—HëSecondary SuccessionCJessica Aston Created for 7th grade study of secondary succession.„˙˙ CXAttdataBeechBeech Tress.jpg€Oakoak.jpg€Maple maple tree€HickoryHickory Tree.jpg€Juniper Juniper.jpg€Mulberrymulberry 1.gif€ HoneysuckleHoneysuckle.jpg€ Rosebushes Rose Bush.jpg€PinePine.jpg€ CottonwoodCottonwood.jpg€BramblesAlso known as blackberries.Brambles€Saplings Saplings.jpg€Other Small Trees\If you are not quite sure which type of small tree you are looking at, check this attribute.€Sumac Sumac.jpg€Queen Anne's LaceQueen Anne's Lace.jpg€Milkweed Milkweed.jpg€Clover Clover.jpg€ Poison IvyPoison Ivy.jpg€ DandelionsDandelions.jpg€ Crabgrass crabgrass.jpg€Wild StrawberriesWild Strawberries.jpg€Mayapple Mayapple.jpg€Aster Aster.jpg€Grasses Grass.jpg€Lichens Lichen 3.jpg€Bryophytes and/or MossesMoss.jpg€Grasses Grasses.jpg€Herbs—The botanical definition of herb is "a plant with a fleshy not a woody stem, which, after the plant has bloomed and set seed, dies down to the ground." Herbs.jpg€Trees Trees.jpg€AntAnt.jpg€Cardinal Cardinal.jpg€FrogFrog.jpg€Cricket Cricket.jpg€Skunk Skunk.jpg€Rabbit Rabbit.jpg€Squirrel Squirrel.jpg€OwlOwl.jpg€Snake Snake.jpg€ Coyote Coyote.jpg€ Black BearBlack Bear.jpg€ Bobcat Bobcat.jpg€ FoxFox.jpg€ DeerDeer.jpg€ Fungi Are Present Fungi.jpg€ Fungi Are Not Present Fungi.jpg€ 1 - 4 species€ 5 - 8 species€ 9 - 14 species€ 15 - 20 species€ over 20 secies€ 1 - 4 species€ 5 - 8 species€ 9 - 14 species€ 15 - 20 species€ over 20 species€0% Woody Plants€1 - 25% Woody Plants€26 - 50% Woody Plants€51 - 75% Woody Plants €76 - 100% Woody Plants€over 100% Woody Plants€Other Large Trees\If you are not quite sure which type of large tree you are looking at, check this attribute.€Other Small Animal€Other Medium Animals€ Other Large Animals€ 0% Light Gap;The given area has no light passing through treetop canopy. No gaps.gif€1 - 25% Light GapsPA small portion of light is passing through the forest canopy in the given area.€26 - 50% Light GapsBSome light is passing through the forest canopy in the given area.€51- 75% Light Gaps1Over half of the given area is exposed to light. €76 - 100% Light Gaps2Most or all of the given area is exposed to light. Light gap.gif€0 -10% Relative Humidity€11 - 20% Relative Humidity€21 - 30% Relative Humidity€31 - 40% Relative Humidity€41 - 50% Relative Humidity€51 - 60% Relative Humidity€61 - 70% Relative Humidity€71 - 80% Relative Humidity€81 - 90% Relative Humidity€91 - 100% Relative Humidity€< 1 cm€ 1.1 - 2 cm€ 2.1 - 3 cm€ 3.1 - 4 cm€ 4.1 - 5 cm€ 5.1 - 6 cm€ 6.1 - 7 cm€ 7.1 - 8 cm€ 8.1 - 9 cm€ 9.1 - 10 cm€> 10 cm€< 0 degrees Celsius€0 - 10 degrees Celsius€11 - 20 degrees Celsius€21- 30 degrees Celsius€31 - 40 degrees Celsius€41 - 50 degrees Celsius€51 - 60 degrees Celsius€61 - 70 degrees Celsius€71 - 80 degrees Celsius€81 - 90 degrees Celsius€91 - 100 degrees Celsius€> 100 degrees Celsius€< 0 degrees Celsius€0 - 10 degrees Celsius€11 - 20 degrees Celsius€21 - 30 degrees Celsius€31 - 40 degrees Celsius€41 - 50 degrees Celsius€51 - 60 degrees Celsius€61 - 70 degrees Celsius€71 - 80 degrees Celsius€81 - 90 degrees Celsius€91 - 100 degrees Celsius€> 100 degrees Celsius€Strong Acid 1 - 4€Weak Acid 5 - 6€ Neutral 7€Weak Base 8 - 9€Strong Base 10 - 14€High€Medium€Low€Very Low€High€Medium€Low€Very Low€High€Low€Medium€Very Low˙˙ CXMenudata˙˙Secondary SuccessionSUCCESSION.jpg†€Biotic Characteristics †€ Vegetation†€ Woody Plants =†€Herbaceous Plants †€Present Plant Structures3Include all of the following attributes if present.†€Animals †€ Small Animals >†€Medium Animals!"#$%?