known as the Star Magnolia [1]. Distinguishing characteristics are the smaller, dark green elliptic leaves that are 2 to 4" long which have a bronze cast when new [2]. The bark is smooth and silver on the main trunk, and twigs are chestnut brown in color. Mature height is 15-20 feet. Flower are white to pink and are 3-4" across with 12-18 fragrant and showy sepals. Buds are grey and pubescent. Aggregate fruit is reddish green, about 2" long. When mature in early autumn, the fruit opens and drops orangish-red seeds. This softwood, small tree or shrub is for ornamental use in landscaping. It prefers deep organic and acidic soil. Flowers often bloom in late winter or early spring, before the leaves even emerge, and so are often prone to frost damage. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/m/magno_st.cfm [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/m/magste/magste1.html MSCOM.jpg&517253šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ16,˙’Sassafras albidium S. albidium is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America. The most distinguishing characters of this species are the bright green, alternate, oval leaves. The leaves, on the same twig, are a mixture of 1-3 lobes. The tree grows to a height of 10-40 feet tall. The ridges and furrows of the bark are very aromatic. The tree flowers between the months of April- June before the leaves. The flowers are arranged in clusters and are greenish yellow. The fruit of this tree is a drupe arranged in clusters. For a time the tree was considered to be a cure all, making it a major colonial export, 2nd only to tobacco. As time went on the tree was only found effective relieving intestinal gas and as a diuretic. Until 1960, it was used as an antiseptic for dentistry and for flavoring in foods such as root beer and chewing gum. It was then determined the compound safrole, found in the oil of the root bark, was potentially carcinogenic. (1) The lumber of the Sassafras albidium is used today as a substitute for Fraxinus nigra. Information provided by Heidi L. Byrd, 2003. (1) Magic and Medicine of Plants. 1986. Readers Digest Association. SA1COM.jpg&450783264227242šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ.˙ÔNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Even alternate pinnate/bipinnate compound leaves with acute/rounded apices, leaf length 10-50 cm, width 5-25 cm, leaflet blade length .1-10 cm, leaflet blade width .1-2.5 cm, surface is glabrous and lustrous, reddish brown twisted sickle legume, bark grayish brown with narrow ridges divided fissures, armed with heavy branched thorns on the lower branches and trunk. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: Honey-locust wood is dense, hard and durable used locally for posts, pallets, crates, general construction, furniture, interior finish, turnery, and firewood. It is useful, but is too scarce to be of economic importance. Interesting Facts: Honey-locust pods contain 16.1 % crude fiber and 9.3 % protein. Cattle, goats, white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail, and crows eat the locust pods. Honey-locust pods are being fermented for ethanol production in studies to explore the feasibility of biomass fuels. The tree is short-lived, intolerant of shade and reproduction becomes established only beneath openings in the forest canopy. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/gletri/ GTCOM.jpg&523362304388214šƒ0/˙6Cercis canadensis Native to eastern North America (from New Jersey to southeastern Nebraska, south to Texas, and east to central Florida) [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: small tree with maximum size approximately 25feet. Often multi-branched or having multiple trunks. Flowers appear in early spring before the heart-shaped leaves. Flowers and Legumes are borne on the branches, a trait known as cauliflory. Major Uses: Ornamental. Flowers and fruit are edible for many wild animals, such as deer and birds. Historically used by Native Americans medicinally for colds, flu, and fevers [2]. Interesting Facts: mentioned in Biblical references. Often located in disturbed areas and along forested areas as well as within due to their tolerance of sun and shade. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2202. CC2COM.jpg&518199304391400šƒ0˙"Caesalpiniaceae Gymnocladus Dioicus: A.K.A.: Kentucky coffee tree. Native to Midwestern North America. It grows in bottomlands, ravines, and lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains from western New York and western Pennsylvania, west to southern Wisconsin, and south through Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and northern Louisiana. Usually scattered and rather uncommon in the wild. The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, very large 1 to 3 feet long, with numerous 1 1/2 to 2 inch, ovate leaflets with entire margins. Flowers are dioecious, males and females in long 3 to 4 inch branched clusters, whitish, appearing May to June. Fruits are reddish-brown, flattened, thickened pod, 3 to 8 inches long, 1 1/2 to 2 inches wide, contains 6 or more, dark brown seeds imbedded in a sticky pulp. Twigs are very stout, light brown with whitish patches, large heart-shaped leaf scar, salmon colored pith, and buds small and sunken. Bark is dark grayish-brown, scaly, developing deep fissures with scaly ridges. It