×w &ÎčTrees Around Our Schools3.53.5˙Ú The expert system was modified to distinguish among 35 common trees local to our school campuses. Modifications of taxa and character states were established to correlate with Ohio state benchmarks and indicators. Also, modifications for grades 9-12. Joe Moorehead, Melissa Whitley-Huff, Amie Gardner, Judy Ladaika ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM INITIAL DATA BASE AND MENUS CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. LAST UPGRADE DEC 2002 ×˙˙ CXAttdata˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Seed close to the stem ˙@Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Proximal means that the seed is located closer to the peduncle than it is to the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located at the edge of the wing in proximal samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ Seed in middle ˙QVariations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Central means that the seed is located more or less at equal distances from the peduncle and the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located in the middle of the wing in central samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ < 45 Degrees ˙-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 46 - 80 Degrees ˙-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 81 - 100 Degrees ˙-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Drupe ˙A simple, fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel, consisting of skin like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony or woody endocarp that encloses a solitary seed. Also referred to as stone fruit. Common examples include peaches, cherries, and olives. ATHELP6.jpg€˙˙€Pome ˙>A fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a skin-like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a papery exocarp that surrounds multiple seeds with hard seed coats. The outer parts of the fruit develop from the expanded floral parts (often the hypanthium) and the receptacle. Common examples include apples and pears. ATHELP6.jpg€Achene ˙VA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp and spongy meso- and endocarp that is unattached to a single seed with a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include sunflower and dandylion "seed". Many achenes of tree species have long trichomes on their exocarp which aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Samara ˙aA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Nut ˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpg€Legume ˙QAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpg€˙˙€Capsule ˙WA fruit derived from a single compound pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along three or more sides (suture) or circular openings (pores). Common examples include fruits of buckeye, poplar, cottonwood, and willow trees. ATHELP7.jpg€˙˙€Husk not splitting ˙ňNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with no obvious lines of dehiscence. These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) degrade in random patterns overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Winged husk ˙ËNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for winged exocarp if the external surface of the husk has distinct longitudinal raised ridges (wings) that raise above an otherwise smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€˙˙€Distinct scales ˙aNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales. ATHELP28.jpg€Warty scales fused together ˙ Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small scales that fuse together to form warty protrusions that produce a pebbly texture. ATHELP28.jpg€Prickles ˙ŽNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules have hard stiff trichomes that form prickles of various lengths and degrees of sharpness. ATHELP28.jpg€Conspicuous fringe ˙+Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales, which may have conspicuous hair-like extensions at their apices. In some species, the hair like extensions are confined to or are most prominent on the scales in the most apical portion of the cupule. ATHELP28.jpg€˙˙€"Husk splitting all the way to base ˙gNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending from the apex all the way to the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€ Smooth husk ˙ƒNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for smooth exocarp if the external surface of the husk has a smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€`Milky Juice in Petioles ˙The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. To test for milky juice, break the petiole in half and squeeze the petiole. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the broken ends of the petiole. ATHELP30.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Coriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Interior hairs ˙$Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Examine the interior cup like region of the cupule (where the nut attaches) for the presence of trichomes or hairs (pubescence). ATHELP28.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg€$Opposite ˙eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg€˙˙€%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%Singly Compound ĹThe leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Doubly Compound ˙ The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Simple iSimple fruits are derived from a single pistil which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. ATHELP24.jpg€Compound Multiple or Aggregate ˙ŠCompound fruits are derived from more than one pistil, each of which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. A multiple compound fruit is derived from the pistils of several flowers in an inflorescence. An aggregate compound fruit is derived from multiple pistils of a single flower. These subclassifications are grouped together here. Be sure to decide what type of fruitlet units comprise compound fruits. ATHELP24.jpg€O Juglandaceae €OHamamelidaceae €˙˙€˙˙€&Longer than wide (oblong) eHaving a leaf blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€&Elongated raindrop (lanceolate) qHaving a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€˙˙€&!Broad toward base of leaf (ovate) ]Having an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€& Broad near tip of leaf (obovate) lHaving an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€& Elliptical €Having a leaf lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€&Oval ¤Having a leaf lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€&Circular (orbicular) mHaving a more or less circular leaf shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg€&$Valentine or kidney shape (reniform) 8Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaf. ATHELP10.jpg€&Diamond shape (rhombic) vHaving a more or less diamond-shaped leaf with straight margins. The widest part of the leaf lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€&Triangle shape (Deltoid) ƒHaving a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaf. Often the sides of the leaf lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg€'Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€'Palmate ˙In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€' Pinnipalmate ˙ŽThe pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg€˙˙€(Long, sharp tip (acuminate) yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Short, sharp tip (acute) uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€(Blunt or rounded tip (obtuse) ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Curved tip (rounded) 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€(Flattened tip (truncated) }Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€)Cuneate đHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Acute wHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Obtuse Having a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP4.jpg€)Truncate ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€)Cordate ¤Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€) Inequilateral ŒHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiole at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€*Repand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€*Sinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane. ATHELP21.jpg€*Crenate ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€*Serrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€* Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg€*Doubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg€*Dentate ^Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib. ATHELP22.jpg€˙˙€*Aculeate !Having a spiny or prickly margin. ATHELP23.jpg€*Pinnately Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€*Pinnately Cleft ƒHaving a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€*Pinnately Incised Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€*Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg€+Smooth :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€+Short, soft hairs _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€˙˙€+Short, stiff hairs vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Glands on Leaflet Margin˙Glands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP31.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€O Leguminosae€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€-Long and Short Shoots ˙&Branches consist of stems of two distinct lengths: The longer, usually more or less horizontally oriented stems bear distinctly shorter "spur" shoots that are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the long shoots. Typically the reproductive structures are borne on the short spur shoots. ATHELP33.jpg€˙˙€-Branched Thorns äThorns are sharp stiff modified branches. Look for them terminating a twig, in the leaf axis or on the bark. Branched thorns are linear with one or more offshoots oriented more of less perpendicular to the parent thorn branch. ATHELP33.jpg€-Spines ˙Spines are sharp stiff modified leaves or stipules. Look for these in the node region of the stem where you would expect to find leaves or stipules. Spines that are modified stipules are found in pairs on either side of the leaf or leaf scar in the node region of the stem. ATHELP33.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€-Square ‘Twig has four definite corners, not rounded, as viewed in cross section. The corners may have ridges of bark (cork wings) associated with them. ATHELP33.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€7Rounded Ridges UOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened. ATHELP16.jpg€˙˙€7 Corky Ridges nRidges are very pliant when you push against them with your finger, much like a cork from good bottle of wine. ATHELP16.jpg€˙˙€7Diamond Ridge Pattern WA regular diamond or rhomboid pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€3Whitish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3 Yellowish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Orangish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Reddish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Blackish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Greenish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Salicaceae €OUlmaceae €OOleaceae €˙˙€Longer than wide (oblong) hHaving a leaflet blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€Elongated raindrop (lanceolate) tHaving a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€˙˙€!Broad toward base of leaf (ovate) cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€ Broad near tip of leaf (obovate) rHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€ Elliptical †Having a leaflet lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Long, sharp tip (acuminate) yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€Short, sharp tip (acute) vHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Rounded tip (rounded) 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€#Very sharply pointed base (cuneate) ôHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Sharp pointed base (acute) yHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Blunt or rounded (obtuse) ƒHaving a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Curved (rounded) 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. Athelp4.jpg€Flattened (truncate) ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€!Asymmetrical base (inequilateral) ŽHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiolule at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€Repand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€Crenate ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€ Crenulate ˇHaving a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPG€Serrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€ Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg€Doubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Dull :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OFabaceae €O Cornaceae €O Platanaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Shiny Surface appears shiny.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€+Shiny  Surface appears shiny. €˙˙€LSmooth surface :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€LTiny hairs (use lens) …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€L Short hairs _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€LDense, wooly hairs lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€L!Small patches of hairs (by veins) ČThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaf lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€-Zig-Zag Internode Pattern  ůWhen successive internodes along a twig are viewed along its longitudinal axis, there is a distinct abrupt change in the angle of orientation of successive internodes, usually between 15 and 35 degrees, that alternates between successive internodes. ATHELP33.jpg€˙˙€LWaxy and white ĚSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€`Glands on Petiole ˙4The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If there are glands on the petiole, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. ATHELP30.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OCaesalpiniaceae €˙˙€˙˙€O Magnoliaceae €˙˙€˙˙€OHippocastanaceae €O Simaroubaceae €O Lauraceae €ORosaceae €˙˙€O Tiliaceae €OMoraceae €PJuglans €˙˙€O Aquifoliaceae €O Betulaceae €PCarya €O Aceraceae €OFagaceae €PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €˙˙€PPrunus €PMalus €˙˙€PAcer €PTilia €PAesculus €PCornus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€* Bristle Tips cHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€LWhite sThe underside of the leaf has a distinct whitish appearance. May or may not be associated with glaucous condition.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSyringa €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSalix €PBetula €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PIlex €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PPopulus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PMaclura €P Liriodendron €˙˙€˙˙€P Gleditsia €PCercis €˙˙€P Sassafras €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PRobinia €˙˙€˙˙€P Liquidambar €˙˙€Unpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PPyrus €˙˙€˙˙€P Plantanus €P Ailanthus d˙˙ CXMenudata˙˙Angiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg _[ !