†€ Large Animals&'()*@†€Fungi+,†€Diversity of Life †€ Diversity of PlantsĆIn a given space, count how many different species of plants you can find. Be sure to count different plants, not the total number of plants. As a general rule of thumb...if it is green, count it!-./01†€ Diversity of AnimalsŞIn a given space, count how many different species of animals you can find. Be sure to count different animals, not the total number of animals. Yes, insects do count!23456†€%Woody Plants versus Herbaceous Plants˙tIn a given area, count the number of woody plants present. Then count the number of herbaceous plants present. Divide the number of woody plants by the number of herbaceous plants. Write your answer as a percentage. For example, I counted 5 woody plants and 13 herbaceous plants. So, 5 divided by 13 is .3846. The percentage of woody to herbaceous plants is 38%.789:;<†€Abiotic Factors†€ Temperature¸A thermometer measures the heat energy (energy of motion) of molecules. For example, air with a high temperature means the gas molecules that make up air have a high molecular energy.Thermometer.jpg ghijklmnopqr†€Relative Humidity˙eHumidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, not the total amount of vapor and liquid. For example, humidity can be less that 100% when its raining outside. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor actually in the air divided by the amount of water vapor the air can hold. You can measure relative humidity with a hygrometer or a psychrometer.Hygrometer.jpg FGHIJKLMNO†€ Light Gaps˙ŹA light gap is a portion of forest in which light is able to pass through the caonpy of tree tops to the forest floor below. Light gaps are often created when large trees fall due to thunderstorms. Light gaps allow species of plants to grow that would not normally be able to grow. These plants usually grow rapidly, but not for long-term existence in the forest. These plants are usually overtaken by hardier hardwood trees.Part Light Gap.jpgABCDE†€Soil Temperature˙)Choose a spot in your test area (it should be the same spot as your air temperature spot). Mark 5 cm on your thermometer and gently insert the thermometer in the soil until your mark is just touching the ground. Hold the thermometer in place for 2-3 minutes in order to get an accurate reading Soil Temp.jpg [\]^_`abcdef†€Depth of Leaf Litter˙uLeaf litter is dead plant material, such as leaves, twigs, and bark that has fallen to the ground. Litter provides a habitat for small animals, fungi, and plants. As litter decomposes it becomes humus. Humus is a brown or black substance from decaying matter that provides nutrients for soil and helps soil hold water. The amount of leaf litter on the ground can affect the growth of saplings and small plants. To measure the depth of leaf litter, hold a ruler perpendicular to the ground and gently move the ruler through the leaf litter until you reach solid ground. Read the depth of the leaf litter in centimeters. Litter.jpg PQRSTUVWXYZ†€Soil pH˙´Each plant grows best in soil with a certain pH. Optimal plant growth usually occurs between a pH of 4.0 and 8.0. To measure the pH of the soil in your test area, scoop soil from about 8 cm below ground level using a trowel. Place 100 ml of soil into 300 ml of distilled water. Mix thoroughly and let sit for 15 minutes. Take a pH indicator test paper and dip it into the water. Let dry, then read according to pH indicator strip.pH Indicator.jpgstuvw†€Soil FertilityČEach plant has a certain soil criteria that allows for opimum growth. Knowing the levels of certain nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium allows you to determine how fertile soil is. Soil Fertility.jpg†€ Nitrogen Test˙ÉNitrogen promotes foliage growth, fast, strong growth and is known to give