is well suited as a lawn tree because it is attractive in all seasons and casts only light shade in summer. Kentucky coffee tree is useful as an urban tree and for street plantings since it is very tolerant of air pollution, salt and drought. Female trees are, however, messy in fall when they drop their pods. Male cultivars, which do not produce pods, are becoming available in the trade. The reddish brown wood is hard, durable and very attractive when finished and polished. It is used in cabinet making. Early settlers made a coffee substitute from the roasted seeds. Native Americans used infusions of the roots and bark as a laxative. The name, Gymnocladus, means "naked branch." Although the roasted seeds were once used as a substitute for coffee, the raw seeds are poisonous. It has been reported that cattle have been poisoned from drinking water into which seedpods have fallen. Information provided by Justin Makii, 2002 [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/g/gymn_dio.cfm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/gdioicus.htm GDCOM.jpg&524364304391212šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ33˙ŁRobinia pseuodacacia The commonly known "black locust" is a native species belonging to the Fabaceae family originally located in the range of the Appalachian mountains and in southern Missouri [1]. The plant has successfully been planted in almost every other states and many other countries. Distinguishing characteristics include; alternate pinnately compound leaves harboring around 7-19 leaflets 1 1/2 to 2 inches long and 1/2 to 3/4 an inch wide [2]. The leaflets can be elliptical or ovate with entire margins. The base of the glabrous leaflets are round and the surfaces are a dull dark blue-green color occasionally with a slight pubescence on the abaxial midrib. The flowers are showy and aromatic, white, born in racemes around 5 inches long. The fruits are brown, flat and shaped like pea pods around 2-4 inches long. The fruits contain 4-8 reniform seeds 3/16 an inch long. The twigs are zigzag shaped, red-brown in color with spines are paired, 2 at each leaf [2]. The bark red-brown to nearly black with ridges and furrows. Major uses: the wood is very strong hard and durable and is used for fence posts, tool handles, railroad ties, fuel wood, etc. The bark is well-known to be toxic to all animals [1]. This species used to be utilized in recolonization of mined land in the past but popularity of this tree for this purpose has gone down. The tree is a legume and returns many minerals to the soil through its decaying leaves. Information provided by Ryan Banks, 2003. [1]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/robpse/ [2]. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W., Leopold, Donald J., and White, Fred M. McGraw Hill. RPCOM.jpg&526753298392216šƒ +4˙ËPhellodendron amurense This tree was introduced to the United States from Asia prior to 1874 [1]. It is native to China, Manchuria, and Japan. Known to escape from cultivation, this tree is found in suburban and urban fringe forests in New York and Pennsylvania [1]. It naturalizes in minimally managed areas. Distinguishing Characteristics: Long pinnately compound leaves (10 to 15 cm) with 5 to 11 leaflets. Crushed leaves give off an odor resembling turpentine. Pea sized, clustered fruits that change from green to black, and smell good when crushed. Grows to be 30 to 40 feet tall with one short main trunk, and several large main branches. Bark tends to be very corky. Flowers are small and greenish-yellow. At maturity, the tree looks flat topped. The twigs lack terminal buds. Major uses: shade tree, ornamental. The tree is typically wider than it is tall. It is best to plant male trees, because the fruit from females is a litter problem. It tends to self sow, and is easy to transplant. It is tolerant of many soil types and pH levels [2]. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002 [1] http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtphel.html [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/p/pheamu/pheamu3.html PACOM.jpg&584310171šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ$˙+Acer platanoides Native to Europe and western Asia. Now grows throughout many temperate areas in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-lobed leaves with 2 extra "teeth" on each lobe. Leaf veins and petiole exude milky sap when broken. Petiole often longer than leaf. Flowers presented in yellow-green clusters. Paired, winged samaras grow at a wide angle of approximately 180degrees. Large, plump green to purple terminal buds [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental, yet not good for residential areas due to damage causing root system. Hard wood used for furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and tool handles. Interesting Facts: commonly used in urban areas due to its tolerance of pollution. Due to its overuse as a specimen, this species has become essentially wild and now dominantly present in some areas once comprised of native species. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/aplatanoides.htm [2] http://www.botany.ubc.ca/arboretum/UBC049.HTM APCOM.jpg&57559336154šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ#˙ÉAcer palmatum Acer palmatum or Japanese Maple is a small ornamental tree and was introduced to the United States and native to the Orient.