#OPق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قUNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgfÎق˙˙ق?ANGLE BETWEEN DOUBLE SAMARA˙,A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg345ق?SINGLE SAMARA SEED LOCATION˙ęA samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed compared to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle). ATHELP38.jpg%&ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق# FRUIT TYPE˙FFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. ATHELPC6.jpg §¨FHIJKLNق˙˙ق@NUT MORPHOLOGY˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP26.jpgP[\Tق@CUPULE MORPHOLOGY˙˘Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. ATHELP28.jpgVWYXyق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق2SINGLY AND DOUBLY COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICS˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPGق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق LEAFLET SHAPE˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.ijlmnق˙˙ق LEAFLET APEX˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The apex of a leaflet is the top half or the tip of the leaflet. ATHELP3.jpgyz~ق LEAFLET BASE˙?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg‚ƒ„…†ˆقLEAFLET MARGIN˙ The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina.ô‹ŒŽ‘’قLEAFLET UPPER SURFACE˙Look at the top surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.šقGENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSčLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. Athelp71.jpg%$قTWIG CHARACTERISTICS˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. athelp80.jpg-قTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS˙$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.73ق˙˙قFRUIT CHARACTERISTICS˙FFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. ATHELPC4.jpg?@قLEAF ARRANGEMENT ON TWIGůLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpg‚ƒŮ‚ LEAF TYPES˙Leaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg …†‡ˆŒق[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade. ATHELPC2.jpg ­Ž°ą˛ł´ľśšŮ‚[SIMPLE LEAF VENATION˙A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgşťźŮ‚[SIMPLE LEAF APEXfA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The apex is the tip of the leaf blade. ATHELP3.jpgžżÂĂÄق[SIMPLE LEAF BASE—A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgÇČÉĘËĚÍق[SIMPLE LEAF MARGINjA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina. ATHELPC1.jpgĐŃŇÓŐÖ×ŘÚ`ŰÜÝŢق[SIMPLE LEAF UPPER SURFACE˙Look at the top surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.ßáäق˙˙ق UNUSUAL TWIG CHARACTERISTICS˙bThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP33.jpg ' ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق!OUTER BARK COLOR˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpgKNMLPOق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق!BARK RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS˙Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges. ATHeLP16.jpg79;ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق#SAMARA FEATURES˙›A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed and the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. ATHELPC5.jpg ق# NUT FEATURES˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELPC6.jpgق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق[SIMPLE LEAF LOWER SURFACE˙Look at the bottom surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.b)ق˙˙ق˙˙قFAMILIES˙đIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!OLM=ÂÁPŞCŠE÷@IgĂFeDHfقGENERA˙ďIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!Y[֝NÂ\QTÁ˘JžĚ˝WŐ§VŇRɜĔZSق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قSIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'(*)&+Lق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قPETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpg`ق_UNUSUAL PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSšThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. athelp30.jpg0`ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙&\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1996. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.TEyewitness Handbooks Trees. 1992. Coombes A. J. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.JThe Families of Flowering Plants. 1973. Hutchinson, J. Oxford Univ. PressFlora of Japan. Ohwi.IFlora of North America. 1997. Torrey and Gray., Oxford University Press.KFlora of the Northeast. 1999. Magee, D. W. Univ. Mass. Press. Amherst, MA>The Glory of the Tree. 1966. Boom, B. and Kleijn. Doubleday.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.NHow To Identify Flowering Plant Families. 1982. Baumgardt, J. P. Timber PressWThe Illustrated Book of Trees. 1983. Grimm, W. C. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.nThe Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 1980. Mohlenbrock, R. H. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale, IL.^Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 12. 1952. Gleason, H. A.cManual of Cultivated Broad Leaved Trees and Shrubs. 1984. Krussmann, G. Timber Press. Portland ORUManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.MManual of the Trees of North America. 1905. Sargent, C. S., Dover Publ. NY.VManual of the Trees of North America. 1922. Sargent, C. S., Houghton Mifflin Co. NY.lManual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1968. Radford, A.E. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. NC‡Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1991. Gleason and Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden. NYbManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL."Michigan Trees. Barnes and WagnerxThe New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern Unived States and Adjacent Canada. 1956. Gleason H. A.%North American Trees. Preston, R. J.Oxford Book of Trees.DOxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. 1981. Oxford Univ. Press+Peterson's Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs.^The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2000. Rhoads, A. F. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.@Pruning: A Practical Guide. 1993. McHay, P. Abbeville Press. NY&Shrubs of Indiana. 1932. Deam, C. C.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.KTextbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, J. W. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.MTrees of Indiana. 1953. Deom, C. C. The Bookwalter Co. Inc. Indianapolis, INDTrees of North America and Europe. 1978. Phillips, R. Random HousepTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.3Tree, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Kansas. Stephens.LVascular Plant Taxonomy. 1988. Walters D. C. and D. J. Keil. Hunt Publ. Co.˜The Woody Plants of Ohio Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized and Escaped. 1961. Braun, E.L. Ohio State University Press. Columbus OH#˙˙ CXItemname> Ash, Blue>ƒ Ash, White>ƒBeech>ƒBirch, River or Red>ƒ]Buckeye, Ohio or Fetid>ƒCherry, Black, Wild or Rum>ƒ3Cottonwood, Northern>ƒ'Crab-Apple, Garland; or Wild Sweet Crab>ƒcDogwood, Flowering>ƒElm, Northern, Slippery>ƒHickory>ƒHickory, Shellbark; or King-Nut>ƒHolly>ƒL(Honeylocust; Sweet-locust; Thorny Locust>ƒ^Horse-Chestnut, Common>ƒ@ Lilac, Common>ƒ)Linden, American; American Basswood; Lime>ƒQLocust, Black or Yellow>ƒ #Maple, Red, Soft, Scarlet, or Swamp>ƒ Maple, Silver, Soft or White>ƒMaple, Sugar or Hard>ƒ#Oak, Burr or Mossy-cup>ƒ*Oak, Pin>ƒ Oak, Red>ƒ Oak, White>ƒ: Osage-Orange>ƒ Pear, Common>ƒMRedbud, Eastern; or Judas-tree>ƒJSassafras, Common>ƒ'Sweetgum; Redgum; Sapgumm; Starleaf-gum>ƒSycamore>ƒaTree-of-Heaven>ƒ&Tuliptree; Yellow Poplar; Tulip-poplar>ƒ Walnut, Black>ƒ4 Willow, Black#>ƒ rubrum>ƒ saccharinum>ƒ saccharum>ƒ]glabra>ƒ^ hippocastanum>ƒa altissima>ƒnigra>ƒ laciniosa>ƒovata>ƒM canadensis>ƒcflorida>ƒ grandifolia>ƒ americana>ƒ> quadrangulata>ƒL triacanthos>ƒopaca>ƒnigra>ƒ styraciflua>ƒ tulipifera>ƒ:pomifera>ƒ coronaria>ƒ occidentalis>ƒ3 deltoides>ƒserotina>ƒcommunis>ƒ alba>ƒ# macrocarpa>ƒ* palustris>ƒ rubra>ƒQ pseudoacacia>ƒ4nigra>ƒJalbidum>ƒ@vulgaris>ƒ americana>ƒrubra›˙˙ CXItemrec Fraxinus americana FACOM.jpg&647347376439162…ƒAcer saccharum ASCOM.jpg&57970336414134…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ  ˙çNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are persistent, leathery, elliptical, spiny-toothed. Bark is light gray, usually covered in lichens. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood of American holly is tough and hard but not strong. It is used for veneer and to a limited extent as pulpwood and lumber. Greatest use of the wood is for specialty items such as fancy cabinet inlays, small pieces of furniture, brush backs, handles, novelties, wood engravings, scroll work, woodcuts and carvings, measuring scales and rules for scientific instruments;when dyed black to resemble ebony, it is used for piano keys, violin pegs, and fingerboards [1]. Interesting facts: Fruit dispersal is facilitated by birds. Despite the presence of saponins in the leaves and berries, American holly is not considered poisonous to man or animals. When the Pilgrims landed the week before Christmas in 1620 on the coast of what is now Massachusetts, the evergreen, prickly leaves and red berries of American holly (Ilex opaca) reminded them of the English holly (Ilex aquifolium), a symbol of Christmas for centuries in England and Europe. Since then American holly, also called white holly or Christmas holly, has been one of the most valuable and popular trees in the Eastern United States for its foliage and berries, used for Christmas decorations, and for ornamental plantings [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm IOCOM.jpg&564402405275…ƒ!˙_Tilia americana This native tree is found throughout the eastern United States [1]. Reaching heights of 75 to 130 feet at maturity. Distinguishing Characteristics: reddish outer bark with a dark inner bark, the leaves are simple with a serrated margin, ovate with a truncate, inequilateral base, lustrous on the upper surface and the lower side has axillary tufts of hair. The small nut produced has a smooth exocarp with a persistent ovate bract. The wood is used for cabinet making, paneling and trim, musical instrument soundboards, and pulp [1]. The inner bark is believed to have been used by Native Americans for a variety of goods such as fabric, clothing, roping, basket weaving, and canoe construction. Also, most of our honey is made from Tilia americana flowers [2]. Tilia americana's wood is classified by Carey and Gill as a "fair" firewood [1]. Basswood is a favorite source of food of the White-tail deer and its easily decayed wood makes a good home for cavity nesting animals like the wood duck and woodpecker [1]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com TACOM.jpg&597999653855324352280…ƒ ˙SFagus grandifolia, American Beech Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have more than 10 pairs of pinnate veins and the leaf margin is blatantly serrate. The bark is a smooth gray, the twigs are in a zigzag pattern. Buds are spindle like. This slow-growing, common, deciduous tree reaches its greatest size in the alluvial soils of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. Beech mast is palatable to a large variety of birds and mammals, including mice, squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks, and blue jays. Beech wood is excellent for turning and steam bending. It wears well, is easily treated with preservatives, and is used for flooring, furniture, veneer, and containers. It is especially favored for fuel wood because of its high density and good burning qualities. Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as a medicine for various human and animal disorders. Data from Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 FGCOM.jpg&380325226276268…ƒ˙|Prunus serotina Native to eastern North America spanning from Minnesota to Texas and from Florida to Nova Scotia with populations in Arizona and New Mexico (1). Distinguishing characteristics: alternate, simple 2-6 inch long, leaves that are toothed, thick and leathery with a pair of glands on the petiole and tufts of hair along the basal part of the midvein. The bark is thin and smooth and brown to black on young trees, but fissured, scaly, thick and almost black on older trunks. The fruit is a purplish-black drupe (1.2 cm in diameter) (1). Major uses: The wood is strong, hard, close-grained and reddish brown. It is valued for furniture, panelling, veneers, and cabinetry. Prunus serotina in soil reclamation of disturbed surface mines. The bark is used in the Appalachians as a cough supressant, remedy and sedative. The fruit is used to flavor rum and brandy. The fruit is also eaten raw or made into jellies and wines. The fruits are an important source of food for many animals but the leaves, twigs and bark are poisonous to livestock but not to White-tailed deer (1). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us PSCOM.jpg&506661282380380…ƒ "˙0Ulmus rubra Native tree of North America with a range that extends from southwestern Maine to New York, extreme southern Ontario, northern Michigan, central Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota; south to eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, southwestern Oklahoma, and central Texas; then east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. It is most abundant in the Great Lake States and in the corn belt of the Midwest as it grows best on moist, rich soils of lower slopes, stream banks, river terraces, and bottom land especially those of limestone origin.[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Medium sized trees up to 25 m tall and 60 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, approximately 15-20 cm long with single serrated margins and an asymmetric base. Upper surface of leaf is dark green and scabrous, underside of leaf is paler and less hairy. Leaves are pinnately veined. Buds are about 6mm long, dark brown with reddish brown hairs, with a rounded tip[2]. The flowers are inconspicuous and perfect[3] each on separate short stalks in dense fascicles and they appear before the leaves from February to May. Fruits are circular samaras 10-15 mm long, which are hairless except on the seedcase, which is covered by reddish-brown hair[4]. Inner bark is "slippery", hence the common name. Major Uses: The wood is inferior to Ulmus americana but it is still used commercially for the same products: furniture, paneling and containers. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [4] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press URCOM.jpg&423871231241358…ƒ!˙Juglans nigra Native from New England all the way through Texas. A large deciduous tree, it grows between 50 and 75 feet tall. Distinguishing characteristics: pinnately compound leaves are 1 to 2 feet long with up to 23 leaflets. Leaflets are finely serrate and 3 to 3.5 inches long. The leaves emit an odor when crushed. Male flowers are single stemmed catkins. Female flowers on short spikes near end of twig[1]. Flowers are present April to June. Twig is stout with short buds. The fruit is a semi-fleshy nut. The meat is edible when it matures from September to October. Bark is dark brown-gray to dark brown-black. with rounded ridges and furrows forming moderatly think uneven plates. This wood is rated as one of the most durable woods, even in conditions favorable to decay. Major uses: furniture, cabinets, gunstocks, novelties, interior paneling, and veneer[2]. The grain is very straight, and easily is easy to work with hand tools and machines. It takes paint and stain well, and glues and polishes well[2]. This tree is difficult to transplant and prefers moist, well-drained soil. They are used for food, fruit, lawn trees, and to fill parks and wide open spaces[1]. The fruit is known to be messy. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/jnigra.htm [2] http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/HardwoodNA/htmlDocs/juglans2.html JNCOM.jpg&358428222253200…ƒ˙łQuercus rubra Native tree of North America and is the only native oak extending northeast to Nova Scotia. It has a range from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, to Ontario, in Canada; from Minnesota south to eastern Nebraska and Oklahoma; east to Arkansas, southern Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate with 7-9 lobes with several bristle-tipped teeth and V-shaped notches. Upper surface dull yellowish green, paler underneath. This tree is monoecious and its staminate flowers are borne in catkins that develop from leaf axils of the previous year. The pistillate flowers are solitary that develop in the axils of the current year's leaves. The fruit is an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters from two to five, is 12-25 mm long, almost as wide and short-stalked. Cup saucer-shaped 15-25 mm across, enclosing about one-quarter of the nut[2]. Major Uses: Extensively planted as an ornamental because of its symmetrical shape and brilliant fall foliage[3]. Important food source for squirrels, deer, turkey, and birds. Information provided by Jon Tyson. ] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar.Iowa State University Press [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm QR1COM.jpg&407703226309248…ƒ˙ďQuercus alba Is a native species found in upland forests preferring western facing slopes[4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves are obovate-oblong 10-20 cm long. They are 3-4 paired lobes with entire or sparsely toothed lobes [3]. The underside of the leaf is pubescent when young then becomes glabrous with a bluish to grey-green color. The fruits are acorns about ź covered with a cap. The young shoots are pubescent [3]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Food for wildlife [2]. It is also a highly prized lumber for furniture, veneer, paneling, flooring, and railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, ships, and caskets. It is currently the major source of wood for whiskey barrels [5]. The white oak can live upwards of 600 years [3]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html QACOM.jpg&382686226288256…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ Acer rubrum ARCOM.jpg&57764336423140…ƒ˙śAcer saccharinum Native to Northern Central, Eastern, and Northern Southern U.S, and South Eastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Opposite, Simple, 5 lobed, palmate venation, deep, and doubly serrate leaf, with a silver colored underside. Young stems possess a fetid odor when crushed. acute - right angle double samara fruit [2]. Branches swoop downward, and then curve back upward [3]. One of the earliest flowering species within it's range, blooming in late February, April, or May. Major Uses: Wood used for furniture, boxes, crates, food containers, paneling, and core stock. A Timber harvest in Mid- West U.S. Seeds eaten by birds and small animals. Bark is a top food source for beavers in South East Ohio. Cavities in the tree used by birds and mammals for nests. Strip mine succession and regeneration. Sometimes used as an ornamental but it has fragile limbs susceptible to ice breakage, and rotting, plus large amounts of twigs being shed. The shallow root system of this tree also tends to invade water systems. Maple syrup can be made from this tree. This tree species is highly susceptible to fire damage which will destroy both mature seeds and new sprouts [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/acesah/ [2] http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_saccharium.html [3] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharinum.htm AS1COM.jpg&57868336424142…ƒ ˙m Platanus occidentalis This is a native tree of North America with a range from southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, and southern Wisconsin; south in Iowa and eastern Nebraska to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and south-central Texas; east to northwestern Florida and southeastern Georgia. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. In general, this tree grows best on sandy loams or loam with a good supply of ground water, typically on the edges of lakes and streams where summer water tables drop enough to permit soil aeration during the growing season[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Large tree up to 35 m in height and 200 cm in diameter. Bark of the tree is smooth and brownish which exfoliates in jigsaw puzzle shaped pieces to expose green, cream-colored, or white inner bark. Bark is dark brown and scaly at the base of mature trees. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, slightly wider, simple and alternate with 3 to 5 palmate lobes with central lobe wider than it is long, are coarsely toothed, and are prominently 3-veined. Persistent stipules are prominent in the spring. Buds are bluntly coned-shaped, 6-10 mm long, reddish, covered with a single scale enclosed in the base of the leaf stalk until after leaf fall. No terminal bud; end bud originates as lateral bud[2]. Staminate and pistillate flowers are separate but appear on the same tree on different shoots. Staminate flowers are small, yellowish-green, and in clusters along the twigs. The pistillate flowers are larger, crimson, long-stalked and appear in ball like clusters near the shoot tips. Fruits are held in a solitary ball-like aggregate 20-35 mm across that hang from 8-16 mm long stalks. Fruits are achenes and they are small, one seeded, and elongated with stiff brownish hairs at the base[3]. Major Uses: Sometimes a pioneer tree on upland old- field sites, especially in the central part of its range. It has become a favored species for use in intensively cultured "biomass farms" in the southeastern United States that use the coppice growth for fiber. It is valuable for timber and it is also planted as a shade tree because of its distinctive white exfoliating bask and broad dense crown[4]. Poet William Cullen Bryant wrote about this tree: "And plane tree's speckled arms o'er shoot/ The swifter current that mines its root"[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [5] Family Field Guides. Trees: North American Trees Identified by Leaf, Bark & Seed.1997. Steven M.L. Aronson. Workman Publishing POCOM.jpg&456632230236…ƒ ˙ Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum grows from Connecticut southward throughout the East to central Florida and eastern Texas. It is found as far west as Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma and north to southern Illinois. It also grows in scattered locations in northwestern and central Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Distinguishing Characteristics: Sweetgum is monoecious. The small, greenish flowers bloom from March to early May, depending on latitude and weather conditions. Both the staminate and pistillate flowers occur in heads. The staminate inflorescences are racemes; the solitary pistillate flowers are globose heads that form the multiple heads, 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 in) in diameter, of small, two-celled capsules. The lustrous green color of the fruiting heads fades to yellow as maturity is reached in September to November. The beaklike capsules open at this time, and the small winged seeds, one or two per capsule, are then readily disseminated by wind. However, the seed balls can be safely collected for seed extraction several weeks before ball discoloration occurs without harming the seed. Empty fruiting heads often remain on the trees over winter. Bark: Grayish brown, deeply furrowed into broad scaly ridges. Leaves: alternate, simple, and slightly heart-shaped with 5-7 lobed divisions, finely serrate with rounded appressed teeth; bright green and smooth above; paler below. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, railroad ties, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, radio-, television-, and phonograph cabinets, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. Sweetgum is also called redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, or bilsted, it is a common bottom-land species of the South where it grows biggest and is most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. This moderate to rapidly growing tree often pioneers in old fields and logged areas in the uplands and Coastal Plain and may develop in a nearly pure stand. Sweetgum is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeast and the handsome hard wood is put to a great many uses, one of which is veneer for plywood. The small seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is sometimes used as a shade tree. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. LSCOM.jpg&453485233240…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ  ˙Liriodendron tulipifera Native to eastern North America (from Vermont west through southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Louisiana, and east to northern Florida) growing in open areas, coves, lower slopes, and disturbed sites [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Palmately veined, orbicular, 4-lobed leaves with entire margin. Showy flowers with yellow-green petals and an orange corolla. Oblong, 1-winged, 4-angled samaras. Stipules are large and encircle the twig. Twigs have a sweet, spicy odor when broken. Sapsucker holes are common on bark of older trees [1]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Wood is commercially important for its soft and workable quality for interiors of furniture, plywood cores, veneer, and composite products [2]. Reclamation of mining sites and crop fields. Most nitrogen-demanding of all trees [2]. Susceptible to a number of leaf diseases and insects, such as aphids which produce honeydew making the tree undesirable in urban areas. Historical values include medicinal uses as worming medicine, antiarthritic, cough syrup, cholera remedy, and heart stimulants. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http:// www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/ltulipifera.htm [2] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=581&Region=North American LTCOM.jpg&436489253222244…ƒ ˙ŰBetula nigra, Betulaceae Black Birch Distinguishing Characteristics: The bark is papery with a white outer color and a red to salmon inner color. Twigs are brown, pubescent, the pith is homogenous and the buds imbricate. Leaves like most birch are simple, alternate, pinnately veined, and double serrated with a lustrous and glabrous topside. The primary range of river birch is the southeastern quarter of the United States. Scattered populations are found along rivers and streams as far north as southern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, and the middle New England States. The tree's beauty makes it an important ornamental, especially at the northern and western extremes of its natural range. Because of its tolerance to acid soils, river birch has been used successfully in strip mine reclamation. It has also been used in erosion control. Its graceful form, attractive bark, and high resistance to the bronze birch borer make it desirable for ornamental planting. River birch is used mainly for local enterprises such as the manufacture of inexpensive furniture, basket hoops, and turned articles. Experiments in North Carolina did not indicate that it is desirable for commercial pulpwood production, but naturally occurring merchantable-sized trees are often harvested for pulpwood when mixed with other bottomland hardwoods. Strength of the wood makes it suitable for the manufacture of artificial limbs and children's toys. "The most beautiful of American trees" is what Prince Maximilian thought of river birch when he toured North America before he became the short-lived Emperor of Mexico. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 BNCOM.jpg&366134224343…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ  Carya ovata COCOM.jpg&352178222260204…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ)Pyrus communis PC1COM.jpg&509683290384…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ ˙żCarya laciniosa Native to most of the Eastern half of the United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Pinnately compound leaves with seven leaflets. Outer bark exfoliates in long vertically peeling plates. Orange to brown twigs may be slightly pubescent. Large terminal buds [1]. Produces the largest nut of all hickories accumulating to 70- 105 liters of nuts per year [2]. Major Uses: Due to it's hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible wood, it's uses include furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuel wood, and charcoal. A few areas harvest the nuts. Primarily the nuts feed squirrels and other nut eating species. No ornamental value, due partly to cleanup associated with volume of nuts produced [1], and it's vulnerability to a variety of insects [2]. Usually a lowland species susceptible to low light intensities, early settlers used this tree as an indicator of fertile soil [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House [2] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carya/laciniosa.htm CLCOM.jpg&350177222263206…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ*˙žMalus coronaria Native to the United States and is especially prominent is Ohio as it grows wild in probably every county [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Flowers have pink blossoms. Leaf margins irregularly toothed, and leaves are ovate to oblong and simple. Black, thread-like glands on upper midrib of leaves[2]. Spines on twigs and/or trunk. Fruit is a round, reddish pome about 1 in. in diameter [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Mammals (deer, raccoons) eat fruit and squirrels eat seeds. Fruit also consumed by humans. Less hardy varieties of apple trees are grafted onto M. coronaria [1]. Also hardy in urban environments. Fruit can be made into crabapple jelly. Creates problem when fallen fruit attracts bees and wasps [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto. 2002. [1] http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/crabapple_sweet/crabapple_sweet.html [2] http://ohioline.osu.edu/b700/b700_42.html PCCOM.jpg&490282370…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙šQuercus macrocarpa Native Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are irregularly lobed, the center pair of sinuses the deepest, pale and pubescent below. Twig is stout with conspicuous corky ridges on secondary growth. Nut enclosed one-half or more with conspicuous fringe on margin [2]. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood is commercially valuable and marketed as white oak. Acorns of bur oak make up much of the food of red squirrels and are also eaten by wood ducks, white-tailed deer, New England cottontails, mice, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and other rodents The species is also widely planted in shelterbelts because of its drought tolerance [1]. Interesting facts: The bur oak has the largest acorns of all native oaks and is very drought resistant. It grows slowly on dry uplands and sandy plains but is also found on fertile limestone soils and moist bottomlands. It is a pioneer tree invading prairie grasslands, and it is planted frequently in shelterbelts. The comparative ease with which bur oak can be grown makes it a fine tree for streets or lawns. Bur oak is a slow-growing tree. It is not resistant to flooding. Tolerates urban pollution better than mostoaks. Can live to 440 years of age [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow & Harrar. McGraw-Hill. QMCOM.jpg&395692226291258…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙^Quercus palustris Native species to North America. Distinguishing Characteristics. In unpruned species, lower branches slope downwards. The leaves are simple and alternate, with 5-7 lobes and axillary tufts of hair on the underside. The twigs and bud have a reddish brown coloration. Fruit is an almost round nut, with only about ź enclosed by cupule. Major Uses: Ornamental and shade. Utilized for making veneers and railroad ties, and often used for fuel wood. Knots in wood prevent high quality products. Also planted to attract game species such as the wood duck, white tailed deer, and wild turkey [1]. Tolerated urban stress such as street salt, acid rain, and smoke well, so it is often planted in urban areas [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://plants.usda.gov [2] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quepal.html QP1COM.jpg&403697226319252…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙pPopulus deltoides Native tree of North America occurring frequently on moist well-drained sands or silts near streams. It grows from southern Quebec westward into North Dakota and southwestern Manitoba, south to central Texas, and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia.[1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate, triangular in shape, with a taper pointed tip. Approximately 20-25 coarse teeth per side with no teeth on the tip or near the stalk. Upper surface of the leaf is bright shiny green with a paler underside. Petiole is flattened with glands present near the junction. Terminal buds are about 20 mm in length, slender, yellowish-brown and very resinous[2]. Flowers occur from February to April before leaves appear. Male flowers are 8-13 cm long, have 40-60 stamens and are reddish in color. Female flowers are slightly longer at 15-30 cm and less conspicuous in color than the males. Seeds develop in 3-4 valved capsules on short stalks on long catkins[3]. Major Uses: Frequently planted to provide quick shade near homes. Also is used for soil stabilization especially along stream or ditch banks. Is being used as cattle feed since it is a good source of cellulose relatively free of undesirable components such as tannins[4]. Can be and is, used for wood pulp in the paper industry. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press. [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [4] ibid PDCOM.jpg&322639218367…ƒ"˙ISalix nigra A native to North America; Black is the largest and the only commercially important willow of about 90 species. This short-lived, fast-growing tree reaches its maximum size and development in the lower Mississippi River Valley and bottomlands of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Leaf is alternate, simple, pinnately veined, lanceolate in shape, 3 to 6 inches long, with a finely serrate margin. Leaves are dark and shiny above, light green below. Flowers are dioecious; flowers are tiny, green, borne on catkins, 1 to 3 inches long. Present May to June. Fruit is cone-shaped capsules that contain many small, cottony seeds; borne on catkins. Capsules split on maturity. Maturing June to July. Twig is slender, orange-brown in color, with a bitter aspirin taste. Buds are small and oppressed, covered by one bud scale. The terminal bud is absent. Stipules/scars are obvious. Bark is Brown to gray-black, with thick, somewhat scaly ridges and deep furrows. Black willow is used for a variety of wooden products and the tree, with its dense root system, is excellent for stabilizing eroding lands. The wood was once used extensively for artificial limbs, because it is lightweight, does not splinter easily, and holds its shape well. It is still used for boxes and crates, furniture core stock, turned pieces, tabletops, slack cooperage, wooden novelties, charcoal, and pulp. Ancient pharmacopoeia recognized the bark and leaves of willow as useful in the treatment of rheumatism. In 1829, the natural glucoside salicin was isolated from willow. Today it is the basic ingredient of aspirin, although salicyclic acid is synthesized rather than extracted from its natural state. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/salix/nigra.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=SANI SNCOM.jpg&335218358326…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ ˙OMaclura pomifera Is a native tree found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana [3]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple, alternate, serrate, acuminate tip, ovate, 5-12 cm long leaves with a milky latex [4]. The plant is dioecious with simple, inconspicuous, green 4 parted flowers and male auxiliary, 2.5-3.8 cm, racemes [3]. The globose fruit, 8-14 cm, is a multiple fruit of green 1 seeded drupes [3]. The fruit is not edible [5]. The twigs are thorny [5]. Major Uses: ornamental, root extracts for pesticides, food processing, and dye making [2]. Macluria pomifera has the greatest number of planted trees in North America than any other [2]. It also was used as fence lines leading to the invention of barb wire [2]. Following barb wire it became the major of fence posts that fenced in the west [2]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. MPCOM.jpg&429504236249408…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ ˙Fraxinus quadrangulata Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: quadrangular twigs; opposite, pinnately compound leaves; serrate margin. Major Uses: Timber tree, and is often sold to mills as white ash. Used for flooring and interior finishes, and sapwood used for tool handles [1]. Also used for ornamental purposes and shade/shelter [2]. On threatened status in Iowa and Wisconsin [2]. Called blue ash because of liquid that turns blue when hits air. Grows readily in dry soils and dry upland and limestone soils [3]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://project.bio.iastate.edu/trees/campustrees/fraxinusquad/fraxquad_info.html [2] http://plants.usda.gov [3] http://www.cmi.k12.il.us/urbana/uplandsprojects/apple/service/bpark/blueash.html FQCOM.jpg&653354376445168…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ #˙áSyringa vulgaris Common lilac is native of Europe, introduced and naturalized in the United States; escapes from cultivation form New York to North Dakota. Distinguishing characteristics: Member of the Olive family (Oleaceae). Lilac is an introduced, perennial, deciduous shrub that can grow between 12- 16 feet tall. The leaves are simple, ovate to broadly ovate, and five to twelve centimeters long. The flowers are mostly white, lilac, or purple, pleasantly fragrant in long terminal panicles. The fruit capsules are 1 to 1.5 centimeters long with flat winged seeds. Major Uses: A green dye is retrieved from the flowers and the leaves and a yellow -orange dye is obtained from the twigs. An essential oil is obtained from the flowers and used in perfume. The bark and leaves has been chewed as a treatment for sore mouth. The Common lilac should be planted in areas with good air circulation to reduce problems with powdery mildew. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. SVCOM.jpg&828376187…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ,Sassafras albidium SA1COM.jpg&450783264227242…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ .˙ÔNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Even alternate pinnate/bipinnate compound leaves with acute/rounded apices, leaf length 10-50 cm, width 5-25 cm, leaflet blade length .1-10 cm, leaflet blade width .1-2.5 cm, surface is glabrous and lustrous, reddish brown twisted sickle legume, bark grayish brown with narrow ridges divided fissures, armed with heavy branched thorns on the lower branches and trunk. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: Honey-locust wood is dense, hard and durable used locally for posts, pallets, crates, general construction, furniture, interior finish, turnery, and firewood. It is useful, but is too scarce to be of economic importance. Interesting Facts: Honey-locust pods contain 16.1 % crude fiber and 9.3 % protein. Cattle, goats, white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail, and crows eat the locust pods. Honey-locust pods are being fermented for ethanol production in studies to explore the feasibility of biomass fuels. The tree is short-lived, intolerant of shade and reproduction becomes established only beneath openings in the forest canopy. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/gletri/ GTCOM.jpg&523362304388214…ƒ /˙6Cercis canadensis Native to eastern North America (from New Jersey to southeastern Nebraska, south to Texas, and east to central Florida) [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: small tree with maximum size approximately 25feet. Often multi-branched or having multiple trunks. Flowers appear in early spring before the heart-shaped leaves. Flowers and Legumes are borne on the branches, a trait known as cauliflory. Major Uses: Ornamental. Flowers and fruit are edible for many wild animals, such as deer and birds. Historically used by Native Americans medicinally for colds, flu, and fevers [2]. Interesting Facts: mentioned in Biblical references. Often located in disturbed areas and along forested areas as well as within due to their tolerance of sun and shade. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2202. CC2COM.jpg&518199304391400…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ3Robinia pseudoacacia RPCOM.jpg&526753298392216…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ6˙öAesculus glabra Native to Midwestern United States. Now ranging in areas from southern Michigan to central Texas [1]. Grown in woodland areas as well as ornamental specimens, yet a poor street tree. Distinguishing Characteristics: Non-Resinous buds. Large, showy, greenish-yellow fowers in spring. Polygamomonoecious: flowers either hermaphroditic or male. Produce very large seeds in a prickly capsule.Has an unpleasant odor when leaves are crushed. Major uses: ornamental. Rough lumber with small commercial importance; yet valuable, easily worked wood used for some furniture production. Roasted seeds once used for medicinal purposes. Seeds, leaves, and inner bark, containing saponins, are toxic to many vertebrates including humans when taken internally. Native Americans used buckeyes as fish poison as well as charms against arthritis. Aesculus glabra is the state tree of Ohio. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=116&Region=World AG2COM.jpg&58383334411157…ƒ6˙ŤAesculus hippocastanum Was introduced to the country in 1957 from Europe and Asia [7]. It prefers full sun in well-drained soil making it a highly used shade tree [6]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-7 palmately compound, opposite blunt doubly serrate leaflets (10-25 cm). The winter buds are highly resinous. The twigs are glabrous. New growth has a thick brown wooly pubescence. The flowers are white with yellow to red speckles born on erect panicles [2]. Major Uses: Ornamentals [6]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html 6. http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_hipposcastanum.html 7. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology Ninth Edition. 2001. Hardin, Leopold, & White. McGraw-Hill. AHCOM.jpg&58586334409158…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ7˙ŹIntroduced to Philadelphia by William Hamilton from eastern Asia in 1784 by way of Europe [1]. Naturalized in disturbed areas, roadsides, and urban environments throughout North America. Distinquishing Characteristics: Very long (30 - 60 cm) pinnately compound leaves with very disagreeable odor. Dark green glands associated with apices of basal teeth. Large showy inflorescences form large masses of oblong, twisted samaras. Very stout twigs have disagreeable odor and lack terminal buds. Major Uses: Ornamental. Reclamation of degraded landscapes. Fast growing in polluted urban environments. Very aggressive weedy species in hardwood forests since numerous seeds are produced and the tree generates abundant root and stump sprouts. Can be difficult to eradicate. The root system can cause damage to sewers and foundations. Bees collect nectar for honey production. The soft, weak, coarse-grained, and creamy white to light brown wood has no commercial value. This was the tree featured in Betty Smith's 1943 book and Elia Kazan's 1945 film "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn". Information provided by Roger Meicenheimer, 2002. [1] http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/jennjim/ailanthus.html AACOM.jpg&53992433232…ƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙…ƒ 9˙!Cornaceae Cornus Florida: A.K.A.: Flowering dogwood Occurs naturally in the eastern United States from Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to eastern Texas and Mexico, and east to central Florida. It grows in a variety of habitats throughout its range, but generally occurs on fertile, well drained but moist sites. Flowering dogwood is usually an under-story component in mixed hardwood forests or at the edges of pine forests. Leaves are opposite, simple, arcuately veined, 3 to 6 inches long, oval in shape with an entire margin. Flowers are very small, but surrounded by four large white (occasionally pink) bracts, 2 inches in diameter. Appearing March to April in the south, June in the north. Fruits appear as shiny, oval red drupes, 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, in clusters of 3 to 4, maturing in September to October. Twigs are slender, green or purple, later turning gray, often with a glaucous bloom. The terminal flower buds are clove-shaped; vegetative buds resemble a cat claw. Bark is gray when young, turning very scaly to blocky. The wood of dogwood is very hard and has some value in the forest products trade for such things as commercial loom shuttles and spindles. In colonial (U.S.A.) times, a tea brewed from the bark was said to reduce fevers. Squirrels and birds devour the red fruits. In recent years, flowering dogwood has been severely impacted by dogwood blight, a fungus disease that can decimate natural populations. The disease was first discovered in the 1970's, and by the 90's; it had spread throughout most of the dogwood's range. Infected trees show small spots with purple margins on the leaves. The disease eventually kills the leaves, and in 2-3 years, the tree dies. The disease (an anthracnose in the genus Discula) thrives in cool, moist weather and dogwoods in the open, with good air circulation and sunlight, are not usually attacked, as are trees in the forest under story. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. 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