×w âóFlowering Trees3.53.5ÿ ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM INITIAL DATA BASE AND MENUS CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. LAST UPGRADE DEC 2002 Modified by Carrie Bishop, Erik Ganz, Tim Oswalt, and Kip Brady for use by 8th-10th grade students in Ohio Schools. July 2003.×ÿÿ CXAttdata < 2.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€2.1 - 5.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€5.1 - 10.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ > 25.0 cm ûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). Athelp71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ > 15.0 mm ÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ ,Proximal (At end nearest attachment to tree) ÿ@Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Proximal means that the seed is located closer to the peduncle than it is to the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located at the edge of the wing in proximal samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ Central ÿQVariations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Central means that the seed is located more or less at equal distances from the peduncle and the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located in the middle of the wing in central samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ < 45 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 46 - 80 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 81 - 100 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 101 - 160 Degrees ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 161 - 180 Degrees or Greater ÿ-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€Smooth ¸Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. athelp95.jpg€Pubescent ("Fuzzy") _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp95.jpg€Prickly ŸSurface covered with stiff sharp multicellular trichomes or hairs that are usually macroscopically visible and can be felt (sometimes painfully) when rubbed. athelp95.jpg€Woody ÛWoody fruit is not pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are inflexible or marginally flexible when bent. The woody components of the fruit are opaque when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€ Whitish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Yellowish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Orangish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Reddish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Pinkish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Brownish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Purplish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Blackish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Greenish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Tannish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€Drupe ÿA simple, fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel, consisting of skin like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony or woody endocarp that encloses a solitary seed. Also referred to as stone fruit. Common examples include peaches, cherries, and olives. ATHELP6.jpg€Berry øA fruit that develops from an ovary containing one to several carpels consisting of a skin like exocarp and a fleshy, juicy meso- and endocarp containing seeds with hard seed coats. Common examples include grapes, persimmon, tomatoes, and pawpaws. ATHELP6.jpg€Pome ÿ>A fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a skin-like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a papery exocarp that surrounds multiple seeds with hard seed coats. The outer parts of the fruit develop from the expanded floral parts (often the hypanthium) and the receptacle. Common examples include apples and pears. ATHELP6.jpg€Achene ÿVA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp and spongy meso- and endocarp that is unattached to a single seed with a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include sunflower and dandylion "seed". Many achenes of tree species have long trichomes on their exocarp which aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Samara ÿaA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Nut ÿxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpg€Legume ÿQAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Follicle ÿA fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing one or more seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along one side (suture). Common examples include fruits of magnolia and sweetgum trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Capsule ÿWA fruit derived from a single compound pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along three or more sides (suture) or circular openings (pores). Common examples include fruits of buckeye, poplar, cottonwood, and willow trees. ATHELP7.jpg€< 1/3 ÿ:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€Husk not splitting ÿòNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with no obvious lines of dehiscence. These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) degrade in random patterns overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€ 1/3 TO 2/3 ÿ:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€> 2/3 ÿ:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€Husk splitting half-way to base ÿiNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending half- way from the apex toward the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€Winged exocarp ÿËNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for winged exocarp if the external surface of the husk has distinct longitudinal raised ridges (wings) that raise above an otherwise smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€Concentric grooves around apex ØExamine the area around the apex of the nut viewed in transverse plane. Concentric grooves refer to the presence of at least one (there may be several) more or less circular cracks or crevasses surrounding the apex. ATHELP26.jpg€Distinct scales ÿaNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales. ATHELP28.jpg€Warty scales fused together ÿ Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small scales that fuse together to form warty protrusions that produce a pebbly texture. ATHELP28.jpg€Prickles ÿŽNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules have hard stiff trichomes that form prickles of various lengths and degrees of sharpness. ATHELP28.jpg€Conspicuous fringe ÿ+Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales, which may have conspicuous hair-like extensions at their apices. In some species, the hair like extensions are confined to or are most prominent on the scales in the most apical portion of the cupule. ATHELP28.jpg€O Anacardiaceae€"Husk splitting all the way to base ÿgNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending from the apex all the way to the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€Smooth exocarp ÿƒNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for smooth exocarp if the external surface of the husk has a smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€Sharp ridges on endocarp ÿNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are sharp if they form very acute angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows. ATHELP26.jpg€Smooth ridges on endocarp ÿNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are smooth if they form very obtuse or rounded angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows . ATHELP26.jpg€Waxy ÍSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the fruit an overall dull coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the daker more lustrous tissue that lies beneath. athelp95.jpg€`Milky Juice in Petioles ÿThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. To test for milky juice, break the petiole in half and squeeze the petiole. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the broken ends of the petiole. ATHELP30.jpg€ Fleshy «Fruit is pliable and remains partially deformed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€ Pulpy ÊFruit is very pliable and a semi-solid fluid of various viscosity is expressed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€Papery ÖPapery fruit is not pliable when squeezed, but the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. Often the papery components of the fruit are fairly translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€Leathery ÒLeathery fruit is semi-pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. The leathery components of the fruit are not translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€Latex Strands in Leaf Blade ºGently tear the leaf blade in half while slowly pulling the two halves apart. Look for small strings of white rubbery latex that stretch within the gap between the broken leaf lamina. ATHELP31.jpg€Coriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpg€PCatalpa€ÿÿ€/Irregular PlatesgTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form plate like units that have various irregular shapes. ATHeLP17.jpg€ÿÿ€<Solitary ÿFlowers are borne singly or alone. Individual flowers can be found in a terminal position at the end of branches or in a lateral position in the axils of leaves. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91a.jpg€7 - 15 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€16 - 50 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€3 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€4 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€5 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€6 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€1 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€2 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€3 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€4 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€5 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€ More than 5 ÿ›Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€ Milky Juice ­To test for milky juice, cut the fruit and squeeze the dissected parts. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the cut surface of the fruit. athelp95.jpg€Interior Pubescent ("Fuzzy") ÿ$Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Examine the interior cup like region of the cupule (where the nut attaches) for the presence of trichomes or hairs (pubescence). ATHELP28.jpg€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ÿÿ€$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg€$Opposite ÿeTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg€$Whorled ÿMore than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP29.jpg€%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%Singly Compound ÅThe leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Doubly Compound ÿ The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg€%Even Pinnately Compound cAll of the leaflets are paired. There is no terminal leaflet. The total number of leaflets is even. ATHELP1.jpg€%Odd Pinnately Compound dThere is one terminal, unpaired leaflet at the end of the leaf. The total number of leaflets is odd. ATHELP1.jpg€% 3 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€XNovember ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€PEuonymus€P Forsythia€P Hamamelis€P Hydrangea€:$Complete (All floral parts present) ÍFlowers have all four major parts. (petals, sepals, stamen, pistil) Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€:-Incomplete (One or more floral parts absent) ÙFlowers lack one or more of the four major parts. (petal, sepal, stamen, pistil) Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€:. Perfect (Both pistil and stamen present) ÿDFlowers are bisexual. They have both the male (stamen) and female (pistil) parts. Flowers may be perfect and incomplete at the same time. If flower is complete, then it must be perfect. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€:6 Imperfect (Flowers lack either pistil or stamen) ÿ¨Flowers are unisexual. They lack either the male (stamens) or female (pistil) reproductive structures. Imperfect flowers are necessarily incomplete flowers. If your specimen is imperfect, be sure to examine the dioecious, polygamous, and monoecious characteristics found in this menu. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€;Reddish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Greenish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€; Yellowish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Creamish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Whitish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Pinkish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Purplish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€<Spike ÃGroups of sessile flowers are borne on an unbranched, indeterminate elongated axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91b.jpg€<Catkin or Ament ÝGroups of sessile, unisexual, apetalous (lacking petals), and usually bracteate flowers are borne on an unbranched, elongated, pendulous, deciduous axis. Be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91c.jpg€<Raceme ÏFlowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on an unbranched, indeterminate main axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91d.jpg€<Panicle ìFlowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on secondary branches connected to a branched, indeterminate main axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91f.jpg€<Cyme åFlowers are borne in a broad, more or less flat-topped, determinate cluster, in which the central flowers open first. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91g.jpg€<Umbel ÿiFlowers are borne on pedicels that all arise from the apex or central point of the peduncle or main axis. May be determinate or indeterminate with a flat-topped or convex shape. May be compound via development of more than one levels of branching. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91h.jpg€<Head or Capitulum ÿ¬Many sessile or nearly sessile flowers are densely pack on an enlarged compund receptacle. May be determinate or indeterminate. Typically the centrally located disk flowers are actinomorphic and the peripherally located ray flowers are zygomorphic. Often the entire inflorescence is mistaken for one large flower. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91i.jpg€Simple iSimple fruits are derived from a single pistil which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. ATHELP24.jpg€Compound Multiple or Aggregate ÿ©Compound fruits are derived from more than one pistil, each of which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. A multiple compound fruit is derived from the pistils of several flowers in an inflorescence. An aggregate compound fruit is derived from multiple pistils of a single flower. These subclassifications are grouped together here. Be sure to decide what type of fruitlet units comprise compound fruits. ATHELP24.jpg€O Juglandaceae €OHamamelidaceae €O Bignoniaceae €&Linear Having a long and very narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad.ATHELP9-erk.jpg€&Oblong eHaving a leaf blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another.ATHELP9-erk.jpg€& Tear Shaped pHaving a tear-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9-erk.jpg€&Reverse Tear shaped †Having a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate.ATHELP9-erk.jpg€& Egg Shaped ]Having an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9-erk.jpg€&Reverse Egg Shaped lHaving an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate.ATHELP9-erk.jpg€& Elliptical €Having a leaf lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. ATHELP10-erk.jpg€&Oval ¤Having a leaf lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. Wider than elliptical.ATHELP10-erk.jpg€&Round (may be lobed) mHaving a more or less circular leaf shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so.ATHELP10-erk.jpg€& Heart Shaped 8Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaf.ATHELP10-erk.jpg€&Diamond vHaving a more or less diamond-shaped leaf with straight margins. The widest part of the leaf lamina is in the middle.ATHELP10-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€&Deltoid ƒHaving a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaf. Often the sides of the leaf lamina are a little curved toward the apex.ATHELP10-erk.jpg€'Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€'Palmate ÿIn the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€' Pinnipalmate ÿŽThe pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€(Acute with tapered tip xHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of tip can be straight to convex.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€(Acute uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€(Obtuse ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€(Truncate (squared tip) }Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€) Sharply Acute ðHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiole.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€)Acute wHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€)Obtuse Having a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€)Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€)Squared ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€) Heart Shaped ¤Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiole.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€) Inequilateral ŒHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiole at the same position and are of different sizes and shape.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€) Basal lobes "Having ear-like lobes at the base.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€*Smooth BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€*Rippled DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€*Sinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€*Small rounded teeth ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€* Saw teeth QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex.ATHELP22-erk.jpg€*minute saw-teeth [Having a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex.ATHELP22-erk.jpg€**Doubly Saw toothed (teeth on top of teeth) ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins.ATHELP22-erk.jpg€*Straight teeth ^Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib.ATHELP22-erk.jpg€*Small straight teeth vHaving a margin with fine sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib (minutely dentate).ATHELP22-erk.jpg€*Spiny !Having a spiny or prickly margin.