(1) This species has a slow growth rate and a spreading shape with a short, stout trunk, branching low to the ground. It performs best with rich, moist soil conditions in partially shaded locations (2). Distinctive characteristics: Simple leaf, arrangement is opposite, total length 5?13 cm, palmately lobed, primary lobes 7?9, margins finely serrated, sinuses broadly cleft extending more than one half the distance from the apex to the midrib. Twigs and buds greenish to reddish or purplish, leaf scar is V shaped with three distinct bundle scars. Fruit is a, double samara, angled at 75 to 100 degrees, green, 1?2 cm in length[3]. Economic Importance: Japanese Maple is valued for its interesting foliage [2]. Currently it is an expensive species due to its slow growth, and low availability. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://plants.usda.gov/ [2] http://www.hcs.ohio?state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_matum.html [3] Taxonomy and Ecology of Woody Plants in North American Forests. 2002. James S. Fralish and Scott B Franklin. John Wiley & Sons. AP2COM.jpg&50336155šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ9˙%Tilia europaea Hybrid between two native European Tilias, T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Agreeable odor. 5-10 cm long broadly ovate leaves with inequilateral bases, acuminate apices and serrated margins. Leaves are dark green above and bright green below. They are also glabrous with axillary tufts of hair. Major Uses: Used as an aphrodisiac. Egyptians used as cures for diseases. Information provided by John Helton, 2003 [1] http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A921 TECOM.jpg&599999654860324šƒ6˙öAesculus glabra Native to Midwestern United States. Now ranging in areas from southern Michigan to central Texas [1]. Grown in woodland areas as well as ornamental specimens, yet a poor street tree. Distinguishing Characteristics: Non-Resinous buds. Large, showy, greenish-yellow fowers in spring. Polygamomonoecious: flowers either hermaphroditic or male. Produce very large seeds in a prickly capsule.Has an unpleasant odor when leaves are crushed. Major uses: ornamental. Rough lumber with small commercial importance; yet valuable, easily worked wood used for some furniture production. Roasted seeds once used for medicinal purposes. Seeds, leaves, and inner bark, containing saponins, are toxic to many vertebrates including humans when taken internally. Native Americans used buckeyes as fish poison as well as charms against arthritis. Aesculus glabra is the state tree of Ohio. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=116&Region=World AG2COM.jpg&58383334411157šƒ6˙ŤAesculus hippocastanum Was introduced to the country in 1957 from Europe and Asia [7]. It prefers full sun in well-drained soil making it a highly used shade tree [6]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-7 palmately compound, opposite blunt doubly serrate leaflets (10-25 cm). The winter buds are highly resinous. The twigs are glabrous. New growth has a thick brown wooly pubescence. The flowers are white with yellow to red speckles born on erect panicles [2]. Major Uses: Ornamentals [6]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html 6. http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_hipposcastanum.html 7. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology Ninth Edition. 2001. Hardin, Leopold, & White. McGraw-Hill. AHCOM.jpg&58586334409158šƒ6˙ßThis species was formally known as Aesculus octandra Aesculus flava, Aesculus octandra Marsh. (Synonym) The native range is down the Ohio River Valley. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have 5 pinnately compound elliptical leaflets that are yellow to green. The fruit is a smooth light brown capsule, unlike the spiky capsule of Aesculus glabra. Has a distinct sweet smell that contrast to the unpleasant odor of Aesculus glabra. This is the largest of the buckeyes. The wood is the softest of all American hardwoods and makes poor lumber; but it is used for pulpwood and woodenware. The young shoots and seeds contain poison that is harmful to animals, but the shape and foliage make this an attractive shade tree. The abundant, large nuts of yellow buckeye contain much starch but are apparently not suitable for food because they contain a poisonous glucoside, aesculin. The American Indian ate yellow buckeye nuts but first they roasted the nuts among hot stones and then peeled and mashed them and leached them with water for several days. This treatment apparently removed the aesculin. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 AOCOM.jpg&58685334410šƒ6˙ŽAesculus Carnea was brought to the United Sates from Germany where it originated as a cross between Aesculus pavia and Aesculus hippocastanum. It is a medium shady tree, which grows to about 30 or 40 feet tall. It has a very dark green palmately compound leaf with five leaflets. The compound leaf stays green into late October or early November. It is called the ruby red horsechestnut because of its large showy red to pink flowers in the late spring. Fruit is a capsule that is about an inch to an inch and half long containing 1-6 seeds with a light colored hilum on the top of the seed. It is more hardy tree than A. hippocastanum when it come to drought tolerance and mildew. The tree mostly planted as ornamental. The wood is not widely used commercially. Some researchers believe that it breeds true from seed, others think it is almost sterile; it is most often propagated by grafting. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 AC1COM.jpg&87334409159šƒ6 7˙ŹIntroduced to Philadelphia by William Hamilton from eastern Asia in 1784 by way of Europe [1]. Naturalized in disturbed areas, roadsides, and urban environments throughout North America. Distinquishing Characteristics: Very long (30 - 60 cm) pinnately compound leaves with very disagreeable odor. Dark green glands associated with apices of basal teeth. Large showy inflorescences form large masses of oblong, twisted samaras. Very stout twigs have disagreeable odor and lack terminal buds. Major Uses: Ornamental. Reclamation of degraded landscapes. Fast growing in polluted urban environments. Very aggressive weedy species in hardwood forests since numerous seeds are produced and the tree generates abundant root and stump sprouts. Can be difficult to eradicate. The root system can cause damage to sewers and foundations. Bees collect nectar for honey production. The soft, weak, coarse-grained, and creamy white to light brown wood has no commercial value. This was the tree featured in Betty Smith's 1943 book and Elia Kazan's 1945 film "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn". Information provided by Roger Meicenheimer, 2002. [1] http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/jennjim/ailanthus.html AACOM.jpg&53992433232šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ 9˙!Cornaceae Cornus Florida: A.K.A.: Flowering dogwood Occurs naturally in the eastern United States from Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to eastern Texas and Mexico, and east to central Florida. It grows in a variety of habitats throughout its range, but generally occurs on fertile, well drained but moist sites. Flowering dogwood is usually an under-story component in mixed hardwood forests or at the edges of pine forests. Leaves are opposite, simple, arcuately veined, 3 to 6 inches long, oval in shape with an entire margin. Flowers are very small, but surrounded by four large white (occasionally pink) bracts, 2 inches in diameter. Appearing March to April in the south, June in the north. Fruits appear as shiny, oval red drupes, 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, in clusters of 3 to 4, maturing in September to October. Twigs are slender, green or purple, later turning gray, often with a glaucous bloom. The terminal flower buds are clove-shaped; vegetative buds resemble a cat claw. Bark is gray when young, turning very scaly to blocky. The wood of dogwood is very hard and has some value in the forest products trade for such things as commercial loom shuttles and spindles. In colonial (U.S.A.) times, a tea brewed from the bark was said to reduce fevers. Squirrels and birds devour the red fruits. In recent years, flowering dogwood has been severely impacted by dogwood blight, a fungus disease that can decimate natural populations. The disease was first discovered in the 1970's, and by the 90's; it had spread throughout most of the dogwood's range. Infected trees show small spots with purple margins on the leaves. The disease eventually kills the leaves, and in 2-3 years, the tree dies. The disease (an anthracnose in the genus Discula) thrives in cool, moist weather and dogwoods in the open, with good air circulation and sunlight, are not usually attacked, as are trees in the forest under story. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cornus_f.cfm [2]http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/cflorida.htm CFCOM.jpg&615234358397181šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ, :˙HAsimina triloba Asimina Triloba or the common pawpaw is a species that is native to the eastern US. It has simple alternate obovate leaves about 6 to 12 inches long. The stem has an unpleasant order when it is broken. It produces an edible greenish yellow to brown berry that is about 5 inches long and tastes similar to a banana. Inside the fruit are 2 to 3 flat bean shaped seeds. The fruit can be eaten raw or used to make puddings, breads or ice cream. Asimina triloba is planted as an ornamental or can be planted for fruit production. It can be a very weedy species in clear-cut areas in most of the midwest the site needs to be treated to suppress the Asimina triloba from shading out the other trees. There has been an anti cancer drug purified from this tree and it is being tested now. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 ATCOM.jpg&446119225398šƒ 2;˙ŢThis species is native to Eurasia, but can now commonly be found from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, and from New England all the way to Missouri [3]. Distinguishing characteristics: A member of the Rhamnaceae, this species can grow to a height of 22 feet, with a gray to brown rough textured cork and horizontally elongated lenticels [2]. The leaves are simple and stipulate in form, predominately opposite, but can be alternate, with a sharp terminal point, and jagged teeth along margins. The leaves are also a dark green color and are glabrous, lacking pubescence on either upper or lower surface. The flowers produced by R. cathartica have 4 petals with a yellow-green color in spring, and are borne in clusters [3]. The fruit produced is a small, very black drupe that appears green or red when unripe. Another common feature of R. cathartica is that the twigs often end in spines. Major uses: R. cathartica was originally introduced as an ornamental and used as hedge rows as early as 1849 in Wisconsin [1]. The wood was also used to make fencing, however it has become quite invasive in the present day. The drupes are still used by some for their laxative effects, but should only be used by adults only. The immature drupes are used to make green pigmented water colors, and the yellow dye from the wood has been used to color paper and maps. The wood is also used for small turnery [4]. The fact that R. cathartica is well adapted to many types of soil conditions as well as it's ability to form dense patches which shade out native species has made it highly invasive to North American habitats. Information provided by Adam Lawson, 2004. [1] http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/invasive/factsheets/buckthorns.htm [2] Farrar, John, L. 1995. Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Iowa State University Press. Ames. P. (278) [3] http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/rhca1.htm [4] http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr-html?Rhamnus+cathartica&CAN=LATIND RCCOM.jpg&594709340406278šƒ-.)˙Coded by Eric Chapman. Pyrus calleryana, or 'Bradford Pear', native to China, was introduced to the United States around 1908. Named in 1963 after Frederick Charles Bradford, former director of the USDA Plant Introduction Station in Glenn Dale, Maryland. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are alternate, simple, heart-shaped to ovate, and 5-8cm in length. Margins are finely serrated and conspicuously undulating or wavy. Leaves are shiny green above, paler and dull below. In spring trees bear large clusters of showy white inflorescences, which appear before or with the leaves. Often so dense the entire tree appears white. Flowers can sometimes have a disagreeable odor. Small (1.25cm diameter), round, brown pome fruits. Twigs are glossy brown to reddish-brown. Terminal buds are large (0.5-1.25cm long), ovate, and covered in light brown woolly hairs. Bark is first smooth with numerous lenticels, light brown to reddish-brown. Later turns grayish brown with shallow furrows. [5] Mayor Uses: Ornamental. Popular for landscape use in urban areas where air pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil, and/or drought are common [4]. This tree has a habit of forming tight branch crotch angles that are points of weakness. In the event that the tree is not pruned, it will eventually split under its weight due to high winds, storms, ice, snowload, etc. [6]. As a young tree, it grows quickly and offers good resistance to fireblight [6]. Some say the tree has little invasive potential [2]. In other places it is considered invasive because of its tendency to spread into natural habitats [3]. Information provided by Susan Arnold, 2004. [1] Grimm, William C. 2002. The Illustrated Book of Trees. Stackpole Books. Mechanicsburg, PA. 467-469. [2] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_ST537 [3] http://enature.com/fieldguide/showspeciesRECNUM.asp?recnum=TS1195 [4] http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PYRCALB.pdf [5] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/pcalleryana.htm [6] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/p/pyrcal/pyrcal1.html pc20acom.jpg&468262368-369šƒ% ˙ÁMagnolia soulangiana Also known as the saucer magnolia, this tree is of garden origin. The parents of this hybrid are both native to China. The Saucer Magnolia originated by chance in 1820, as an accidental seedling in a French garden. [1] It's a member of Magnoliaceae. The leaves are elliptic to obovate and are 20 cm long and 12 cm wide. They are tapered at the base and usually rounded at the tip with a short point. They are dark green and nearly smooth above, paler and fine pubescence underneath. The bark is gray and smooth. Fruit clusters ripen from green to pink. It is a cylindrical cluster up to 10 cm long. Large, pubescent buds are carried through the winter at the tips of the branches. They open in early spring to produce large, white flowers with the backs or bottoms of petals colored pink. The flower display is often cut short or destroyed by frost. It is an early spring-flowering tree that also has ornamental winter floral buds, smooth gray bark, bold texture, and dense shade. This specimen is used as a focal point in an entranceway or street tree. It is often serving as an early spring accent. Saucer magnolia's can be sensitive to being transplanted in autumn. Information provided by Lisa Walter, 2003 [1]http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/magnolia_saucer/magnolia_saucer.html [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ma_giana.html [3] TREES. 