c6âWhite Solid Identification|In this activity, students will use chemical tests and physical observations to determine the identity of 15 white solids. #ÿÿ CXAttdata&White cubic cyrstalline solid€&.White nonuniform or noncubic crystalline solid€&Slightly offwhite fine powder€&-White coconut flaky looking crystalline solid€&White powder solid€'High Solubility€'Low Solubility€(Strong Acid (pH 1-4)€(Weak Acid (pH 5-6)€(Neutral pH (7)€(Weak Base (pH 8-9)€(Strong Base (pH 10-14)€)Lavender€)Orange€)Red€)Yellow€) Yellow-burned€*No Conductivity€*Weak Conductivity€*Strong Conductivity€Bubbles/Gas Formation€ No Reaction€Formation of White Precipitate€Color Change (other than white)€Increased Solubility€Ammonia Odor Detected€ No Reaction€Formation of White Precipitate€Color Change (other than white)€Increased Solubility€ No Reaction€Orange Precipitate€ No Reaction€Black Color Change€Formation of White Precipitate,ÿÿ CXMenudataÿÿ%€Physical PropertiesˆPhysical properties include observations about a substance that can be observed without altering the chemical identity of the substance.&'()*%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€Chemical Reactivity}Chemical reactivity involves interactions with substances that will cause a change in the identify of the original substance.%€Reactivity with HClþHCl is a highly corrosive substance. If you get any acid solution on your skin, rinse thoroughly and inform your teacher. Some insoluble substances become more soluble in the presense of acid. Don't forget to check for this increased solubility.%€Reactivity with NaOHÿ+Sodium hydroxide is a corrosive substance. You can tell if you get it on your skin, as it will feel distinctly slippery. The smell of ammonia will probably be rather faint and some people are more sensitive to the smell that others. Don't forget to use proper sniffing technique, "wafting." %€#Reactivity with Benedict's SolutionÿThis test can be a little tricky. The precipitate can sometimes be slow to develop. Be sure to heat for at least 5 minutes. It might be helpful to do this test with a known monosaccharide as well as with distilled water to observe a positive reaction for comparison purposes."%€Reactivity with IodineFBe careful with the iodine solution as it stains clothing and skin.  !%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€ÿÿ%€Texture and Coloringÿ0Texture can be somewhat difficult to observe with the naked eye. To help, use your magnifying glass. Also, use the the "or" function if you are uncertain. Remember, the cubic crystalline solids will appear as perfect cubes, all other crystalline solids will fall under the nonuniform crystal category. %€Solubility in WaterÂCompounds soluble in water will produce homogenous solution; If insoluble, look for distinct layers (heterogeneous solution). Be sure to not use too much solute (in proportion to your solvent).%€pHÿ(Be sure to read the instructions on the pH vial carefully. Timing is everything! Over time, the color will change. You may also want to take the pH of the water you are using to dissolve your solutes. If you are uncertain about the pH determination, you may want to use the "or" function.  %€ Flame TestÿRefer to the directions from your teacher about conducting flame tests. Use care when using the Bunsen burner. Be sure to tie long hair back! Make careful observations as the color will not last too long. Also, be sure to clean your flame test tools to prevent contamination. %€ Conductivityÿ_This is a very useful test because ionic compounds are always conductive in water whereas molecular compounds are not. Remember, tap water contains ions which will distort your results. You must use distilled water to ensre proper results. It is also imperative that you clean the conductivity meter inbetween trials to prevent contamination. %€ÿÿ LONLINE REFERENCES: To access, write down address and type into web browser.mExplanation of Electrolytes and Non Electrolytes sLaboratory techniques for Conductivity Testing GExplanation of Benedict's Test ZExplanation of Benedict's Test >Decription of the Iodine Test =General Starch Description :Description of Flame Tests XGeneral Concept of Solubility sExplanation of Double Replacement Reactions ÿÿ CXItemname Baking sodaR€ Boric acidR€ChalkR€ CornstarchR€ Epsom saltR€ GlucoseR€Lithium ChlorideR€Norwegian salt peterR€ Plaster of ParisR€Potassium chlorideR€ Sal ammoniacR€Soda ashR€Sodium acetateR€ Table saltR€ Table sugarR€NH4ClR€ H3BO3R€CaCO3R€Ca(NO3)2R€ CaSO4R€ N/AR€ C6H12O6R€LiClR€MgSO4R€KClR€NaC2H3O2R€NaHCO3R€Na2CO3R€NaClR€ C12H22O11ÿÿ CXItemrec ÿbSodium chloride exists naturally in the form of the mineral, halite. Bsides adding flavor to many foods, both sodium and chlorine ions are necessary nutrients for proper health in animals and humans alike. Sodium chloride is used to replace calcium and magnesium in hard water. Finally, sodium chloride is also useful in many industrial applications. SODCHLO.bmp q€ÿ±Calcium carbonate occurs naturally as chalk, limestone, marble, and other forms. It is a common substance found as rock in all parts of the world and is the main component of seashells and the shell of snails. Calcium carbonate is used in a wide variety of manufactured products including commercial chalk, medicines, and dentifrices. It is commonly used as an antacid, and is the active ingredient in agricultural lime. Caco3.bmp q€ÿÅMagnesium sulfate can be mined from limestone cave walls from the mineral, Epsomite. Magnesium sulfate is most commonly uses as an additive to bath water, relaxing aches and pains. It is also taken