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€**Shallowly Pinnately Lobed (<1/2 to midrib) „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€*&Pinnately lobed (1/2 to 3/4 to midrib) ƒHaving a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€*'Deeply Pinnately lobed (>3/4 to midrib) Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€*Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€+Smooth :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.ATHELP60-erk.JPG€+Small scattered hairs …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€+Velvety _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.ATHELP60-erk.JPG€ÿÿ€+ Wooly Hair lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€+Bristly vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.ATHELP60-erk.JPG€ÿÿ€+Scaly ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€ÿÿ€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€P Ligustrum€PLonicera€PViburnum€Glands on Leaflet MarginÿGlands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP31.jpg€ Bristle TipscHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€O Leguminosae€O Araliaceae€O Myricaceae€O Adoxaceae€O Staphyleaceae€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€2Whitish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Greenish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2 Dark brownish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Brownish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Tannish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Pinkish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Orangish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€-Thorns or Spines ÿSpines are sharp stiff modified leaves or stipules. Look for these in the node region of the stem where you would expect to find leaves or stipules. Spines that are modified stipules are found in pairs on either side of the leaf or leaf scar in the node region of the stem. ATHELP33.jpg€, No end buds  ÿ‚These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud after setting this state as present. ATHELP35.jpg€,Naked - no bud scales ÿSLacking or having very reduced bud scales surrounding the terminal leaf primordia. This feature should only be used in late summer through late winter since during early spring to early summer, bud scales are not likely to have formed yet. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. ATHELP35.jpg€,Clam Shell Scales ‰Bud scales meet at the edges but do not overlap like the bivalves of a clam. Usually associated with opposite arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€, Overlapping uBud scales overlap one another like shingles on a roof. Usually associated with alternate arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€O Elaeagnaceae€PCotinus€P Amelanchier€PHalesia€P Elaeagnus€PAlnus€PRhus€P Staphylea€PLindera€PMyrica€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€-Square ‘Twig has four definite corners, not rounded, as viewed in cross section. The corners may have ridges of bark (cork wings) associated with them. ATHELP33.jpg€0Smooth QTwig has smooth texture that is only interupted by lenticels, leaf and bud scars.€0Rough or Scaly ÁTwig has rough texture that reflects the uneven development of the outer bark. Leaf and bud scars at node regions typically have a smoother texture than that of internode regions of the twig.€ÿÿ€P Kalopanax€P Koelreuteria€O Sapindaceae€O Styracaceae€NVine Growing on a TreegWhile obviously not a tree you might encounter several vine like plants climbing up the trunks of trees€ÿÿ€0Fuzzy _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€1Round ÿeLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Round lenticels have more or less the same diameter in the transverse and longitudinal dimensions. ATHELP14.jpg€1Horizontally elongate ÿsLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Horizontally elongated lenticels are longer in the transverse dimension compared to the longitudinal dimension. ATHELP14.jpg€ÿÿ€1Vertically elongate ÿqLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Vertically elongated lenticels are longer in the longitudinal dimension compared to the transverse dimension. ATHELP14.jpg€1Grouped together in chains ÿqLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Some species develop closely spaced lenticels that form contiguous transverse or longitudinal lines or chains. ATHELP14.jpg€PHedera€PParthenocissus€OVitaceae€O Berberidaceae€1Warty ÿLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Warty lenticels accumulate loose cork cells to form a region that is raised above the surface of the surrounding outer bark. ATHELP14.jpg€5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Ridges and Furrows ®Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Plate like scales èTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€7Rounded Ridges UOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Scaly Ridges ]Outer-most part of the ridges are more or less flat and textured with small scale-like units. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Corky Ridges nRidges are very pliant when you push against them with your finger, much like a cork from good bottle of wine. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Irregular Ridge Pattern DNo regular pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Diamond Ridge Pattern WA regular diamond or rhomboid pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€5Warty ¦Trunk bark has mostly more or less smooth texture with isolated regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5 Corky Wings æTrunk bark has regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths that are longitudinally extended to form wing-like projections. Surrounding bark texture may be smooth or rough. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Papery ˜Trunk bark has more or less smooth texture with outer bark peeling off in thin paper-like sheets. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€/Puzzle-shaped Plates ŠTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat jigsaw puzzle shaped units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHELP17.jpg€/Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. ATHELP17.jpg€Horizontal Strips ’Outer bark peels away from inner bark in horizontally elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€6Thin (< 0.6 cm) ƒMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Thin bark usually has a smooth, strip, or plate-like texture. ATHELP19.jpg€6$Average Thickness (0.6 cm to 2.5 cm) ŽMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Average thickness bark usually has a plate-like or ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpg€6Very Thick (> 2.5 cm) yMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Very Thick bark usually has a ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpg€Vertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in vertically elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€8Very thin (< 3 mm) þTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Broad (> 25 mm) þTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Narrow (3 to 25 mm) þTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€3Brownish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Grayish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Whitish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3 Yellowish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Orangish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Reddish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Blackish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Greenish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Tannish ÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Whitish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4 Yellowish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Orangish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Reddish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Greenish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Tannish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Brownish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Grayish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Blackish ÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€;Orangish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€H Pyramidal ÿ>Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of the crown is much wider than the apex like the Aztec and Egyptian Pyramids. crowns.jpg€HConical ÿ¨Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. Crown is cone-shaped with the base of the crown distinctly wider than the apex. There is not as great a difference between the base and apex in conical as compared to pyramidal shaped crowns. crowns.jpg€HColumnar ÿ¬Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown shape is vertically very linear with more or less parallel sides, except for the very apex which may be pyramidial or conical. Branches within the columnar crown grow almost straight up. crowns.jpg€H Spreading ÿyCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown diverges outward in a horizontal direction with the branches grow more or less straight out in the horizontal plane in spreading crowns. crowns.jpg€H Vase-shaped ÿ½Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of crown is much narrower than than apex due to the 35 to 55 degree off-vertical orientation of the lateral branches. These inclined branches form a V-shaped pattern when the crown is viewed from the side. crowns.jpg€HBroad ÿ—Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown is distinctly wider than it is tall in broad shaped crown. Make sure that the entire crown is alive, since some diseases kill branches from the apex toward the base. crowns.jpg€HRounded ÿßCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The overall outline or perimeter of the crown is well curved or rounded. (Well-rounded like your Miami education - BJ Hooven). The rounded shaped crown arises from the recurved more or less pendulous orientation of the branch system in the crown. crowns.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€O Salicaceae €OUlmaceae €OOleaceae €Linear ’Having a long and very narrow leaflet shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad.ATHELP9-erk.jpg€Oblong hHaving a leaflet blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another.ATHELP9-erk.jpg€ Tear Shaped tHaving a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9-erk.jpg€Reverse Tear Shaped ‰Having a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate.ATHELP9-erk.jpg€ Egg Shaped cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9-erk.jpg€Reverse Egg Shaped cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet above the middle toward the apex. ATHELP9-erk.jpg€ Elliptical †Having a leaflet lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. ATHELP10-erk.jpg€Oval ªHaving a leaflet lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. Wider than elliptical.ATHELP10-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€Acute with Tapered Tip yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€Acute vHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex..ATHELP3-erk.jpg€Single Bristle Tip YHaving a tip that is terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€Obtuse ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc.ATHELP3-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ Sharply acute ôHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiolule.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€Acute yHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€Obtuse ƒHaving a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc.Athelp4-erk.jpg€Square ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€ Heart Shaped ¦Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiolule.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€ Inequilateral ŽHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiolule at the same position and are of different sizes and shape.ATHELP4-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€Smooth BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€Rippled DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ Rounded teeth ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€Minute Rounded teeth ·Having a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf.ATHELP21-erk.JPG€ Saw Teeth QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex.ATHELP22-erk.jpg€Minute saw teeth  nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate).ATHELP22-erk.jpg€*Doubly Saw Toothed (teeth on top of teeth) ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins.ATHELP22-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€%Pinnately Lobed (<=1/2 way to midrib) „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€+Deeply Pinnately Lobed (>1/2 way to midrib) Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€Smooth :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.athelp60-erk.jpg€Small Scattered Hairs …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€Velvety _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.athelp60-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€9Smooth :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.athelp60-erk.jpg€9Small Scattered Hairs †Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent..€9Velvety _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.athelp60-erk.jpg€ÿÿ€9Wooly lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€ÿÿ€9 Glandular ÿSurface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaflet.€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€9Vein 'armpit' Hair ËThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaflet lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€PBerberis€PAronia€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€OFabaceae €O Cornaceae €O Platanaceae €ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€Shiny Surface appears shiny.€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€+Shiny Surface appears shiny. €+Quilted fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€LSmooth :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.ATHELP60-erk.JPG€LFew small hairs …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€LVelvety _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.ATHELP60-erk.JPG€LLong soft hairs pSurface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. €L Wooly Hair lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€LBristly vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.ATHELP60-erk.JPG€LGlandular Hairs ÿSurface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaf.€LScaly ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€LStellate ÿSurface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina.€LShiny Surface appears shiny. €ÿÿ€LVein 'armpit' Tufts ÈThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaf lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ > 10.0 meters ÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€NWell Defined Trunk 7The main trunk is unbranched where it meets the ground. ATHELP96.jpg€NMulti-Branched - No Main Trunk ÿ_Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. ATHELP96.jpg€-Zig-Zag Internode Pattern  ùWhen successive internodes along a twig are viewed along its longitudinal axis, there is a distinct abrupt change in the angle of orientation of successive internodes, usually between 15 and 35 degrees, that alternates between successive internodes. ATHELP33.jpg€+ Thick wax ÌSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€L Thick Wax ÌSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€ Thick Wax ÌSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€9 Thick Wax ÏSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaflet an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€2 ÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.€ÿÿ€`Glands on Petiole ÿ4The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If there are glands on the petiole, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. ATHELP30.jpg€*Glands on Leaf Margin ÿGlands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands.ATHELP21-erk.jpg€`Petiole hairy and/or velvety ÿ7The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If it is pubescent, then there are "hairs" on the petiole which may be readily visible or detected by lightly rubbing the petiole. In some species, the use of a hand lens may be required to see the hairs. ATHELP30.jpg€ÿÿ€2Grayish ÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ Grayish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ÿÿ€ Bluish ÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€O Eucommiaceae €OScrophulariaceae €OCaesalpiniaceae €O Mimosaceae €ORutaceae €O Magnoliaceae €O Rhamnaceae €OCercidiphyllaceae €OHippocastanaceae €O Simaroubaceae €O Lauraceae €ORosaceae €O Annonaceae €O Tiliaceae €OMoraceae €PJuglans €O Ebennaceae €O Aquifoliaceae €O Betulaceae €PCarya €O Aceraceae €OFagaceae €PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €PMagnolia €PPrunus €PMalus €P Crataegus €PAcer €PTilia €PAesculus €PCornus €O Celastraceae €OCaprifoliaceae €O Hydrangeaceae €* Bristle Tips cHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip.ATHELP23-erk.jpg€P Phellodendron €LWhitish sThe underside of the leaf has a distinct whitish appearance. May or may not be associated with glaucous condition.€QSmooth :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp81.jpg€ÿÿ€QSticky èBud scales are covered with a viscous sticky resin. Pinching the bud lightly with your fingers will cause the resin to stick to them. Resin may have characteristic odor, so smell the bud or your fingers if this feature is present. athelp81.jpg€ÿÿ€QFuzzy _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€R Yellowish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBrownish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RReddish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGrayish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBlackish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGreenish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBluish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RWhitish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€T Yellowish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGreenish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TBrownish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TReddish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGrayish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€UComplete ÿ2The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Continuous homogeneous pith appears uniform in structure throughout its longitudinal extent. athlp32a.jpg€ÿÿ€UPartial ÿiThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Spongy pith is filled with minute irregular cavities, much like a household sponge. Use of a hand lens will facilitate observation of this featue. athlp32a.jpg€ÿÿ€UHollow (empty) ÿkThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Hollow pith is either partially or entirely excavated, with only small remnants of parenchyma tissue found around the circumference of the pith area. athlp32a.jpg€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€XMarch ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XApril ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XMay ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJune ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJuly ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XAugust ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€X September ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XOctober ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€Y"Radially symmetric (Actinomorphic) ²Flowers which are radially symmetical, that is, you can draw more than one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpg€Y#Bilaterally symmetric (Zygomorphic) °Flowers which are bilaterally symmetical, that is, you can draw only one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpg€ZHypogynous (Superior Ovary) üThis is a superior ovary, because the ovary is inserted above (higher than) the place of insertion of the other flower parts. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg€Z-Perigynous (Inferior Ovary with a Hypanthium) ÿ·Outer floral parts are attached to a floral tube, or a hypanthium, and not directly to the receptacle. The ovary is inserted below (inferior position) relative to position of insertion of rest of floral parts because of the hypanthium. The hypanthium shape may resemble a tube, a flat disk, a bowl, or a flask. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg€ZEpigynous (Inferior Ovary) ÿRThe point of insertion of the outer floral parts is not at the receptacle, but on or above the ovary wall. This positions the ovary in an inferior position below the place of insertion of the other floral parts. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg€PSyringa €P Chionanthus €=Persistant Ovate Bract ÂLight green to tannish ovate shaped foliaceous bracts from which the peduncle of the infructescence emerges from its center (bearing one to many nutlets) is very distinctive of the genus Tilia. ATHELP85.jpg€ÿÿ€RPurplish ÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€1 Hard to see ÿqLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Inconspicuous lenticels are not readily visible to the unaided eye. You need a hand lens to see them clearly. ATHELP14.jpg€PAsimina €TOrangish ÿ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€PSalix €PBetula €ÿÿ€POstrya €= Bladder-like (Papery Sac) Bracts –Foliaceous bract completely encloses the fruit in a papery like sac or bladder-like structure. You will have to dissect the bladder to see the fruit. ATHELP85.jpg€ÿÿ€PIlex €PCarpinus €=Three Lobed Bract †Fruit is subtended by foliaceous bract that has three distinct lobes. Typically the middle lobe is larger than the two lateral lobes. ATHELP85.jpg€PCorylus €;Brownish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€PPopulus €ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€ÿÿ€PCeltis €PMaclura €P Liriodendron €PEucommia €PZelkova €P Gleditsia €PCercis €P Cladrastis €P Sassafras €PCercidiphyllum €PSorbus €P Gymnocladus €PAlbizzia €PRobinia €PSophora €PNyssa €P Liquidambar €<Corymb ÿRFlowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on a flat-topped or convex, unbranched, indeterminate main axis. The flowers on the lower or outer portions of the inflorescence have the longest pedicels and open first. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91e.jpg€Unpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.€PRhamnus €PCastanea €PMorus €PPyrus €P Diospyros €P Paulownia €P Plantanus €P Ailanthus dÿÿ CXMenudataÿÿAngiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg _[ !"#NHOPÙ‚ MATURE HEIGHTÙA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.$Ù‚LEAF BLADE LENGTH¬The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgÙ‚LEAF BLADE WIDTHˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpgÙ‚_LEAF PETIOLE LENGTHûThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg Ù‚ BUD LENGTHÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpgÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚UNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgefÎÙ‚!STRIP-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS½Outer bark peels away from inner bark in elongated strips of various widths. Assess the orientation of the long axes of the strips relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpgAEÙ‚?ANGLE BETWEEN DOUBLE SAMARAÿ,A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg34567Ù‚?SINGLE SAMARA SEED LOCATIONÿêA samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed compared to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle). ATHELP38.jpg%&Ù‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚#MATURE FRUIT COLORÿFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg <@?>=D:BEA8CÙ‚#MATURE FRUIT TYPEÿFFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. ATHELPC6.jpg §¨FGHIJKLMNÙ‚@CUPULE / NUT LENGTH RATIOÿÞNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELp40.jpgOQRÙ‚@NUT MORPHOLOGYÿxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP26.jpgPS[\T]^UÙ‚@"CUPULE ("top of acorn") MORPHOLOGYÿ¢Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. ATHELP28.jpgVWYXyÙ‚#MATURE FRUIT MORPHOLOGYÿUExamine the external texture and internal structure of the fruit of your specimen to code these features. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. ATHELP95.jpg 8_9:abxcd;Ù‚"NUMBER OF STAMENSÿStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations..nopqlmÙ‚"NUMBER OF PISTILSÿôPistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A pistil may consist of a single carpel or it may consist of two or more fused carpels. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.rstuvwÙ‚2SINGLY AND DOUBLY COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICSÿThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPG 9Ù‚LEAFLET PETIOLULE LENGTHWThe petiolule is the stalk extending from the base of the leaflet lamina to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpgz{|}~€Ù‚LEAFLET BLADE LENGTH¿The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg½èéêëìÙ‚LEAFLET BLADE WIDTHThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgíîïðcdÙ‚ LEAFLET SHAPEÿThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.hijklmnoÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ LEAFLET APEXÿThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The apex of a leaflet is the top half or the tip of the leaflet.yz{}~Ù‚ LEAFLET BASEÿ?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg‚ƒ„…†‡ˆÙ‚LEAFLET MARGINÿ The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina. ô‹ŒŽ‘’õ–˜Ù‚LEAFLET UPPER SURFACEÿLook at the top surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.*š›œÙ‚GENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSèLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. Athelp71.jpg%$Ù‚TWIG CHARACTERISTICSÿThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. athelp80.jpg -,QR0T12UÙ‚TRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICSÿ$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.5/78346Ù‚FLOWER CHARACTERISTICSŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.X:Y;<ZÙ‚MATURE FRUIT CHARACTERISTICSÿFFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. ATHELPC4.jpg =?@Ù‚LEAF ARRANGEMENTùLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpg‚ƒ„Ù‚LEAF COMPLEXITYÿLeaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg …†‡‰Šˆ‹ŒÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade. ATHELPC2.jpg ¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶¹Ù‚[SIMPLE LEAF VENATIONÿA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgº»¼Ù‚[SIMPLE LEAF APEXfA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The apex is the tip of the leaf blade.ATHELP3-erk.jpg¾¿ÂÃÄÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF BASE—A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF MARGINjA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina. ATHELPC1.jpg1ÐÑÒÓÕÖ×ØÙÚ`ÛÜÝÞÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF UPPER SURFACEÿLook at the top surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. (ßàáãäæÙ‚ BUD MORPHOLOGYÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. ATHELP35.jpgÙ‚ UNUSUAL TWIG CHARACTERISTICSÿbThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP33.jpg'Ù‚ÿÿÙ‚!SCALE-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS´Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat plate-like units. Assess the overall shape of the plate-like units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHeLP17.jpg?@iÙ‚ TWIG BARK TEXTUREÿóThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig texture characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the twig between your fingers to determine the texture. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens )!Ù‚ LENTICEL SHAPEÿ’Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. ATHELP14.jpg™*+-3.Ù‚ PITH COLORÑThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg  4Ù‚!OUTER BARK COLORÿ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg KNMLPQIJOÙ‚!INNER BARK COLORÿnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg RUTSVWXYZÙ‚!TRUNK BARK TEXTUREÿ Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. ATHELP15.jpg4><65=Ù‚!BARK THICKNESSDMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. ATHELP19.jpgBCDÙ‚!BARK RIDGE CHARACTERISTICSÿTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges. ATHeLP16.jpg789:;Ù‚!BARK FURROW CHARACTERISTICSþTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpgFHGÙ‚LEAFLET LOWER SURFACEÿLook at the bottom surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.+£¬¤¥§©Ù‚"GENERAL FLOWER CHARACTERISTICSˆSome tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg“”•–Ù‚" FLOWER COLOR×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg ž™[œ›šŸ¦Ù‚"FLOWER ARRANGEMENTßFlower arrangement (inflorescence) refers to the pattern of arrangement of the flowers/fruits on a floral axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHELPC3.jpg k ¡¢Í£¤¥¦Ù‚#FRUIT BRACT CHARACTERISTICSåSome species have fruits or infructescences that are subtended by foliaceous bracts that can facilitate identification. These bracts are typically located around the basal point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle). ATHELP85.jpg–¤ Ù‚ÿÿÙ‚#SAMARA FEATURESÿ›A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed and the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. ATHELPC5.jpg Ù‚#MATURE NUT FEATURESÿxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELPC6.jpgÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ CROWN SHAPEÿ¢The crown refers to the system of secondary lateral branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruit that emerge from the main vertically oriented stem axis (either single or multiple stems). Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. crowns.jpg\]^_`abÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚[SIMPLE LEAF LOWER SURFACEÿLook at the bottom surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. b)Ù‚ÿÿÙ‚TRUNK BRANCHINGÿ^The trunk is the main vertically oriented stem axis of the tree from which secondary lateral branches emerge to form the crown (branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit) component of the tree. The trunk stem is continuous with the underground multi-branched root system, that typically occupies as much volume underground as the crown does above ground. ATHELP96.jpg%&'Ù‚FAMILIESÿðIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!+OúZGøL2M«=^]BÂK;ÁPªC_©E÷@>IùgÃAF?e%<Dû&Hf1Ù‚GENERAÿïIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!IY[ÖÈ®š­£NÐg¼Å•Ã\¥XÓ¿QTÁÇ‘/’¢J#$ñ¾Ìò½UWÑËŸÔ0aÕ§VÒRÏÉœÄÊÆ”ZSóÀÙ‚ BUD SCALE SURFACEÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. athelp81.jpgcgeÙ‚ BUD SCALE COLORÿ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg qljop˜kmnÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ TWIG BARK COLORÿMThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgx›uvwyÙ‚ PITH COMPOSITIONÔThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. athlp32a.jpgz|~Ù‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚"FLOWERING TIME ‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽŽÙ‚"FLOWER SYMMETRYÿIf a line is drawn from the tip of a petal, through the center of the flower (staying within one plane) and two identical halves result on either side of the line, a line of symmetry exists within the flower. Amazingly, many creations of nature have symmetry. athelp72.jpgÙ‚"OVARY POSITIONÿ;Ovary position is determined by relative point of attachment of the ovary to the receptacle compared with the point of attachment of the outer floral part (stamens, petals, and/or sepals). Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpg‘’“Ù‚SIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'(*)&+LÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpg`Ù‚_UNUSUAL PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICS¹The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. athelp30.jpg20`Ù‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿÙ‚ÿÿ&\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1996. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.TEyewitness Handbooks Trees. 1992. Coombes A. J. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.JThe Families of Flowering Plants. 1973. Hutchinson, J. Oxford Univ. PressFlora of Japan. Ohwi.IFlora of North America. 1997. Torrey and Gray., Oxford University Press.KFlora of the Northeast. 1999. Magee, D. W. Univ. Mass. Press. Amherst, MA>The Glory of the Tree. 1966. Boom, B. and Kleijn. Doubleday.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.NHow To Identify Flowering Plant Families. 1982. Baumgardt, J. P. Timber PressWThe Illustrated Book of Trees. 1983. Grimm, W. C. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.nThe Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 1980. Mohlenbrock, R. H. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale, IL.^Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 12. 1952. Gleason, H. A.cManual of Cultivated Broad Leaved Trees and Shrubs. 1984. Krussmann, G. Timber Press. Portland ORUManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.MManual of the Trees of North America. 1905. Sargent, C. S., Dover Publ. NY.VManual of the Trees of North America. 1922. Sargent, C. S., Houghton Mifflin Co. NY.lManual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1968. Radford, A.E. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. NC‡Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1991. Gleason and Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden. NYbManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL."Michigan Trees. Barnes and WagnerxThe New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern Unived States and Adjacent Canada. 1956. Gleason H. A.%North American Trees. Preston, R. J.Oxford Book of Trees.DOxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. 1981. Oxford Univ. Press+Peterson's Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs.^The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2000. Rhoads, A. F. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.@Pruning: A Practical Guide. 1993. McHay, P. Abbeville Press. NY&Shrubs of Indiana. 1932. Deam, C. C.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.KTextbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, J. W. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.MTrees of Indiana. 1953. Deom, C. C. The Bookwalter Co. Inc. Indianapolis, INDTrees of North America and Europe. 1978. Phillips, R. Random HousepTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.3Tree, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Kansas. Stephens.LVascular Plant Taxonomy. 1988. Walters D. C. and D. J. Keil. Hunt Publ. Co.˜The Woody Plants of Ohio Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized and Escaped. 1961. Braun, E.L. Ohio State University Press. Columbus OHÿÿ CXItemname…Alder, Common, Black, European>ƒApple, Common or Wild>ƒ> Ash, Blue>ƒ Ash, Brown>ƒ= Ash, European>ƒ? Ash, Green>ƒ Ash, White>ƒ—Barberry, Japanese>ƒxBayberry Northern; Candleberry.>ƒBeech>ƒ!Beech, European>ƒ›Birch, Paper or White>ƒBirch, River or Red>ƒ|Bladdernut, American>ƒƒBuckeye, Bottlebrush>ƒ]Buckeye, Ohio or Fetid>ƒ_Buckeye, Yellow or Sweet>ƒfBuckthorn, European>ƒ Butternut>ƒu Castor-aralia>ƒD Catalpa Tree>ƒCherry, Black, Wild or Rum>ƒ Cherry, Sour>ƒCherry, Sweet or Mazzard>ƒ"Chestnut, Chinese>ƒ™Chokeberry, Black>ƒ•%Chokecherry, Amur; Cherry, Manchurian>ƒICockspur Thorn>ƒRCork Tree, Amur>ƒdCornelian Cherry>ƒ3Cottonwood, Northern>ƒ'Crab-Apple, Garland; or Wild Sweet Crab>ƒ‘Crabapple, Fuji>ƒ‰Crabapple, Japanese Flowering.>ƒ’Creeper, Virginia>ƒrDogwood, Alternate Leaf>ƒcDogwood, Flowering>ƒ‹Dogwood, Rough Leaf>ƒ5 Elm, American>ƒ6 Elm, Chinese>ƒElm, Northern, Slippery>ƒwElm, Scotch or Wych>ƒC Empress-Tree>ƒyEuonymus, Wintercreeper>ƒ0Filbert, Common or European>ƒnForsythia, Weeping>ƒA Fringe-Tree>ƒ~6Goldenraintree, Panicled; Varnish Tree; Pride of India>ƒ7 Hackberry>ƒHackberry, Sugar; Sugarberry>ƒ;Hardy Rubber Tree>ƒšHawthorn, Downy or Red>ƒ{Hawthorn, Green>ƒHickory>ƒHickory, Shellbark; or King-Nut>ƒHickory, Swamp or Bitternut>ƒHolly>ƒ–Holly>ƒL(Honeylocust; Sweet-locust; Thorny Locust>ƒkHoneysuckle, Amur>ƒ”Honeysuckle, Morrow>ƒ1#Hop-Hornbeam, American; or Ironwood>ƒ2Hornbeam, American>ƒ˜Hornbeam, European>ƒ^Horse-Chestnut, Common>ƒ`Horse-Chestnut, Red>ƒmHydrangea, American>ƒ Ivy, English>ƒ< Katsura Tree>ƒNKentucky Coffeetree>ƒ@ Lilac, Common>ƒ)Linden, American; American Basswood; Lime>ƒp(Linden, Big-Leaved; or Large-Leaved Lime>ƒ\Linden, Common or European>ƒvLinden, Crimean>ƒ[%Linden, Small-Leaved or Little-Leaved>ƒoLinden, White or Silver>ƒQLocust, Black or Yellow>ƒŒLondon Planetree>ƒGMagnolia, Bigleaf>ƒE#Magnolia, Cucumber; or Cucumbertree>ƒhMagnolia, Saucer>ƒ)Magnolia, Southern or Evergreen; Bull-Bay>ƒHMagnolia, Star>ƒF%Magnolia, Sweetbay or Swamp; Swampbay>ƒV Maple, Amur>ƒY(Maple, Ashleaf or Manitoba; or Box-Elder>ƒMaple, Black, Rock or Hard>ƒZ Maple, Hedge>ƒXMaple, Japanese>ƒU Maple, Norway>ƒTMaple, Paperbark>ƒ #Maple, Red, Soft, Scarlet, or Swamp>ƒ Maple, Silver, Soft or White>ƒMaple, Sugar or Hard>ƒWMaple, Sycamore or Planetree>ƒ%Mountain Ash, European; or Rowan Tree>ƒs Mulberry, Red>ƒ9Mulberry, White>ƒ( Oak, Basket>ƒ+ Oak, Black>ƒ#Oak, Burr or Mossy-cup>ƒ$Oak, Chinkapin>ƒ& Oak, English>ƒ% Oak, Overcup>ƒ*Oak, Pin>ƒ Oak, Red>ƒŠ Oak, Sawtooth>ƒ/ Oak, Scarlet>ƒ- Oak, Shingle>ƒ, Oak, Shumard>ƒ'Oak, Swamp White>ƒ) Oak, Turkey>ƒ Oak, White>ƒ. Oak, Willow>ƒ: Osage-Orange>ƒP%Pagodatree, Japanese; or Scholar-tree>ƒePawpaw>ƒgPear, Bradford Callery>ƒ Pear, Common>ƒPecan>ƒBPersimmon, Common>ƒzPlum, Cherry or Myrobalan>ƒj#Privet, European or Common; or Prim>ƒMRedbud, Eastern; or Judas-tree>ƒ†1Russian Olive, Oleaster, Wild Olive, Silver Berry>ƒJSassafras, Common>ƒqServiceberry, Allegheny>ƒˆBServiceberry, Downy; Juneberry, Shadbush, Servicetree, Sarvis-tree>ƒK&Silktree; Mimosa-tree; Powderpuff-tree>ƒ‡Silverbell, Carolina>ƒŽSmoketree, Smokebush>ƒ€ Spicebush>ƒ‚ Sugar Berry>ƒSumac, Fragrant>ƒ„Sumac, Staghorn>ƒ'Sweetgum; Redgum; Sapgumm; Starleaf-gum>ƒSycamore>ƒaTree-of-Heaven>ƒ&Tuliptree; Yellow Poplar; Tulip-poplar>ƒb"Tupelo, Black; Blackgum or Sourgum>ƒViburnum, Blackhaw>ƒ}!Viburnum, European Cranberrybush >ƒlViburnum, Maple-leaf>ƒ Walnut, Black>ƒ Walnut, English or Persian>ƒWalnut, Japanese>ƒ%Washington Hawthorn; Washington Thorn>ƒtWillow, Babylon Weeping>ƒ4 Willow, Black>ƒWillow, Coyote>ƒ“ Willow, Pussy>ƒiWinged Euonymous>ƒS Witch-hazel>ƒœ(Yellow Birch or Grey Birch, Silver Birch>ƒOYellowwood; Virgilia>ƒ8 Zelkova Tree>ƒZ campestre>ƒVginnala>ƒTgriseum>ƒYnegundo>ƒnigrum>ƒXpalmatum>ƒU platanoides>ƒWpseudoplatanus>ƒ rubrum>ƒ saccharinum>ƒ saccharum>ƒ`carnea>ƒ_flava>ƒ]glabra>ƒ^ hippocastanum>ƒƒ parviflora>ƒa altissima>ƒK julibrissin>ƒ… glutinosa>ƒˆarborea>ƒqlaevis>ƒ™ melanocarpa>ƒetriloba>ƒ— thunbergii>ƒœalleghaniensis>ƒnigra>ƒ› papyrifera>ƒ˜betulus>ƒ2 caroliniana>ƒ cordiformis>ƒ illinoensis>ƒ laciniosa>ƒovata>ƒ" mollissima>ƒDspeciosa>ƒ‚ laevigata>ƒ7 occidentalis>ƒ< japonicum>ƒM canadensis>ƒA virginicus>ƒOkentukea>ƒr alternifolia>ƒ‹ drummundii>ƒcflorida>ƒdmas>ƒ0avellana>ƒŽ coggygria>ƒI crus-galli>ƒlavallei>ƒšmollis>ƒ phaenopyrum>ƒ{viridis>ƒB virginiana>ƒ† angustifolia>ƒ;ulmoides>ƒyfortunii>ƒialatus>ƒ grandifolia>ƒ! sylvatica>ƒnsuspensa>ƒ americana>ƒ= excelsior>ƒ nigra>ƒ? pennsylvanica>ƒ> quadrangulata>ƒL triacanthos>ƒNdioicus>ƒ‡ tetraptera>ƒS virginiana>ƒhelix>ƒm arborescens>ƒ– aquifolium>ƒopaca>ƒ ailantifolia>ƒcinerea>ƒnigra>ƒ regia>ƒupictus>ƒ~ paniculata>ƒjvulgare>ƒ€benzoin>ƒ styraciflua>ƒ tulipifera>ƒkmaackii>ƒ”morrowii>ƒ:pomifera>ƒE acuminata>ƒ grandiflora>ƒG macrophylla>ƒh soulangeana>ƒHstellata>ƒF virginiana>ƒ coronaria>ƒ‰ floribunda>ƒ‘ sieboldii>ƒ sylvestris>ƒ9alba>ƒsrubra>ƒx pensylvanica>ƒb sylvatica>ƒ1 virginiana>ƒ’ quinquefolia>ƒC tomentosa>ƒRamurense>ƒŒ hybridium>ƒ occidentalis>ƒ3 deltoides>ƒavium>ƒz cerasifera>ƒcerasus>ƒ•maackii>ƒserotina>ƒg calleryana>ƒcommunis>ƒŠ acutissima>ƒ alba>ƒ'bicolor>ƒ)cerris>ƒ/coccinea>ƒ- imbricaria>ƒ%lyrata>ƒ# macrocarpa>ƒ$ Muehlenbergii>ƒ* palustris>ƒ.phellos>ƒ(prinus>ƒ&robur>ƒ rubra>ƒ, Shumardii>ƒ+velutina>ƒf cathartica>ƒ aromatica>ƒ„typhina>ƒQ pseudoacacia>ƒt babylonica>ƒ“discolor>ƒexigua>ƒ4nigra>ƒJalbidum>ƒPjaponica>ƒacuparia>ƒ|trifolia>ƒ@vulgaris>ƒ americana>ƒ[cordata>ƒveuchlora>ƒ\europaea>ƒp platyphyllos>ƒo tomentosa>ƒ5 americana>ƒwglabra>ƒ6 parvifolia>ƒrubra>ƒl acerifolium>ƒ}opulus>ƒ prunifolium>ƒ8serrataÿÿ CXItemrec<Fraxinus americana FACOM.jpg&647347376439162y„^ Acer saccharum ASCOM.jpg&57970336414134y„WÿWAcer nigrum, Aceraceae Black maple Black Maple is Native to the US. (1) Distinguishing Characteristics: The characteristic palmately lobed Acer leaf is distinguishable from other species by its persistent leaf like stipules on the twigs, below the petiole base of full leaves. Narrow double samara angle. Repand leaf blade. The wood properties of black and sugar maple overlap in a narrow range and for all practical purposes are considered the same. (2) Black maples are tapped for sap in the process of making maple syrup. Tests on unreplicated plots of black and sugar maple showed little differences between the two taxa in the sugar content of sap (2) Black maple is cut and sold with sugar maple as hard maple lumber. In most practical forest treatments, because of its similarities in wood properties, black maple has been included with sugar maple and treated as a subspecies. Data From: 1) USDA Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/ 2) Sylvics of North America http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acer/nigrum.htm Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 ANCOM.jpg&57374336418136y„8H ÿçNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are persistent, leathery, elliptical, spiny-toothed. Bark is light gray, usually covered in lichens. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood of American holly is tough and hard but not strong. It is used for veneer and to a limited extent as pulpwood and lumber. Greatest use of the wood is for specialty items such as fancy cabinet inlays, small pieces of furniture, brush backs, handles, novelties, wood engravings, scroll work, woodcuts and carvings, measuring scales and rules for scientific instruments;when dyed black to resemble ebony, it is used for piano keys, violin pegs, and fingerboards [1]. Interesting facts: Fruit dispersal is facilitated by birds. Despite the presence of saponins in the leaves and berries, American holly is not considered poisonous to man or animals. When the Pilgrims landed the week before Christmas in 1620 on the coast of what is now Massachusetts, the evergreen, prickly leaves and red berries of American holly (Ilex opaca) reminded them of the English holly (Ilex aquifolium), a symbol of Christmas for centuries in England and Europe. Since then American holly, also called white holly or Christmas holly, has been one of the most valuable and popular trees in the Eastern United States for its foliage and berries, used for Christmas decorations, and for ornamental plantings [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm IOCOM.jpg&564402405275y„Gÿ_Tilia americana This native tree is found throughout the eastern United States [1]. Reaching heights of 75 to 130 feet at maturity. Distinguishing Characteristics: reddish outer bark with a dark inner bark, the leaves are simple with a serrated margin, ovate with a truncate, inequilateral base, lustrous on the upper surface and the lower side has axillary tufts of hair. The small nut produced has a smooth exocarp with a persistent ovate bract. The wood is used for cabinet making, paneling and trim, musical instrument soundboards, and pulp [1]. The inner bark is believed to have been used by Native Americans for a variety of goods such as fabric, clothing, roping, basket weaving, and canoe construction. Also, most of our honey is made from Tilia americana flowers [2]. Tilia americana's wood is classified by Carey and Gill as a "fair" firewood [1]. Basswood is a favorite source of food of the White-tail deer and its easily decayed wood makes a good home for cavity nesting animals like the wood duck and woodpecker [1]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com TACOM.jpg&597999653855324352280y„ 9ÿSFagus grandifolia, American Beech Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have more than 10 pairs of pinnate veins and the leaf margin is blatantly serrate. The bark is a smooth gray, the twigs are in a zigzag pattern. Buds are spindle like. This slow-growing, common, deciduous tree reaches its greatest size in the alluvial soils of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. Beech mast is palatable to a large variety of birds and mammals, including mice, squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks, and blue jays. Beech wood is excellent for turning and steam bending. It wears well, is easily treated with preservatives, and is used for flooring, furniture, veneer, and containers. It is especially favored for fuel wood because of its high density and good burning qualities. Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as a medicine for various human and animal disorders. Data from Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 FGCOM.jpg&380325226276268y„oÿ|Prunus serotina Native to eastern North America spanning from Minnesota to Texas and from Florida to Nova Scotia with populations in Arizona and New Mexico (1). Distinguishing characteristics: alternate, simple 2-6 inch long, leaves that are toothed, thick and leathery with a pair of glands on the petiole and tufts of hair along the basal part of the midvein. The bark is thin and smooth and brown to black on young trees, but fissured, scaly, thick and almost black on older trunks. The fruit is a purplish-black drupe (1.2 cm in diameter) (1). Major uses: The wood is strong, hard, close-grained and reddish brown. It is valued for furniture, panelling, veneers, and cabinetry. Prunus serotina in soil reclamation of disturbed surface mines. The bark is used in the Appalachians as a cough supressant, remedy and sedative. The fruit is used to flavor rum and brandy. The fruit is also eaten raw or made into jellies and wines. The fruits are an important source of food for many animals but the leaves, twigs and bark are poisonous to livestock but not to White-tailed deer (1). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us PSCOM.jpg&506661282380380y„(˜ÿ0Ulmus rubra Native tree of North America with a range that extends from southwestern Maine to New York, extreme southern Ontario, northern Michigan, central Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota; south to eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, southwestern Oklahoma, and central Texas; then east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. It is most abundant in the Great Lake States and in the corn belt of the Midwest as it grows best on moist, rich soils of lower slopes, stream banks, river terraces, and bottom land especially those of limestone origin.[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Medium sized trees up to 25 m tall and 60 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, approximately 15-20 cm long with single serrated margins and an asymmetric base. Upper surface of leaf is dark green and scabrous, underside of leaf is paler and less hairy. Leaves are pinnately veined. Buds are about 6mm long, dark brown with reddish brown hairs, with a rounded tip[2]. The flowers are inconspicuous and perfect[3] each on separate short stalks in dense fascicles and they appear before the leaves from February to May. Fruits are circular samaras 10-15 mm long, which are hairless except on the seedcase, which is covered by reddish-brown hair[4]. Inner bark is "slippery", hence the common name. Major Uses: The wood is inferior to Ulmus americana but it is still used commercially for the same products: furniture, paneling and containers. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [4] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press URCOM.jpg&423871231241358y„KÿJuglans nigra Native from New England all the way through Texas. A large deciduous tree, it grows between 50 and 75 feet tall. Distinguishing characteristics: pinnately compound leaves are 1 to 2 feet long with up to 23 leaflets. Leaflets are finely serrate and 3 to 3.5 inches long. The leaves emit an odor when crushed. Male flowers are single stemmed catkins. Female flowers on short spikes near end of twig[1]. Flowers are present April to June. Twig is stout with short buds. The fruit is a semi-fleshy nut. The meat is edible when it matures from September to October. Bark is dark brown-gray to dark brown-black. with rounded ridges and furrows forming moderatly think uneven plates. This wood is rated as one of the most durable woods, even in conditions favorable to decay. Major uses: furniture, cabinets, gunstocks, novelties, interior paneling, and veneer[2]. The grain is very straight, and easily is easy to work with hand tools and machines. It takes paint and stain well, and glues and polishes well[2]. This tree is difficult to transplant and prefers moist, well-drained soil. They are used for food, fruit, lawn trees, and to fill parks and wide open spaces[1]. The fruit is known to be messy. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/jnigra.htm [2] http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/HardwoodNA/htmlDocs/juglans2.html JNCOM.jpg&358428222253200y„jÿ³Quercus rubra Native tree of North America and is the only native oak extending northeast to Nova Scotia. It has a range from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, to Ontario, in Canada; from Minnesota south to eastern Nebraska and Oklahoma; east to Arkansas, southern Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate with 7-9 lobes with several bristle-tipped teeth and V-shaped notches. Upper surface dull yellowish green, paler underneath. This tree is monoecious and its staminate flowers are borne in catkins that develop from leaf axils of the previous year. The pistillate flowers are solitary that develop in the axils of the current year's leaves. The fruit is an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters from two to five, is 12-25 mm long, almost as wide and short-stalked. Cup saucer-shaped 15-25 mm across, enclosing about one-quarter of the nut[2]. Major Uses: Extensively planted as an ornamental because of its symmetrical shape and brilliant fall foliage[3]. Important food source for squirrels, deer, turkey, and birds. Information provided by Jon Tyson. ] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar.Iowa State University Press [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm QR1COM.jpg&407703226309248y„qsÿïQuercus alba Is a native species found in upland forests preferring western facing slopes[4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves are obovate-oblong 10-20 cm long. They are 3-4 paired lobes with entire or sparsely toothed lobes [3]. The underside of the leaf is pubescent when young then becomes glabrous with a bluish to grey-green color. The fruits are acorns about ¼ covered with a cap. The young shoots are pubescent [3]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Food for wildlife [2]. It is also a highly prized lumber for furniture, veneer, paneling, flooring, and railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, ships, and caskets. It is currently the major source of wood for whiskey barrels [5]. The white oak can live upwards of 600 years [3]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html QACOM.jpg&382686226288256y„>ÿFraxinus nigra Native Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves with 7 to 13 oblong, sessile leaflets, each ~ 12 cm long. The fruit is an oblong-elliptical samara. Bark is grayish, relatively smooth, later becoming shallowly furrowed with corky ridges. Major uses of tree and wood: Many aspects of this tree are unknown because it has never been commercially important. Wood is used in weaving because it splits easily. The seeds are an important food to game birds, songbirds, and small animals. The twigs and leaves provide browse for deer and moose [1]. Interesting facts: Black ash typically grows in bogs, along streams, or in poorly drained areas that often are seasonally flooded [2]. Although a very slow growing, black ash can live up to 260 years. Not found under heavy forest cover. Seeds can live up to at least 8 years in the soil. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow & Harrar. McGraw-Hill. FNCOM.jpg&650352376443166y„\ Acer rubrum ARCOM.jpg&57764336423140y„] ÿ¶Acer saccharinum Native to Northern Central, Eastern, and Northern Southern U.S, and South Eastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Opposite, Simple, 5 lobed, palmate venation, deep, and doubly serrate leaf, with a silver colored underside. Young stems possess a fetid odor when crushed. acute - right angle double samara fruit [2]. Branches swoop downward, and then curve back upward [3]. One of the earliest flowering species within it's range, blooming in late February, April, or May. Major Uses: Wood used for furniture, boxes, crates, food containers, paneling, and core stock. A Timber harvest in Mid- West U.S. Seeds eaten by birds and small animals. Bark is a top food source for beavers in South East Ohio. Cavities in the tree used by birds and mammals for nests. Strip mine succession and regeneration. Sometimes used as an ornamental but it has fragile limbs susceptible to ice breakage, and rotting, plus large amounts of twigs being shed. The shallow root system of this tree also tends to invade water systems. Maple syrup can be made from this tree. This tree species is highly susceptible to fire damage which will destroy both mature seeds and new sprouts [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/acesah/ [2] http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_saccharium.html [3] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharinum.htm AS1COM.jpg&57868336424142y„‰i ÿm Platanus occidentalis This is a native tree of North America with a range from southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, and southern Wisconsin; south in Iowa and eastern Nebraska to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and south-central Texas; east to northwestern Florida and southeastern Georgia. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. In general, this tree grows best on sandy loams or loam with a good supply of ground water, typically on the edges of lakes and streams where summer water tables drop enough to permit soil aeration during the growing season[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Large tree up to 35 m in height and 200 cm in diameter. Bark of the tree is smooth and brownish which exfoliates in jigsaw puzzle shaped pieces to expose green, cream-colored, or white inner bark. Bark is dark brown and scaly at the base of mature trees. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, slightly wider, simple and alternate with 3 to 5 palmate lobes with central lobe wider than it is long, are coarsely toothed, and are prominently 3-veined. Persistent stipules are prominent in the spring. Buds are bluntly coned-shaped, 6-10 mm long, reddish, covered with a single scale enclosed in the base of the leaf stalk until after leaf fall. No terminal bud; end bud originates as lateral bud[2]. Staminate and pistillate flowers are separate but appear on the same tree on different shoots. Staminate flowers are small, yellowish-green, and in clusters along the twigs. The pistillate flowers are larger, crimson, long-stalked and appear in ball like clusters near the shoot tips. Fruits are held in a solitary ball-like aggregate 20-35 mm across that hang from 8-16 mm long stalks. Fruits are achenes and they are small, one seeded, and elongated with stiff brownish hairs at the base[3]. Major Uses: Sometimes a pioneer tree on upland old- field sites, especially in the central part of its range. It has become a favored species for use in intensively cultured "biomass farms" in the southeastern United States that use the coppice growth for fiber. It is valuable for timber and it is also planted as a shade tree because of its distinctive white exfoliating bask and broad dense crown[4]. Poet William Cullen Bryant wrote about this tree: "And plane tree's speckled arms o'er shoot/ The swifter current that mines its root"[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [5] Family Field Guides. Trees: North American Trees Identified by Leaf, Bark & Seed.1997. Steven M.L. Aronson. Workman Publishing POCOM.jpg&456632230236y„ˆQ ÿ Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum grows from Connecticut southward throughout the East to central Florida and eastern Texas. It is found as far west as Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma and north to southern Illinois. It also grows in scattered locations in northwestern and central Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Distinguishing Characteristics: Sweetgum is monoecious. The small, greenish flowers bloom from March to early May, depending on latitude and weather conditions. Both the staminate and pistillate flowers occur in heads. The staminate inflorescences are racemes; the solitary pistillate flowers are globose heads that form the multiple heads, 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 in) in diameter, of small, two-celled capsules. The lustrous green color of the fruiting heads fades to yellow as maturity is reached in September to November. The beaklike capsules open at this time, and the small winged seeds, one or two per capsule, are then readily disseminated by wind. However, the seed balls can be safely collected for seed extraction several weeks before ball discoloration occurs without harming the seed. Empty fruiting heads often remain on the trees over winter. Bark: Grayish brown, deeply furrowed into broad scaly ridges. Leaves: alternate, simple, and slightly heart-shaped with 5-7 lobed divisions, finely serrate with rounded appressed teeth; bright green and smooth above; paler below. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, railroad ties, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, radio-, television-, and phonograph cabinets, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. Sweetgum is also called redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, or bilsted, it is a common bottom-land species of the South where it grows biggest and is most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. This moderate to rapidly growing tree often pioneers in old fields and logged areas in the uplands and Coastal Plain and may develop in a nearly pure stand. Sweetgum is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeast and the handsome hard wood is put to a great many uses, one of which is veneer for plywood. The small seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is sometimes used as a shade tree. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. LSCOM.jpg&453485233240y„RW Magnolia grandiflora MGCOM.jpg&440508253219y„‹R ÿLiriodendron tulipifera Native to eastern North America (from Vermont west through southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Louisiana, and east to northern Florida) growing in open areas, coves, lower slopes, and disturbed sites [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Palmately veined, orbicular, 4-lobed leaves with entire margin. Showy flowers with yellow-green petals and an orange corolla. Oblong, 1-winged, 4-angled samaras. Stipules are large and encircle the twig. Twigs have a sweet, spicy odor when broken. Sapsucker holes are common on bark of older trees [1]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Wood is commercially important for its soft and workable quality for interiors of furniture, plywood cores, veneer, and composite products [2]. Reclamation of mining sites and crop fields. Most nitrogen-demanding of all trees [2]. Susceptible to a number of leaf diseases and insects, such as aphids which produce honeydew making the tree undesirable in urban areas. Historical values include medicinal uses as worming medicine, antiarthritic, cough syrup, cholera remedy, and heart stimulants. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http:// www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/ltulipifera.htm [2] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=581&Region=North American LTCOM.jpg&436489253222244y„  ÿÛBetula nigra, Betulaceae Black Birch Distinguishing Characteristics: The bark is papery with a white outer color and a red to salmon inner color. Twigs are brown, pubescent, the pith is homogenous and the buds imbricate. Leaves like most birch are simple, alternate, pinnately veined, and double serrated with a lustrous and glabrous topside. The primary range of river birch is the southeastern quarter of the United States. Scattered populations are found along rivers and streams as far north as southern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, and the middle New England States. The tree's beauty makes it an important ornamental, especially at the northern and western extremes of its natural range. Because of its tolerance to acid soils, river birch has been used successfully in strip mine reclamation. It has also been used in erosion control. Its graceful form, attractive bark, and high resistance to the bronze birch borer make it desirable for ornamental planting. River birch is used mainly for local enterprises such as the manufacture of inexpensive furniture, basket hoops, and turned articles. Experiments in North Carolina did not indicate that it is desirable for commercial pulpwood production, but naturally occurring merchantable-sized trees are often harvested for pulpwood when mixed with other bottomland hardwoods. Strength of the wood makes it suitable for the manufacture of artificial limbs and children's toys. "The most beautiful of American trees" is what Prince Maximilian thought of river birch when he toured North America before he became the short-lived Emperor of Mexico. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 BNCOM.jpg&366134224343y„“2+Crataegus phaenopyrum CPCOM.jpg&479275290393y„5  Carya ovata COCOM.jpg&352178222260204y„xÿ&Carya illinoensis Is native to the United States and was found over wide areas by early settlers in the lower Mississippi Valley [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are lanceolate to oblanceolate (12 to 20 in.) with 9 to 17 leaflets that are laceolate to ovate usually sickle shaped that are 2 to 7 in. long. Fruit is smooth, winged, and splits all the way to the base along the four wings. Fruits are usually in clusters of 3 to 12 and are ellipsoidal and 1 to 2 in. long. Twigs are reddish brown with orange-brown lenticles. Bark is brown to brownish gray on mature trees. Major Uses: Timber is used for flooring, paneling, and furniture [1]. Is mainly valuable for its fruit and is produced and harvested on a commercial scale. It is the largest of the native hickories and can grow from 110 to 140 ft. It is often found as a scattered tree on moist but well drained ridges in river bottoms. There are more than a hundred horticultural clones that have been listed. It is susceptible to fire damage at all ages. Bark is extremely sensitive to scorching, and hot fires may kill mature trees [2]. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/carya/illinoesis.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow and Harrar. McGraw-Hill Publishing. CICOM.jpg&348176222269y„JÿpJuglans cinerea Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: Presence of chambered pith. Highly pubescent leaves, petiole, and fruit. Fruit also sticky and oval with sharp corrugations. The fruit is green when young and turns brown with age. V-shaped leaf scars encircle twig. Leaves are alternately arranged and pinnately compound. Major Uses: Fruit is edible, and is the major economic importance of this species. It is sweet and oily like butter, thus the common name being butternut. Little wood cut annually, but can be found in specialty lumberyards [1]. Used seldomly for cabinetwork or furniture. Early settlers used fruit bark/husk to make orange or yellow dye. The root bark is also a laxative. This species popular in New England for making maple-butternut candy [1]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://plants.usda.gov JCCOM.jpg&356427222256198y„†ƒB$Coded by Bill Amberg. ra20com.jpg&344162y„wq)Pyrus communis PC1COM.jpg&509683290384y„’IJuglans ailantifolia JACOM.jpg&222y„kÿPrunus avium A common orchard tree in the milder parts of Canada; native to Asia Minor[1]. Grows best on the thicker layers of soil over limestone and on deep flushed soils on lower valley slopes[2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Very small tree; only about 5m in height. Leaves are simple, alternate, obovate, double-toothed, gland-tipped, upper surface is dull dark green with hair beneath at the vein axils. Glands on petioles. Buds are shiny brown, clustered on dwarf shoots, diverging widely from the twig. Flowers are white and showy and borne in small hanging clusters with 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 1 pistil. Fruits are approximately 25 mm across and deep red to black in color[3]. The bark is smooth, reddish or purple brown in color with a metallic copper sheen and large lenticels in bands around the trunk[4]. Major Uses: Used to make furniture, veneers, and paneling. Smokers also like this wood for pipes. Cultivated for its sweet tasting fruit. Birds also love the fruit hence the avium epithet. Grown as an ornamental due to its showy flowers and reddish Autumn foliage color[5]. When burned as firewood, it has the fragrance of cherry blossom. Information provided by Jon Tyson [1] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [2] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm [5] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm pa1com.jpg&495648282380375y„`Œ(Sorbus aucuparia SACOM.jpg&511795282384224y„6ÿ¿Carya laciniosa Native to most of the Eastern half of the United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Pinnately compound leaves with seven leaflets. Outer bark exfoliates in long vertically peeling plates. Orange to brown twigs may be slightly pubescent. Large terminal buds [1]. Produces the largest nut of all hickories accumulating to 70- 105 liters of nuts per year [2]. Major Uses: Due to it's hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible wood, it's uses include furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuel wood, and charcoal. A few areas harvest the nuts. Primarily the nuts feed squirrels and other nut eating species. No ornamental value, due partly to cleanup associated with volume of nuts produced [1], and it's vulnerability to a variety of insects [2]. Usually a lowland species susceptible to low light intensities, early settlers used this tree as an indicator of fertile soil [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House [2] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carya/laciniosa.htm CLCOM.jpg&350177222263206y„_*ÿðMalus sylvestris,var domestica - This tree is known throughout the British Isle except Northern Scotland and was Introduced during colonial times. It is found throughout Europe and the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: small deciduous tree. Height: 10 -16 m. Leaves are elliptical, and deep green on the top, and whitish green on the bottom. They are described as abruptly acuminate, cuneate, or rounded. The petiole is very pubescent and dark purple fringed with grey hairs. Bark is dark brown and finely cracked into small square plates. Flowers are white and faintly pink and flower in late May. These flowers provide a valuable nectar source for the manufacturing of honey by bees. The wood is used for carving, inlay work, mallets, and screws. The firewood has a pleasant aroma. The flower from Malus sylvestris is also the state flower of Arkansas and Michigan. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.pennine.demon.co.uk/Aboretum/Masy.htm British-Tress.com pmcom.jpg&491282372y„\*ÿžMalus coronaria Native to the United States and is especially prominent is Ohio as it grows wild in probably every county [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Flowers have pink blossoms. Leaf margins irregularly toothed, and leaves are ovate to oblong and simple. Black, thread-like glands on upper midrib of leaves[2]. Spines on twigs and/or trunk. Fruit is a round, reddish pome about 1 in. in diameter [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Mammals (deer, raccoons) eat fruit and squirrels eat seeds. Fruit also consumed by humans. Less hardy varieties of apple trees are grafted onto M. coronaria [1]. Also hardy in urban environments. Fruit can be made into crabapple jelly. Creates problem when fallen fruit attracts bees and wasps [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto. 2002. [1] http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/crabapple_sweet/crabapple_sweet.html [2] http://ohioline.osu.edu/b700/b700_42.html PCCOM.jpg&490282370y„7ÿÅCarya cordiformis Is a native species [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-9 oval-lanceolate leaflets on pinnately compound leaves. The leaves have acuminate apices and are pubescent beneath. The buds are yellow [2]. The bark is thin and scaly. The young twigs have a rust-brown pubescence that becomes glabrous. The nut is a reddish-brown nut that is thin shelled and found solitary or in clusters of 2 to 3 [2]. Major Uses: The dark close-grain texture makes it valuable to furniture making including flooring [1]. The high shock resistance of the wood makes it favorable to making tools. Other uses include pulpwood, dowels, bars, crates, and pallets. It is also used as fuel especially for smoking meats. Ornamental [1]. It is considered a short lived pecan hickory with a life span of only 200 years. The tree is known by a variety of common names including Bitternut, swamp hickory, and others. Also it is considered one of the most northern pecans [1]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html CC1COM.jpg&345175222271210y„‘LÿAJuglans regia Juglans regia is native to the region in Eurasia extending from the Near East through to the Himalayas and on to Western China. Walnuts must have been harvested from earliest times but the earliest records of actual growing of orchards of walnut trees go back to classical Greek and Roman times. Distinguishing Characteristics: Deciduous, monoecious trees, 12-15 m tall (Payne vars.), 17-20 m tall (Eureka, Placentia, Mayette, Franquette), and rarely up to 60 m tall; bark brown or gray, smooth, fissured; leaf-scars without prominent pubescent band on upper edge. The leaves are alternate, foetid, pinnate, without stipules; leaflets to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate, glabrescent above, pubescent and glandular beneath. The flowers develop from dormant buds of previous season's growth.Broken twigs and leaves have a spicy somewhat pleasant odor to them. Major Uses: Juglans regia are used for the commercial production of nuts. Nuts consumed fresh, roasted, or salted, used in confectioneries, pastries, and for flavoring. The shells may be used as antiskid agents for tires, blasting grit, and in the preparation of activated carbon. (Activated charcoal and fructose have recently been suggested to foil the alcohol "breathalizer.") Groundnut shells used as adulterant of spices. Crushed leaves, or a decoction used as insect repellant and as a tea. Outer fleshy part of fruit very rich in Vitamin C and produces a yellow dye. Fruit, when dry pressed, yields valuable oil used in paints and in soap making; when cold pressed, a light yellow edible oil used in foods as flavoring. Young fruits made into pickles, also used as fish poison. The wood is hard, durable, close-grained, heavy, used for furniture and gunstocks. Juglans regia is often grown as ornamental. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. JRCOM.jpg&429222252201y„ :ÿ™Fagus sylvatica Native to the British Isles, continental Europe, and western Asia [1]. Prefers cool, moist areas. Distinguishing Characteristics: Fine hairs on margin with tomentum on veins. Male flowers borne on globose heads, while female flowers borne on spikes. Edible nuts are irregular triangularly shaped in pairs in a woody husk and covered with spines. Bark is gray-blue in color smooth. Often branches close to ground level on tree [2]. Major uses: as a solitary specimen or shade tree in parks, golf courses, estates, or other large areas; not recommended near roadways or disturbed areas. More than 30 cultivars of this tree have been produced for their form, leaf shape, and fall color: varying from a golden copper color to purple. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/f/fagu_syl.cfm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/fsylvatica.html FSCOM.jpg&381327226275269y„!ÿFCastanea mollissima Castanea Mollissima is not a native species; it started to be imported here after the chestnut blight wiped out the Castanea dentata in the early 1900's. It has simple alternate leaves that have a toothed or arisatate margin. Unlike C. dentata it rarely grow higher than 50 feet and is branched much lower to the ground. The tree puts out suckers after has been cut to reproduce. The form of the tree makes it inferior for lumber. The wood is usually used for railroad ties and poles because it is resistant to rot. The exocarp has sharp prickles on the cupule with a nut inside that is also edible but it is not as flavorful as the American Chestnut. Because it is resistant to the chestnut blight it is being used to replant in forests that would have had the native tree. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 CMCOM.jpg&180226279271y„eyÿšQuercus macrocarpa Native Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are irregularly lobed, the center pair of sinuses the deepest, pale and pubescent below. Twig is stout with conspicuous corky ridges on secondary growth. Nut enclosed one-half or more with conspicuous fringe on margin [2]. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood is commercially valuable and marketed as white oak. Acorns of bur oak make up much of the food of red squirrels and are also eaten by wood ducks, white-tailed deer, New England cottontails, mice, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and other rodents The species is also widely planted in shelterbelts because of its drought tolerance [1]. Interesting facts: The bur oak has the largest acorns of all native oaks and is very drought resistant. It grows slowly on dry uplands and sandy plains but is also found on fertile limestone soils and moist bottomlands. It is a pioneer tree invading prairie grasslands, and it is planted frequently in shelterbelts. The comparative ease with which bur oak can be grown makes it a fine tree for streets or lawns. Bur oak is a slow-growing tree. It is not resistant to flooding. Tolerates urban pollution better than mostoaks. Can live to 440 years of age [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow & Harrar. McGraw-Hill. QMCOM.jpg&395692226291258y„fzÿ Quercus muehlenbergii Native species to North America found in western Vermont and New York, west to southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, extreme southeastern Minnesota, and Iowa; south to southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central Texas; east to northwest Florida; and north mostly in the mountains to Pennsylvania and southwestern Massachusetts. There are local populations in the mountains of southeastern New Mexico, Trans-Pecos Texas, and northeastern Mexico. Leaf is alternate, simple, obovate or oblong, large coarse gland tipped teeth on margin, 4 to 7 inches long, dark, shiny green above, much paler below. Flower is monoecious, male flowers are yellow-green long catkins (3 to 4 inches long); females are green to reddish, very small in leaf axils. Appearing with the leaves. Fruit are acorns, nut 1/2 to 1 inch long, broadest below the middle, thin bowl shaped cap covers about 1/3 of acorn and forms a tattered fringe on the margin of cap, dark brown when mature. Twig is slender to moderate, orange brown, buds cluster at branch tips, terminal buds 1/8 inch long, pointed, chestnut brown, individual scales with frosted edges. Bark is thin, light gray, rough and flaky. It seldom grows in size or abundance to be commercially important, but the heavy wood makes excellent fuel. The acorns are edible and sweet. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/quercus/muehlenbergii.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=QUMU QM1COM.jpg&399693226303262y„hxQuercus lyrata QLCOM.jpg&395691226291y„g~ÿƒQuercus robur Introduced in the 17th century by English colonists and now thrives in much of Canada and the northern United States [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: lobed alternate, simple leaves (3-5" long and ¾-2 ½" wide) on short petioles (1/6-1/3 " long), leaves are dark green and glabrous, basal lobes present, elongated acorn on a long peduncle with 1/3 of the nut covered by the cap. This large tree is sensitive to drought and, in moist climates, powdery mildew and leaf fungi. It is used as a shade tree in large open areas and its wood is used in furniture making, casks to age wines and spirits and it was once used to build Englands ships centuries ago [3]. The wood is acidic and will corrode nails that are not galvinized. Species is very long lived (up to 1000 years) [3]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs. 1. www.floridata.com 2. www.nobleplants.com 3. www.digimorph.org QRCOM.jpg&406701226266y„otÿrQuercus bicolor Is a native to North America (Eastern United States) and is found in southern Ontario to Maine and south to Virginia and west to Missouri [2]. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves are deciduous and 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 4 ½ in. wide. Leaves are obovate, shallowly lobed or coarsely toothed. Fruit nut (Acorn) are ¾ to 1 ¼ in. long and are usually paired on a slender peduncle. Twigs are straw-brown, and terminal buds are orange-brown and glabrous. Bark on upper limbs peel off in ragged, papery scales. Lower bark is deeply furrowed into scaly ridges. It is often used as a shade tree for large lawns, golf courses, and parks. Timber is often used for beams, boards, railroad ties, furniture and for flooring. Is able to adapt very well to either wet or dry sites [1]. It is a member of the White Oak group and may hybridize freely in the wild. Fall color is often yellowish-brown, but occasionally reddish-purple or golden. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/qu_color.html [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow and Harrar. McGraw-Hill Publishing. QBCOM.jpg&384687226303260y„c}ÿÆQuercus prinus The Chestnut Oak is native to North America and can be found primarily in the Appalachian Mountains and adjacent hill country. Chestnut oak are distributed from southwestern Maine west through New York to extreme southern Ontario and extreme southeastern Michigan, south through southern Indiana and extreme southern Illinois to extreme northeastern Mississippi, east through northern Alabama to Georgia and north along the Piedmont to Delaware. Chestnut oak grows along the coast of Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and in the New England states. Distinguishing Characteristics: Chestnut oak is a medium-sized, native, deciduous, monoecious tree. It is long-lived and slow growing. At maturity, chestnut oak is usually 65 to 80 feet (20-24 m) tall and 20 to 30 inches (51-76 cm) in diameter, but on good sites, it can reach a maximum size of 100 feet (30 m) in height and 72 inches (183 cm) in diameter. The acorns are large. The leaves are yellow-green, lustrous on top and paler, finely haired on the bottom. The margin of the leaf has evenly sized teeth extending the majority of the margin but becomes less distinct toward the base and apex. Major Uses: Chestnut oak wood is cut and utilized as white oak lumber. The acorns are eaten by numerous upland wildlife species, including white-tailed deer, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and wild turkeys. White-tailed deer occasionally browse young oak sprouts, especially the first year after cutting or burning. The deer only take the top few inches of the sprout unless it is extremely succulent or other food is scarce. Small birds and mammals, as well as insects such as bees, use chestnut oak cavities for nesting. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. QPCOM.jpg&405700226301y„puQuercus cerris QCCOM.jpg&688226y„i{ÿ^Quercus palustris Native species to North America. Distinguishing Characteristics. In unpruned species, lower branches slope downwards. The leaves are simple and alternate, with 5-7 lobes and axillary tufts of hair on the underside. The twigs and bud have a reddish brown coloration. Fruit is an almost round nut, with only about ¼ enclosed by cupule. Major Uses: Ornamental and shade. Utilized for making veneers and railroad ties, and often used for fuel wood. Knots in wood prevent high quality products. Also planted to attract game species such as the wood duck, white tailed deer, and wild turkey [1]. Tolerated urban stress such as street salt, acid rain, and smoke well, so it is often planted in urban areas [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://plants.usda.gov [2] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quepal.html QP1COM.jpg&403697226319252y„dQuercus velutina QVCOM.jpg&410704226311250y„n€Quercus shumardii QSCOM.jpg&408699226313254y„mwÿuQuercus imbricaria Native to Mid- Western, North- Eastern, and Eastern United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: A Red Oak with bristle tips. Alternate, simple leaves with stipules. It has entire leaves with a pubescent underside from 2- 5 cm. wide. Lightly furrowed bark with reddish interior [2]. Flowers begin as greenish catkins and eventually produce 1/2-inch acorns. Acorns are on very shot peduncles in groups of 2 or 3. Major Uses: It's sturdy, usually straight wood is used for beams, boards, railroad ties, and furniture [1]. Also has a use as ornamental or shade tree. It's common name of the "Shingle Oak" refers to its use as shingles for roofing by pioneers. A mature nut of this species takes two years to form [3]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W.; Leopold, Donald J.; White, Fred M. McGraw- Hill [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/qu_caria.html [3] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House QICOM.jpg&391690226330y„r|ÿÀQuercus phellos Located from the bottom lands of the Coastal Plain from New Jersey to and southeastern Pennsylvania to Georgia and northern Florida, eastern Texas to southeastern Oklahoma. Also found in Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. It is commonly found on land along courses of water, flood plain forests and upland swamp areas. This is a medium to large oak tree. Distinguishing characteristics: Male and Female flowers are on separate catkins on the same tree, and they lack petals. Flowering occurs from February to May. Leaves are simple and alternate. They have an acute apex that is bristle-tipped. The twig is very slender. Bark is brown and gets rough with age. The fruit is an acorn. This tree is known rapid growth and long life. Major uses: Very important for lumber and pulp. Very important to wildlife due to heavy acorn production. Deer, squirrels, birds, turkey, and ducks make use of acorns and leaves. This tree is easily transplanted and used heavily in urban areas. This is also a good shade tree so it is planted as an ornamental [1]. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002 [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spof/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/quercus/phellos.htm QP2COM.jpg&404699226325y„lvQuercus coccinea QC1COM.jpg&385698226318255y„,- Corylus avellana CACOM.jpg&254224349311y„=d ÿ«Ostrya virginiana Found in eastern North America from Nova Scotia to Florida and as far west as North Dakota and Texas [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: leaves are alternate, simple, doubly toothed; fruits are flattened nuts enclosed in clusters of inflated papery sacs covered with stiff hairs; the grayish-brown bark is shaggy in vertical strips. This shade toleant tree is a popular tree in recreational areas. The close-grained wood is heavy, extremely hard, and used for fence posts, golf clubs, tool handles, mallets, and the Lakota people used the wood to make bows [1]. The relative fast juvenile growth is utilized in the restoration of disturbed sites. The small size of the tree makes it commercially unimportant in terms of timber [2]. The buds and catkins are an important winter food source for turkey, grouse, pheasant and rodents [2]. Infromation provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com OVCOM.jpg&374573224348308y„> Carpinus caroliniana CCCOM.jpg&372172224348306y„jÿpPopulus deltoides Native tree of North America occurring frequently on moist well-drained sands or silts near streams. It grows from southern Quebec westward into North Dakota and southwestern Manitoba, south to central Texas, and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia.[1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate, triangular in shape, with a taper pointed tip. Approximately 20-25 coarse teeth per side with no teeth on the tip or near the stalk. Upper surface of the leaf is bright shiny green with a paler underside. Petiole is flattened with glands present near the junction. Terminal buds are about 20 mm in length, slender, yellowish-brown and very resinous[2]. Flowers occur from February to April before leaves appear. Male flowers are 8-13 cm long, have 40-60 stamens and are reddish in color. Female flowers are slightly longer at 15-30 cm and less conspicuous in color than the males. Seeds develop in 3-4 valved capsules on short stalks on long catkins[3]. Major Uses: Frequently planted to provide quick shade near homes. Also is used for soil stabilization especially along stream or ditch banks. Is being used as cattle feed since it is a good source of cellulose relatively free of undesirable components such as tannins[4]. Can be and is, used for wood pulp in the paper industry. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press. [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [4] ibid PDCOM.jpg&322639218367y„•‰ÿISalix nigra A native to North America; Black is the largest and the only commercially important willow of about 90 species. This short-lived, fast-growing tree reaches its maximum size and development in the lower Mississippi River Valley and bottomlands of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Leaf is alternate, simple, pinnately veined, lanceolate in shape, 3 to 6 inches long, with a finely serrate margin. Leaves are dark and shiny above, light green below. Flowers are dioecious; flowers are tiny, green, borne on catkins, 1 to 3 inches long. Present May to June. Fruit is cone-shaped capsules that contain many small, cottony seeds; borne on catkins. Capsules split on maturity. Maturing June to July. Twig is slender, orange-brown in color, with a bitter aspirin taste. Buds are small and oppressed, covered by one bud scale. The terminal bud is absent. Stipules/scars are obvious. Bark is Brown to gray-black, with thick, somewhat scaly ridges and deep furrows. Black willow is used for a variety of wooden products and the tree, with its dense root system, is excellent for stabilizing eroding lands. The wood was once used extensively for artificial limbs, because it is lightweight, does not splinter easily, and holds its shape well. It is still used for boxes and crates, furniture core stock, turned pieces, tabletops, slack cooperage, wooden novelties, charcoal, and pulp. Ancient pharmacopoeia recognized the bark and leaves of willow as useful in the treatment of rheumatism. In 1829, the natural glucoside salicin was isolated from willow. Today it is the basic ingredient of aspirin, although salicyclic acid is synthesized rather than extracted from its natural state. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/salix/nigra.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=SANI SNCOM.jpg&335218358326y„&•ÿ7 Ulmus americana American elm is a native tree found throughout Eastern North America. Its range is from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, west to central Ontario, southern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan; south to extreme eastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma into central Texas; east to central Florida; and north along the entire east coast. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leave are in 2 rows; 7.5 - 15 cm long, elliptical, abruptly long-pointed, base rounded with sides unequal; doubly saw-toothed; with many straight parallel side veins; thin; dark green and usually hairless or slightly rough above, paler and usually with soft hairs beneath; turning bright yellow in autumn. Bark: light gray; deeply furrowed into broad, forking, scaly ridges. Twigs: brownish, slender, and hairless. Flowers: 3 (mm) wide; greenish; clustered along twigs in early spring. Fruit: 10 - 12 mm long; elliptical flat 1-seeded samaras, with wing hairy on edges, deeply notched with points curved inward; long-stalked; maturing in early spring. Major uses: The wood of American elm is moderately heavy, hard, and stiff. It has interlocked grain and is difficult to split, which is an advantage for its use as hockey sticks and where bending is needed. It is used principally for furniture, hardwood dimension, flooring, construction and mining timbers, and sheet metal work. Some elm wood goes into veneer for making boxes, crates, and baskets, and a small quantity is used for pulp and paper manufacture. American elm (Ulmus americana), also known as white elm, water elm, soft elm, or Florida elm, is most notable for its susceptibility to the wilt fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi. Commonly called Dutch elm disease, this wilt has had a tragic impact on American elms. Scores of dead elms in the forests, shelterbelts, and urban areas are testimony to the seriousness of the disease. Because of it, American elms now comprise a smaller percentage of the large diameter trees in mixed forest stands than formerly. Before the advent of Dutch elm disease, American elm was prized for its use as a street tree. It was fast growing, hardy, tolerant to stress, and appreciated for its characteristic vase like crown. Beautiful shaded streets in many cities attested to its popularity. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. UACOM.jpg&419870231240354y„'—ÿOUlmus parvifolia Native to northern China, Japan and Korea. Introduced in the early 1900's by Frank N. Meyer (3). Distinguishing characteristics:leaves are alternate, simple, toothed, 2" long elliptical with asymmetrical base and with 12 or less pairs of viens (1). Terminal bud lacking. The fruit is a flat, papery samara 1/3" across that hangs in dense clusters (1) Two distinguishing charecteristics are the fact that this is one of the few species that flowers and fruits in the fall and the bark flakes off in small thin plates leaving a puzzle like pattern of browns, oranges, grays and greens (2). Major uses: it is often used as an ornamental tree to replace the American elm because it is resistant to Dutch Elm Disease. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.hort.uconn.edu 2. www.floridata.com 3. www.plantexplorers.com UPCOM.jpg&421876231y„0$ÿ"Celtis occidentalis is a species native to the Midwest US. It can be found as a small shrub in drier climates, but it is usually found as a tall tree. A Celtis occidentalis can grow to 130 feet tall under the right conditions. They have alternate simple leaves that are 2 to 5 inches long with apical serrated and basal entire margins. The fruit is a round, deep red/purple - black drupe with a thin sweet edible pulp around the seed. The fruit can be about ¼ to 1/3 of an inch around. The wood is of a medium hardness and strength. It is sometimes used for the manufacture of cheap furniture; mostly it is used for firewood because it has a Btu value close to Carya. Many bird and small animals eat the fruit, which hangs on to the tree into winter. Information provided by Jared Baker, 2002 CO1COM.jpg&414192231246362y„œœZelkova serrata ZSCOM.jpg&426934231361y„b`ÿMorus alba This tree is native to China, and was eventually introduced into the US at a failing attempt to establish a silk industry. It is a deciduous medium to large tree. Distinguishing characteristics: dense rounded tree, fast growing. Leaves have many shapes, can be lobed or not. Leaves are alternately arranged, dark green, and turn a dull yellow in the fall. The fleshy compound multiple fruit consists of many druplets, white to red, is edible, and ripens in June and July. Bark is a light tannish brown, and is said to have a sweet taste. Stems exude a white latex when broken in warm conditions. It prefers moist, well-drained soil. The tree is used to raise silk worms, and to landscape difficult sites. The fruit attracts songbirds. This tree is considered a nuisance, as it escapes cultivars easily. It is called a "trash tree" because of it's messy fruits, suckers, and invasive capabilities. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/m/moralb/moralb3.html http://www.treeguide.com MA1COM.jpg& 430557236248240y„sU ÿOMaclura pomifera Is a native tree found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana [3]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple, alternate, serrate, acuminate tip, ovate, 5-12 cm long leaves with a milky latex [4]. The plant is dioecious with simple, inconspicuous, green 4 parted flowers and male auxiliary, 2.5-3.8 cm, racemes [3]. The globose fruit, 8-14 cm, is a multiple fruit of green 1 seeded drupes [3]. The fruit is not edible [5]. The twigs are thorny [5]. Major Uses: ornamental, root extracts for pesticides, food processing, and dye making [2]. Macluria pomifera has the greatest number of planted trees in North America than any other [2]. It also was used as fence lines leading to the invention of barb wire [2]. Following barb wire it became the major of fence posts that fenced in the west [2]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. MPCOM.jpg&429504236249408y„26!Eucommia ulmoides EUCOM.jpg&311y„D%"ÿ^Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zucc. ex J. Hoffmann & H. Schult. Katsura tree This plant is introduced to the United States from Japan and China planted in the early 1900's as part of a Japanese garden (1). Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are light green to yellow and have a cordate base and an overall heart shape leaf. Crenate margins. The fruit on the female tree are banana like clusters of capsules. Bud scales on the twigs are red, and the bark is shedding. Heart-shaped leaves are blue-green in the summer and turn scarlet to yellow in the fall. This tree often has more than one trunk. The leaves start out in spring as a beautiful light pink before turning to light green. (2) In summer the leaves are a bluish green before turning yellowish-apricot in the fall. Suggested uses for this plant include shade tree, specimen plant, and street tree. Named Cercidiphyllum because its foliage resembles that of the Redbud (Cercis). (3) As the leaves fall and decompose, they give off an odor of caramel or cotton candy. Data from: 1) USDA Plant database (http://plants.usda.gov/) 2) University of Pennsylvania Morris Arboretum http://www.business-services.upenn.edu/arboretum/katsura1.html 3) Virginia Cooperative Extension www.ext.vt.edu/departments/envirohort/factsheets/trees/kattr.html Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 CJCOM.jpg&197193y„=Fraxinus excelsior FECOM.jpg&351376170y„@ÿFraxinus quadrangulata Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: quadrangular twigs; opposite, pinnately compound leaves; serrate margin. Major Uses: Timber tree, and is often sold to mills as white ash. Used for flooring and interior finishes, and sapwood used for tool handles [1]. Also used for ornamental purposes and shade/shelter [2]. On threatened status in Iowa and Wisconsin [2]. Called blue ash because of liquid that turns blue when hits air. Grows readily in dry soils and dry upland and limestone soils [3]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://project.bio.iastate.edu/trees/campustrees/fraxinusquad/fraxquad_info.html [2] http://plants.usda.gov [3] http://www.cmi.k12.il.us/urbana/uplandsprojects/apple/service/bpark/blueash.html FQCOM.jpg&653354376445168y„?