1992. Coombes, Allen J. Dorling Kindersley. MS1COM.jpg&443515253šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ2 C˙4Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry This species is part of the Rosaceae family and is a native species that has a shrub-like form with a narrow crown; it can form a small tree with an upright trunk. The distinguishing characteristics are the leaf is simple finely serrate ovate pinnately veined, green above, light green below. The twig is slender flexible and red-brown in color. The pointed scaly buds may be up to 4 cm long, and have hairy margins. (1) If you see the tree between March and June you will see large showy white flowers with 5 approximately 12cm petals on an 8 cm raceme, before the leaves appear. During the months of June to July the fruit of this species is a characteristic round red (not ripe) to black (ripe) edible drupe. The bark of this species is an ashy-gray color and is smooth when young developing long ridges and furrows. This species is most economically important as an ornamentally, the fruits are edible as well. The common name derived from the tradition of holding a memorial for all those who died in the winter in the Appalachia, at the time the berries flowered. (2) This information was provided by Heidi L. Byrd 2003. 1.) http://www.rptuthill.com/specs.php?index1=42&index2=1 2.) http://www.treeguide.com/species.asp?species1d=147®ion=world Coded by C. David Walters al20com.jpg&767377101,105šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ:4˙!Salix babylonica Introduced to United States from China. Naturalized mostly near urban areas throughout the Eastern United States [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Alternate finely serrated lance shaped leaves from 3-6 inches in length. Clusters of brown one inch long valve like capsules. No terminal buds. Long drooping olive colored twigs with very small buds [2]. Bark is grey to brown and irregularly furrowed [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Used many times in poetry from the time of Shakespeare, usually about its shimmering leaves [3]. [1] Nation Audubon Society Field Guide To Trees.1980.Alfred A. Knopf Inc. Page 329-330 [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/sbabylonica.htm [3] http://www.trees-online.com/types_of_trees/salix_babylonica.shtml Coded by Dan Fogarty. sb20com.jpg&292 381,382,388436,43725,26385,386šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ 6˙`Aesculus parviflora Native to North America [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Palmately compound leaves with 5 and sometimes 7 leaflets. The leaflets are 3-8 inches in length and have short petioles. Highly resinous buds. Leaves have a dark green upper and have cuneate bases and acuminated apices. Fruit is a tan pear shaped capsules [2]. Flowers are small 4-petaled and tubular with long white filaments [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Able to grow with very little sun so good for landscapes with lots of shade. Tree is not very susceptible to many diseases common to other Aesculus species. Considered aggressive but not invasive. No real commercial value for wood [2]. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=AEPA2#guides [2] http://www.mallorn.com/pom/Aug97/ Coded by Douglas Means. ap20com.jpg&58212263863-64186šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ3M$˙™Cotinus coggygria Commonly known as the European smoke tree. It has a growth habit of both a tree and a shrub [1]. It is introduced to the United States and a native species in S. Europe, central China and the Himalayas, where it grows on dry rocky hillsides and in open woods, usually on limestone [2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are alternate, smooth and bluish green in color, oval shape, 1.5?3.5" long. Fruits are tiny kidney shaped brown berries [2]. Flowers are dioecious. They are inconspicuous little yellowish green blossoms that bloom in the summer, and remain cloudlike throughout the summer [2] Economic Uses: It is ornamental. The wood can be used for cabinet making, picture frames. The leaves and bark are a good source of tannins. The twigs are used in basketry. And there is also an essential oil that is obtained from the leaves and flowers [3]. Intense color is this plant's most outstanding feature. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://plants.usda.gov/ [2] http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/coti_cog.cfm [3] http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi?bin/arr_html?Cotinus+coggygria Coded by Barrett Scurlock. cc20com.jpg&976150-151šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙šƒ;5˙ŽSalix discolor This species of the Salicaceae (willow) family is a native, non-invasive species. Distinguishing characteristics: This species is shrub like usually multi-stemmed reaching heights of 30 feet. The leaves are alternate, simple, elliptical to oblong, often reaching sizes of 2-4 inches [1]. The leaves are somewhat serrated and can be pubescent. The plant is dioecious, and the flowers are borne on catkins and both the male and female flowers are very pubescent reaching about 1 inch in length. The fruit is a capsule borne in a cluster, where each capsule contains many small fuzzy seeds. The buds on twigs can be purple to red with a single cap like scale. The bark starts out gray/brown and smooth and becomes split and scaly [1]. Major uses include mostly ornamental purposes and not so much wood products. The Salix genus also provides a compound known as Salicin which is very similar to active ingredients in many painkillers, which was used by native Americans by extraction from the bark and roots. Information provided by Ryan Banks 2003. 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