plants a dark green color. To test the nitrogen level, prepare a beaker of soil and water. Take 100 ml of soil from 8 cm below surface level and mix with 500 ml of distilled water. Let sit for 10 minutes. Open the nitrogen test capsule and pour into a test tube. Next, pour in 25 ml of water. Mix thoroughly and let sit for 10 minutes for color to develop. Read chart. xyz{†€Phosphorus Test˙ÔPhosphorus is known to help stem strength, increase root growth, and ensure the quality of the plant's crop. To test the phosphorus level, prepare a beaker of soil and water. Take 100 ml of soil from 8 cm below surface level and mix with 500 ml of distilled water. Let sit for 10 minutes. Open the phosphorus test capsule and pour into a test tube. Next, pour in 25 ml of water. Mix thoroughly and let sit for 10 minutes for color to develop. Read chart. |}~†€Potassium Test˙ŘPotassium helps a plant by hardening the stem, strengthening other tissues, and increasing resistance to disease. To test the potassium level, prepare a beaker of soil and water. Take 100 ml of soil from 8 cm below surface level and mix with 500 ml of distilled water. Let sit for 10 minutes. Open the potassium test capsule and pour into a test tube. Next, pour in 25 ml of water. Mix thoroughly and let sit for 10 minutes for color to develop. Read chart. €‚ƒ˙˙ CXItemname1st Stage of SuccessionĄ€2nd Stage of SuccessionĄ€3rd Stage of SuccessionĄ€4th Stage of SuccessionĄ€5th Stage of Succession˙˙ CXItemrec˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙śThe fifth stage of secondary succession is characterized by the dominance of hardwood trees. Because softwood trees have a short life span (about 50 years) many of the trees die out leaving gaps for hard wood trees to grow. The litter layer on the forest floor increases creating very rich soil for all life to flourish. In deciduous forests, hickory, oak, maple, and beech trees are dominant. These trees can live for over 100 years. 5th Stage.jpg§€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙őThe fourth stage of succession is characterized by the dominance of softwoods. Pines, junipers, and shrubs increase in numbers and grow in height. This results in the beginning of a forest canpy. The canopy shades portions of the forest floor; many light loving perennials, herb, and shrubs die out. Also, due to the forest canopy, temperatures become less extreme, wind affects the area less, and a litter layer develops over the soil. The fourth stage of succession can last from 15 - 50 years. 4th_Stage.jpg§€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ŔThe third stage of succession is characterized by the growth of different softwood species including junipers, pines, and various woody shrubs. This stage usually lasts between 5 and 15 years. 3rd_Stage.jpg§€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙The second stage of secondary succession is characterized by the growth of biennial plants (living only 2 years), and grasses. After a few years perennials (living every year), shrubs, and herbs take hold. Altogether, this stage of succession lasts for approximately 2 - 5 years. 2nd Stage.jpg§€˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙nThe first stage of secondary succession is characterized by the growing of a pioneer species, usually annual plants that live for only one year. The first stage of secondary succession lasts for approximately 1 - 2 years. Abandoned fields, forest fires, floods, disease, pests, logging, and climate change are all events which would allow succession to take place. 1st Stage.jpg˙˙ CXDatablock˙?"ű˙cüß˙˙˙˙˙˙˙đ?˘{cŽsÎů˙˙ř˙˙˙˙Ŕý†eČ9Çđ˙?ř˙˙˙˙Ŕ•o%đœÁŕ˙ř˙˙˙˙@Í/%pŒŔŕ˙ř˙˙˙˙