orally as a laxitive, and to treat heartburn and constipation. Magnesium sulfate is an ingredient in fertilizers,fireproofing, detergents, refractory bricks for lining iron and steel furnaces, tanning and textile dyes, chemical production, and ceramics. EPSOM~26.bmp q€ ÿùOther names: Sodium hydrogen carbonate; Sodium acid carbonate; baking soda. Description: Sodium bicarbonate is a white, crystalline powder or granules that is often supplied as 99.7% or better purity. Compound is stable in dry air but slowly decomposes in moist air. Precautions: Sodium bicarbonate requires only the good safe working conditions and precautions of normal darkroom and laboratory practice. Keep container tightly closed. Commonly used as a cleaning product, sometimes in recipes NaHCO3.bmp q€ ÿTSodium carbonate is used in the production of glass, paper and soap Anhydrous sodium carbonate is a white, crystalline, odorless powder that absorbs water vapor from the air, gradually forming sodium carbonate monohydrate. Sodium carbonate is a skin irritant, and dusts and mists are irritating to the eyes and the respiratory system. Sodium carbonate.bmp q€ ÿ<KCl is used widely in fertilizers and in the preparation of most potassium compounds. It is also called potash muriate, potassium muriate. Potassium chloride is in the class of drugs called potassium supplements which are used to treat low potassium conditions (hypokalemia) or prevent them from occurring. Potassium is the principal positive ion inside of the cells of the body and is used in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and normal kidney function. A deficiency of potassium causes weakness, fatigue, heart rhythm problems, paralysis, and kidney dysfunction. KCL.bmp q€ ÿ²Sodium acetate has many common uses. Most notably, a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate is often used in reusable hot packs. Sodium acetate is also used along with acetic acid as a buffering agent in many situations such as in controlling pH in foods, cosmetics, and petroleium processes. It is also used as an environmentally-friendly agent in waste water treatment, in the soap-making process and in the tanning process. SODACET.bmp q€ÿlLiCl is a white cubical crystal with strong water absorptivity. LiCl, made from lithium hydroxide, is used in the production of lithium metal, the  manufacture of welding additives, and in organic synthetic industry, air conditioning system, electronic and pharmaceutical industries (ie treatment of depression). It is also used for coloring of fireworks. LiCl.bmp q€ÿ#Calcium nitrate is deliquescent and readily absorbes moisture from the environment. A form of calcium nitrate can be found naturally in manure found in dry environments, as in stables and caverns. Because of the nitrate ion, calcium nitrate is used in pyrotechnics and in fertilizers. calcium nitrate.jpg q€ ÿqCalcium sulfate can be mined from the earth in the form of gypsum. It is used in the production of dry wal, dental molds and surgical casts. Calcium sulfate is also used in the food inductry as a firming agent in togu and various canned vegetables. It is also uses as a filler in many sweets such as frostings, gelatins, soft-serve ice-cream and as a pH buffer. calcium sulfate.jpg q€ ÿ!Cornstarch is a fine, powdery flour ground from the endosperm, or white heart, of the corn kernel. Lacking gluten, it is used as a neutral-flavored thickening agent in such preparations as sauces and fillings and to give baked goods a delicate texture. It is also known as corn flour. cornstarch.bmp q€ ÿ>Glucose, a simple monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrates and is used as a source of energy in animals and plants. Glucose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and starts respiration. The natural form (D-glucose) is also referred to as dextrose, especially in the food industry. glucose.bmp q€ ÿãSucrose is a white, crystalline solid disaccharide with a sweet taste, melting and decomposing at 186°C to form caramel. It is known commonly as cane sugar, beet sugar, or maple sugar, depending upon its natural source. Sucrose is obtained from the juice of sugarcane or the sugar beet and from the sap of the sugar maple. Sucrose is the most common sweetener in the modern, industrialized world, although it has been displaced in industrial food production by some other sweeteners such as glucose syrups or combinations of functional ingredients and high intensity sweeteners. People, and in fact most other mammals except members of the cat family, will gladly accept a food sweetened with sucrose, even if they aren't hungry. SUCROSE.bmp q€ ÿrBoric acid is mined from the Mojave Dessert in California. It is used as a preservative, a fire retardant and is a common ingredient in insecticides. As a general household insecticide, Boric acid is safe enough to use around children, and has been used in ointments and salves for diaper rashes on babies. It is also used, in a very dilute solution, as an eyewash. boric_acid.jpg q€ ÌAmmonium chloride is used chiefly in the manufacture of electric dry-celled batteries, in soldering fluxes, in textile printing, and in making other compounds. It occurs in nature in volcanic regions. ammoniumchloride2.jpg Sodium chlorideCalcium carbonateMagnesium sulfateSodium bicarbonateSodium carbonatePotassium chlorideSodium acetateLithium chlorideCalcium nitrateCalcium sulfate CornstarchGlucoseSucrose Boric acidAmmonium chlorideIonic compoundMolecular compoundMolecular compound/ mixtureÿÿ CXDatablock!‚(DP$E*‚(L0„D0ˆD"(D"„(D"B(D""(HP"DT#D"#„"#D0$D"(B