ÿQOleaceae Fraxinus Pennsylvanica: A.K.A.: Green Ash, red ash, swamp ash, and water ash. Native to eastern North America and is readily common west to Wyoming and Colorado along plains watercourses at elevations above 6000 ft. Fast growing and extremely hardy to climatic extremes once established, making it one of the most prevalent species of the Ashes. Leaf is opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape. The leaf is 6 to 9 inches long and is glabrous to silky-pubescent below. The flower is dioecious, both sexes lacking petals, occurring as panicles. Flowers appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit is one-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin, seed cavity, maturing September to October and dispersing over winter. Twig is stout to medium texture, gray to green-brown and either glabrous or pubescent, depending on variety. Leaf scars are semicircular, lacking the notched top. Bark is gray-brown, think, furrowed into narrow, irregular, interlacing, scaly ridges. Older trees may be somewhat scaly. Green ash wood, because of its strength, hardness, high shock resistance, and excellent bending qualities, is used in specialty items such as tool handles and baseball bats but is not as desirable as white ash. It is also being widely used in revegetation of spoil banks created from strip mining. Green ash is very popular as a shade tree in residential areas because of its good form, adaptability to a wide range of sites, and relative freedom from insects and diseases. Seeds are used for food by a number of game and nongame animals and birds. Attempts have been made to artificially cross green ash with other ash species. Only the cross of green ash with velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) was consistently successful, yielded viable seed, and produced identifiable hybrids that grew as fast as the eastern parent. The other crosses yielded no identifiable hybrids. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/fraxinus/pennsylvanica.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_frpe.pdf FPCOM.jpg&651349376441164y„FŽ#ÿáSyringa vulgaris Common lilac is native of Europe, introduced and naturalized in the United States; escapes from cultivation form New York to North Dakota. Distinguishing characteristics: Member of the Olive family (Oleaceae). Lilac is an introduced, perennial, deciduous shrub that can grow between 12- 16 feet tall. The leaves are simple, ovate to broadly ovate, and five to twelve centimeters long. The flowers are mostly white, lilac, or purple, pleasantly fragrant in long terminal panicles. The fruit capsules are 1 to 1.5 centimeters long with flat winged seeds. Major Uses: A green dye is retrieved from the flowers and the leaves and a yellow -orange dye is obtained from the twigs. An essential oil is obtained from the flowers and used in perfume. The bark and leaves has been chewed as a treatment for sore mouth. The Common lilac should be planted in areas with good air circulation to reduce problems with powdery mildew. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. SVCOM.jpg&828376187y„.'$ÿ‚Chionanthus virginicus Native to Eastern half of United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: This species may either be a tree or a shrub. White terminal flowers, pleasantly fragrant, in clusters form 4- 6 inches long. Female trees produces oval shaped drupes, dark bluish in color approximately 1 inch long. Opposite, simple, pinnately-veined leaf. Elliptical in shape with an entire margin [1]. Major Uses: Widespread ornamental use, although expensive due to difficulties in propagation. A good ornamental due to tolerance of air pollution and adaptability to urban settings, although moist soil is preferable [2]. No commercial uses. This species has developed a common name of "Grancey Graybeard" due to it's cascade like blooms which resemble that of an old mans white beard [3]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/c/chivir/chivir3.html [3] http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/c/chionan.htm CVCOM.jpg&644212376y„y4%Diospyros virginiana DVCOM.jpg&635298378y„*f& ÿ^Paulownia tomentosa Royal paulownia is an introduced ornamental that has become well established in this country. It is also known as princess-tree, empress-tree, or paulownia. Royal paulownia is a native of eastern Asia. It has been widely planted in North America from Montreal to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas. It has also been planted in some Pacific States. The tree is moderately cold hardy and has naturalized principally in the East and South. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree: to 12 m (40 ft) tall and 30 cm (12 in) in diameter, with open spreading crown. Bark: scaly, dark brown to gray. Twigs are smooth, brown, with prominent white lenticels. Flower buds develop in the fall and are large and conspicuous in clusters through the winter. Leaves are opposite, broadly ovate, 15-40 cm (6-16 in) long and 10-20 cm (4-8 in) wide; acuminate, cordate, light green above, pale and densely hairy below. Flowers: numerous, blue-violet, about 5 cm (2 in) long, in large panicles, blooming before leaves appear in early spring. Fruits egg-shaped brown capsules about 4 cm (1.5 in) long with many small winged seeds, maturing in fall. Major Uses: Royal paulownia was introduced into this country as an ornamental, and it still retains some popularity for that purpose. Its use in reclamation of the disturbed soils of surface mines grows yearly. The wood is highly prized for the manufacture of specialty items in Asia, and there is a brisk export business of logs to Japan. The export market has led to establishment of commercial plantations in this country. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. PTCOM.jpg&661581406448y„"'ÿ(Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern catalpa Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are cordate shaped in whorls of three with no terminal buds showing. Fruit is a distinctive cigar shaped terminal capsule. The fruit has many winged seeds inside. Originally native to the lower Ohio River valley and central Mississippi River Valley, this tree has been widely distributed through human intervention. Farmers first brought it into Ohio, commonly using it for fence posts. By way of intentional planting and "escapes" this tree has become established in most of Ohio's counties. People also have planted the Northern Catalpa as an ornamental tree for its showy, spring flowers. The wood, mostly used for fence posts, also has been used for railroad ties, cheap furniture, and interior finish. This is the favored food-plant of the Catalpa Sphinx Moth, which sometimes strips a tree of its leaves. Data from: http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/catalpa/catalpa.html Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 CSCOM.jpg&664183405449188y„PV ÿ=Magnolia acuminata Native to United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Green cucumber-shaped fruit with red-orange fruit. Yellow flowers borne on end of branches and close at night [1]. Leaves are simple, alternate, elliptical to ovate, deciduous, and pubescent. Buds are tomentose. Major uses: Ornamental. Seeds eaten by birds and rodents. Wood used for crates, furniture, interior trim, venetian blinds, and plywood. Sold as yellow-poplar wood [1]. Has not been sold as cucumber wood since 1928. Is an endangered tree species in Florida and Indiana[2]. There are no important diseases, but is very susceptible to ground fires and frost. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/magnolia/accuminata.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cge_bin/topics.cgic MACOM.jpg&437506253217404y„T[ ÿJMagnoliaceae Magnolia Virginiana: A.K.A.: Sweet bay, swamp-bay, laurel, swamp, sweet magnolia, and swamp-laurel. Native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains from Long Island south through New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to southern Florida; west to eastern Texas, and north into southern Arkansas and southwest Tennessee; also appears in isolated portions of eastern Massachusetts, where it may reflect only older ornamental plantings. Mostly abundant in the States of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. Found on moist to wet sites in the southeastern U.S. Intermediate shade tolerance. The leaves are simple, alternate, evergreen, elliptical, approximately 6 inches long, and silvery white on the underside. Readily distinguished from others in genus by the white pubescence of its lower leaf surfaces. Young twigs are green and hairy with a velvety hairy terminal bud. Bark is mottled gray-brown to almost white and smooth, becoming scaly on older stems. Flowers are white and fragrant. Fruit is a cone-like cluster of red follicles. The soft aromatic straight-grained wood is easily worked and finishes well, so it is used for veneer, boxes, and containers. Its flowers and foliage make it an attractive landscape tree. Sweet bay is also a favorite food of deer and cattle. Deer browse the leaves and twigs all year. Cattle utilize sweet bay especially in the winter, when it can account for as much as 25 percent of their winter diet. Analysis of browse samples from Georgia and east Texas indicate that sweet bay contains 10 percent crude protein. The seeds are a favorite food of gray squirrels and are eaten to a lesser extent by white-footed mice, wild turkey, quail, and songbirds. Sweet bay is at times confused with loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus) and red bay (Perseaborbonia), since "bay" is the term commonly used in referring to any of these three species. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.forestry.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/magnoliaceae_pg/sweetbay_magnolia.htm [2]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/magnolia/virginiana.htm MVCOM.jpg&444519253221y„OX ÿMagnolia macrophylla Native to the southeastern U.S from Kentucky to Florida. This species had the largest simple leaf of any dicotyledonous tree in North America [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves can be from 12-32 inches long, and 7-12 inches wide and do not change color in fall. Large flowers are produced ranging from 8-12 inches wide with an ivory color and rose tint at the base of the flower. Fruits are in conelike aggregates and are called follicles that have a pinkish- red color, and are approximately 3 inches long. Major Uses: Some use as a shade tree. Due to a lack of urban tolerance and slow decomposition of leaves, causing a great deal of leaf litter, ornamental use has been slim [2]. This tree is currently listed as endangered in both Arkansas and Ohio [1]. Although generally considered deciduous, it may be semi- evergreen in the deep South [2]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] www.forestry.state.al.us/publication/100/Bigleaf%20Magnolia.pdf [2] hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/MAGMACA.pdf MFCOM.jpg&439253222y„SZ ÿPIntroduced to United States from Japan in 1860s. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple, pubescent, alternate leaf 2-10 cm in length and .7-1.2 cm in width, acute to obtuse apices. Seeds dangle on a slender thread from follicle. Bark gray, smooth and glabrous. Flowers are 7.5-10 cm wide, with 12-18 petals, each strap-shaped, usually white, but some pink, actinomorphic. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: ornamental Interesting Facts: Flowers as early as 2-3 years of age. Used in bonsai. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://plantsdatabase.com/showpicture/3667/ MSCOM.jpg&517253y„/+ÿÕCrataegus crus-galli Native to Midwest U.S and Southern Canada. Distinguishing Characteristics: Obovate - oblanceolate leaves are waxy- green, 3 inches long, alternate arrangement, held upright above the stem, and in a V shaped staggering arrangement when looking down the axis of the stem. May be red, purple, orange, and yellow leaves on the tree at the same time during fall. Round, half inch drupe grows in clusters that are green in summer, orange by September, brick red in November, and can be persistent until January or later. This tree is low branching producing a short and more horizontally shaped tree. Trunk may become multi-trunked, and has bark peeling in thin gray strips. A white, unpleasant smelling flower blooms in mid- spring. One of the most distinguishing characteristics is the unbranched thorns, which can be quite sharp and dangerous. Major Uses: Due to this trees high urban tolerance and adaptability to poor soils, various soil pH levels, drought, heat, and winter salt spray, it makes and excellent and multi- use ornamental. Such uses include street liner, tall barrier hedge, and wildlife attraction due to the fruit that squirrels and birds consume. Although very adaptable environmentally this tree is quite susceptible to several pests and diseases including the Cedar Hawthorn Rust which affects the fruit, foliage, and stems [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/plantlist/cr_galli.html CC3COM.jpg&468269282392y„~Š,Sassafras albidium SA1COM.jpg&450783264227242y„-ÿôAlbizzia julibrissin Albizzia Julibrissin also commonly known as the silk tree or the mimosa is an introduced species from Asia. It's commonly found from Iran to Japan. It is a deciduous tree that can grow to 20 or 40 feet in height. It has even bipinnately compound leaves. The tree grows best in full sun light, does well with the hot summers but it can be damaged by a harsh winter. In the north it best planted in a microclimate to protect it for the harsh winters in the north. The tree does very well in the warmer climates of the south. It produces large puffy flowers all summer long and is very attractive to hummingbirds. Fruit is a thin, light brown to medium dark brown legume. The tree is mostly used as an ornamental or as a shade or patio tree. The leaves of this tree will close in response to the sun going down and reopen in the morning. The bark of Albizzia Julibrissin can be made into a tea that can be used to cure liver infection or insomnia. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 AJCOM.jpg&51795302387y„:A.ÿÔNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Even alternate pinnate/bipinnate compound leaves with acute/rounded apices, leaf length 10-50 cm, width 5-25 cm, leaflet blade length .1-10 cm, leaflet blade width .1-2.5 cm, surface is glabrous and lustrous, reddish brown twisted sickle legume, bark grayish brown with narrow ridges divided fissures, armed with heavy branched thorns on the lower branches and trunk. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: Honey-locust wood is dense, hard and durable used locally for posts, pallets, crates, general construction, furniture, interior finish, turnery, and firewood. It is useful, but is too scarce to be of economic importance. Interesting Facts: Honey-locust pods contain 16.1 % crude fiber and 9.3 % protein. Cattle, goats, white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail, and crows eat the locust pods. Honey-locust pods are being fermented for ethanol production in studies to explore the feasibility of biomass fuels. The tree is short-lived, intolerant of shade and reproduction becomes established only beneath openings in the forest canopy. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/gletri/ GTCOM.jpg&523362304388214y„|&/ÿ6Cercis canadensis Native to eastern North America (from New Jersey to southeastern Nebraska, south to Texas, and east to central Florida) [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: small tree with maximum size approximately 25feet. Often multi-branched or having multiple trunks. Flowers appear in early spring before the heart-shaped leaves. Flowers and Legumes are borne on the branches, a trait known as cauliflory. Major Uses: Ornamental. Flowers and fruit are edible for many wild animals, such as deer and birds. Historically used by Native Americans medicinally for colds, flu, and fevers [2]. Interesting Facts: mentioned in Biblical references. Often located in disturbed areas and along forested areas as well as within due to their tolerance of sun and shade. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2202. CC2COM.jpg&518199304391400y„EB0ÿ"Caesalpiniaceae Gymnocladus Dioicus: A.K.A.: Kentucky coffee tree. Native to Midwestern North America. It grows in bottomlands, ravines, and lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains from western New York and western Pennsylvania, west to southern Wisconsin, and south through Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and northern Louisiana. Usually scattered and rather uncommon in the wild. The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, very large 1 to 3 feet long, with numerous 1 1/2 to 2 inch, ovate leaflets with entire margins. Flowers are dioecious, males and females in long 3 to 4 inch branched clusters, whitish, appearing May to June. Fruits are reddish-brown, flattened, thickened pod, 3 to 8 inches long, 1 1/2 to 2 inches wide, contains 6 or more, dark brown seeds imbedded in a sticky pulp. Twigs are very stout, light brown with whitish patches, large heart-shaped leaf scar, salmon colored pith, and buds small and sunken. Bark is dark grayish-brown, scaly, developing deep fissures with scaly ridges. It is well suited as a lawn tree because it is attractive in all seasons and casts only light shade in summer. Kentucky coffee tree is useful as an urban tree and for street plantings since it is very tolerant of air pollution, salt and drought. Female trees are, however, messy in fall when they drop their pods. Male cultivars, which do not produce pods, are becoming available in the trade. The reddish brown wood is hard, durable and very attractive when finished and polished. It is used in cabinet making. Early settlers made a coffee substitute from the roasted seeds. Native Americans used infusions of the roots and bark as a laxative. The name, Gymnocladus, means "naked branch." Although the roasted seeds were once used as a substitute for coffee, the raw seeds are poisonous. It has been reported that cattle have been poisoned from drinking water into which seedpods have fallen. Information provided by Justin Makii, 2002 [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/g/gymn_dio.cfm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/gdioicus.htm GDCOM.jpg&524364304391212y„›(1ÿwCladastris kentukea Is a native tree found naturally in the southern Appalachian, Ozarks, and Ouachita [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Pinnately compound 20-35 cm long [1] with 6-9 alternate ovate-elliptical leaflets [6]. The leaflets also are entire, almost sessile, and glabrous [1]. The inflorescences are 20-40 cm pendulous panicle with fragrant white flowers [1]. The fruits are clusters of legumes [4]. The bark is smooth, and it has a multi-stemmed habit [4]. Major Uses: ornamental, was once used for yellow dye that could be extracted from the wood [1]. The name of the tree is derived from several sources, the common name yellow wood from the yellow heart-wood. The scientific name Cladrastis, is Greek, meaning brittle wood and kentuckea meaning Kentucky, a common location of the tree [1]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. The specific epithet of this species was formerly lutea. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. CL1COM.jpg&519216298395219y„t‹2Sophora japonica SJCOM.jpg&529791298y„M…3Robinia pseudoacacia RPCOM.jpg&526753298392216y„g4ÿËPhellodendron amurense This tree was introduced to the United States from Asia prior to 1874 [1]. It is native to China, Manchuria, and Japan. Known to escape from cultivation, this tree is found in suburban and urban fringe forests in New York and Pennsylvania [1]. It naturalizes in minimally managed areas. Distinguishing Characteristics: Long pinnately compound leaves (10 to 15 cm) with 5 to 11 leaflets. Crushed leaves give off an odor resembling turpentine. Pea sized, clustered fruits that change from green to black, and smell good when crushed. Grows to be 30 to 40 feet tall with one short main trunk, and several large main branches. Bark tends to be very corky. Flowers are small and greenish-yellow. At maturity, the tree looks flat topped. The twigs lack terminal buds. Major uses: shade tree, ornamental. The tree is typically wider than it is tall. It is best to plant male trees, because the fruit from females is a litter problem. It tends to self sow, and is easy to transplant. It is tolerant of many soil types and pH levels [2]. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002 [1] http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtphel.html [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/p/pheamu/pheamu3.html PACOM.jpg&584310171y„™D5 ÿ4Hamamelis virginiana - Common Witch-hazel Native to eastern and central United States. It is a deciduous small tree or large shrub. It is nearly as wide as it is tall, has an irregular shape, and is multi-stemmed. Distinguishing characteristics: Smooth gray to gray brown bark. Leaves are simple and alternate. They are obovate to elliptical with an uneven base. They are bright to dark green. Fall colors are a clear yellow. Buds are naked and very pubescent. Flowers are spider-like and yellow, with a spicy fragrance. They bloom in October and November. The fruit is a capsule that expels it's seed explosively in the fall. This tree prefers moist, cool, acidic soil. It is fairly pollution tolerant. It is used in landscape as borders, for shady areas, and for fall color. There is no commercial use for the wood. An alcohol astringent is extracted from the bark commercially. Native American used the leaves for tea and medicine. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter http://www.treeguide.com http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/h/hamvir/hamvir3.html HVCOM.jpg&452370237272y„[ Acer griseum&42336y„Zÿ+Acer platanoides Native to Europe and western Asia. Now grows throughout many temperate areas in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-lobed leaves with 2 extra "teeth" on each lobe. Leaf veins and petiole exude milky sap when broken. Petiole often longer than leaf. Flowers presented in yellow-green clusters. Paired, winged samaras grow at a wide angle of approximately 180degrees. Large, plump green to purple terminal buds [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental, yet not good for residential areas due to damage causing root system. Hard wood used for furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and tool handles. Interesting Facts: commonly used in urban areas due to its tolerance of pollution. Due to its overuse as a specimen, this species has become essentially wild and now dominantly present in some areas once comprised of native species. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/aplatanoides.htm [2] http://www.botany.ubc.ca/arboretum/UBC049.HTM APCOM.jpg&57559336154y„U Acer ginnala AG1COM.jpg&41336154y„_ÿöAcer pseudoplatanus Is an introduced species from Europe [4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5 lobed leaves, 8-16 cm [4], with the lobes and teeth never sharply acuminate, they resemble Platanus leaves [6]. The inflorescences are pendulous racemes,6-15 cm [6] containing numerous 8-12 cm yellow-green flowers [4]. The fruit is a paired samara with 60-90° angle. The bark peels off in small flakes [4] Major Uses: ornamental [4]. It occasionally escapes from cultivation [6]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. AP1COM.jpg&57662336153y„Y Acer palmatum AP2COM.jpg&50336155y„VÿÚAcer negundo Acer Negundo is a native species. It is a small to large deciduous tree. It is often multi-stemmed, but it can be found single stemmed. It can grow to be very high almost 70 feet for the tallest, but most trees are only about 40 to 50 feet high. It has odd pinnately compound leaves with 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. It also retains a green stem. Its blunt buds are covered with fine white hairs. Acer negundo is a fast growing tree and is also very drought and cold hardy. The trunk of the Acer negundo is very susceptible to rot and is often infested with box elder bugs. The leaves fall for an extended period of time as does the samaras so it is thought of as a dirty tree. The tree is planted in the west a lot as a means of erosion and flood control. The wood of Acer negundo is not desired for lumber because it is light and low in strength. The wood is sometimes used in the making of cheap boxes and furniture. Information provided by Jared Baker, 2002 AN1COM.jpg&57248336426144y„XAcer campestre ACCOM.jpg&38336y„KÿgTilia cordata Introduced to North America from Europe, possibly during colonial times[1]. Believed to have been dominant tree of English forests. Naturally distributed in England and Wales, and southern Scotland and most of western Europe except southern Spain, Italy, and Greece[2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple alternate with glossy green upper surface and lighter green lower surface. Margins of leaf have double serrations. Base of leaf is assymetric to heart-shaped. Leaf length is approximately 4-7 mm. Creamy yellow flowers occur in June and July as pendulous inflorescences. Fruits are small round nutlets with a rough surface which hang in clusters from pale yellow bracts and persist into winter. Twigs form a zig-zag pattern and reddish, shiny, and ovoid winter buds can be seen. Tree shape is pyramidal to tear-drop[3]. Major Uses: Often used as a shade or street tree due to its pyramidal shape and its ability to grow in a variety of soils. The flowers attract bees and so the tree is used by beekeepers[4]. It is good for carving and making small articles such as models. The wood is relatively soft and does not warp once dried. The bark has strong fiber and it was once used to make rope. Sugar can be made from the sap and the flowers can be dried and made into tea[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/linden_littleleaf/linden_littleleaf.html [2] http://www.british-trees.com/guide/smallleavedlime.htm [3] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ti_rdata.html [4] ibid [5] ] http://www.british-trees.com/guide/smallleavedlime.htm TCCOM.jpg&654857324352281y„I’Tilia europaea TECOM.jpg&599999654860324y„ 6ÿöAesculus glabra Native to Midwestern United States. Now ranging in areas from southern Michigan to central Texas [1]. Grown in woodland areas as well as ornamental specimens, yet a poor street tree. Distinguishing Characteristics: Non-Resinous buds. Large, showy, greenish-yellow fowers in spring. Polygamomonoecious: flowers either hermaphroditic or male. Produce very large seeds in a prickly capsule.Has an unpleasant odor when leaves are crushed. Major uses: ornamental. Rough lumber with small commercial importance; yet valuable, easily worked wood used for some furniture production. Roasted seeds once used for medicinal purposes. Seeds, leaves, and inner bark, containing saponins, are toxic to many vertebrates including humans when taken internally. Native Americans used buckeyes as fish poison as well as charms against arthritis. Aesculus glabra is the state tree of Ohio. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=116&Region=World AG2COM.jpg&58383334411157y„@6ÿ«Aesculus hippocastanum Was introduced to the country in 1957 from Europe and Asia [7]. It prefers full sun in well-drained soil making it a highly used shade tree [6]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-7 palmately compound, opposite blunt doubly serrate leaflets (10-25 cm). The winter buds are highly resinous. The twigs are glabrous. New growth has a thick brown wooly pubescence. The flowers are white with yellow to red speckles born on erect panicles [2]. Major Uses: Ornamentals [6]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html 6. http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_hipposcastanum.html 7. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology Ninth Edition. 2001. Hardin, Leopold, & White. McGraw-Hill. AHCOM.jpg&58586334409158y„ 6ÿßThis species was formally known as Aesculus octandra Aesculus flava, Aesculus octandra Marsh. (Synonym) The native range is down the Ohio River Valley. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have 5 pinnately compound elliptical leaflets that are yellow to green. The fruit is a smooth light brown capsule, unlike the spiky capsule of Aesculus glabra. Has a distinct sweet smell that contrast to the unpleasant odor of Aesculus glabra. This is the largest of the buckeyes. The wood is the softest of all American hardwoods and makes poor lumber; but it is used for pulpwood and woodenware. The young shoots and seeds contain poison that is harmful to animals, but the shape and foliage make this an attractive shade tree. The abundant, large nuts of yellow buckeye contain much starch but are apparently not suitable for food because they contain a poisonous glucoside, aesculin. The American Indian ate yellow buckeye nuts but first they roasted the nuts among hot stones and then peeled and mashed them and leached them with water for several days. This treatment apparently removed the aesculin. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 AOCOM.jpg&58685334410y„A 6ÿ®Aesculus Carnea was brought to the United Sates from Germany where it originated as a cross between Aesculus pavia and Aesculus hippocastanum. It is a medium shady tree, which grows to about 30 or 40 feet tall. It has a very dark green palmately compound leaf with five leaflets. The compound leaf stays green into late October or early November. It is called the ruby red horsechestnut because of its large showy red to pink flowers in the late spring. Fruit is a capsule that is about an inch to an inch and half long containing 1-6 seeds with a light colored hilum on the top of the seed. It is more hardy tree than A. hippocastanum when it come to drought tolerance and mildew. The tree mostly planted as ornamental. The wood is not widely used commercially. Some researchers believe that it breeds true from seed, others think it is almost sterile; it is most often propagated by grafting. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 AC1COM.jpg&87334409159y„Š7ÿ¬Introduced to Philadelphia by William Hamilton from eastern Asia in 1784 by way of Europe [1]. Naturalized in disturbed areas, roadsides, and urban environments throughout North America. Distinquishing Characteristics: Very long (30 - 60 cm) pinnately compound leaves with very disagreeable odor. Dark green glands associated with apices of basal teeth. Large showy inflorescences form large masses of oblong, twisted samaras. Very stout twigs have disagreeable odor and lack terminal buds. Major Uses: Ornamental. Reclamation of degraded landscapes. Fast growing in polluted urban environments. Very aggressive weedy species in hardwood forests since numerous seeds are produced and the tree generates abundant root and stump sprouts. Can be difficult to eradicate. The root system can cause damage to sewers and foundations. Bees collect nectar for honey production. The soft, weak, coarse-grained, and creamy white to light brown wood has no commercial value. This was the tree featured in Betty Smith's 1943 book and Elia Kazan's 1945 film "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn". Information provided by Roger Meicenheimer, 2002. [1] http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/jennjim/ailanthus.html AACOM.jpg&53992433232y„Œc8ÿqNyssa sylvatica Native to eastern North America from Maine to Michigan and Illinois and south to central Florida, thriving in moist soils(1). Distinguishing characteristics:Alternate, simple, entire, dark green leaves with lighter sparsely pubescent on the veins, leaves clustered on dwarf branches (1). Some varieties have thin leaves with many clear dots on the underside (1). Terminal bud 7mm long with 5 yellowish-brown to reddish-brown scales that are hairy at the tips (1). The fruit is an oval, dark blue drupe with a large ribbed pit. The bark is reddish brown and has deep irregular ridges and diamond shaped plates up to 3cm thick (2). Major uses: the tough wood is used for lumber, pulp, veneer, gunstocks and pistol grips. The autumn foliage makes Nyssa sylvatica a popular ornamental tree. Bees also use the nectar to make honey. The young seedlings are highly browsed by deer and the fruits are eaten by numerous bird species (2). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. Farrar, John L. 1995. Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Pgs.402-403. 2. www.fs.fed.us NSCOM.jpg&620567358402402y„$+9ÿ!Cornaceae Cornus Florida: A.K.A.: Flowering dogwood Occurs naturally in the eastern United States from Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to eastern Texas and Mexico, and east to central Florida. It grows in a variety of habitats throughout its range, but generally occurs on fertile, well drained but moist sites. Flowering dogwood is usually an under-story component in mixed hardwood forests or at the edges of pine forests. Leaves are opposite, simple, arcuately veined, 3 to 6 inches long, oval in shape with an entire margin. Flowers are very small, but surrounded by four large white (occasionally pink) bracts, 2 inches in diameter. Appearing March to April in the south, June in the north. Fruits appear as shiny, oval red drupes, 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, in clusters of 3 to 4, maturing in September to October. Twigs are slender, green or purple, later turning gray, often with a glaucous bloom. The terminal flower buds are clove-shaped; vegetative buds resemble a cat claw. Bark is gray when young, turning very scaly to blocky. The wood of dogwood is very hard and has some value in the forest products trade for such things as commercial loom shuttles and spindles. In colonial (U.S.A.) times, a tea brewed from the bark was said to reduce fevers. Squirrels and birds devour the red fruits. In recent years, flowering dogwood has been severely impacted by dogwood blight, a fungus disease that can decimate natural populations. The disease was first discovered in the 1970's, and by the 90's; it had spread throughout most of the dogwood's range. Infected trees show small spots with purple margins on the leaves. The disease eventually kills the leaves, and in 2-3 years, the tree dies. The disease (an anthracnose in the genus Discula) thrives in cool, moist weather and dogwoods in the open, with good air circulation and sunlight, are not usually attacked, as are trees in the forest under story. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cornus_f.cfm [2]http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/cflorida.htm CFCOM.jpg&615234358397181y„,9ÿPCornus mas Introduced species to this country probably before 1800 [3]. Native to Central and Southern Europe and Western Asia. Distinguishing Characteristics: Can be multi- or single-trunked, and grown as either a small tree or shrub. Small, yellow inflorescences. Leaves are simple, opposite, broad elliptic, with undulating leaf margins and approximately 3 in. long. The leaves have an arcuate vein pattern. Fruits are drupes that are green and then ripen to a bright red [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental and urban tolerant. Fruit eaten by birds and squirrels [2]. Fruit utilized in France to make an alcoholic beverage, vin de courneille, and is also used in preserves [1]. It is suggested that C. mas be planted in front of a red brick wall or near an evergreen tree to provide contrast with the yellow inflorescences [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://www.bright.net/~dogwood/article.html [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/plantlist/description/co_mas.html [3]http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/dogwood_cornelian_cherry/dogwood_cornelian _cherry.html CM1COM.jpg&243358397186y„u:ÿHAsimina triloba Asimina Triloba or the common pawpaw is a species that is native to the eastern US. It has simple alternate obovate leaves about 6 to 12 inches long. The stem has an unpleasant order when it is broken. It produces an edible greenish yellow to brown berry that is about 5 inches long and tastes similar to a banana. Inside the fruit are 2 to 3 flat bean shaped seeds. The fruit can be eaten raw or used to make puddings, breads or ice cream. Asimina triloba is planted as an ornamental or can be planted for fruit production. It can be a very weedy species in clear-cut areas in most of the midwest the site needs to be treated to suppress the Asimina triloba from shading out the other trees. There has been an anti cancer drug purified from this tree and it is being tested now. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 ATCOM.jpg&446119225398y„‚;Rhamnus cathartica RCCOM.jpg&594709340406278y„vp)Coded by Eric Chapman. pc20acom.jpg&468262368-369y„QY Magnolia soulangeana MS1COM.jpg&443515253y„˜8<!Euonymus alatus EACOM.jpg&633312192y„{O=Ligustrum vulgare LV20com.jpg&1151797483376y„;S>"Lonicera maackii Lmcom02.jpg&943495418y„™?"Viburnum acerifolium VACOM.jpg&1341936889418y„BF@#Hydrangea arborescensHFL.jpg&747475382292y„-;AForsythia suspensa fs2com.jpg&339376y„L”ÿ/Tilia tomentosa Introduced to the United States and is native to western Asia [2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are cordate and ovate, densely pubescent underneath. Leaves have serrate and doubly serrate margins. Pubescence can be found on the twigs as well as the buds. Blade length is 2 to 4 in. Flowers are yellowish white and fragrant. Fruits are nuts and have pubescence, are inconspicuous (<0.5 in.) and persist into winter. Fruits are oval in shape and are dry/hard with a tan color woody. There is typically one trunk with branches that droop [1]. Twig color is brown or green. Major Uses: Used as a hedge, and it is often used in cities: urban tolerant - parking lots streets without sidewalks. It is difficult to transplant, but is good as a street tree and casts dense shade [1]. Prefers moist well drained soil but will grow in a range of soil type. It will tolerate wind, salts, and air pollution. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_ST642 [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/t/tiltom/tiltom3.html TTCOM.jpg&654y„H“Tilia platyphyllos TPCOM.jpg&999654y„CCoded by C. David Walters al20com.jpg&767377101,105y„#)9ÿONative Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaf: Alternate, simple, oval to ovate, arcuate venation, 2 1/2 to 5 inches long; leaves do tend to cluster near branch tips so they may appear whorled or opposite; margins may be somewhat wavy. Flower: White, in flat-topped clusters. Fruit: Bluish-black drupe in clusters; fruit stalks turn reddish. Twig: Slender, reddish to green in color; leaf scars small slits, terminal buds small (1/4 inch long), ovoid with two or three scales showing; pith white; dead twigs turn a yellowish-orange color. Bark: Smooth, dark green, streaky; eventually develops shallow fissures. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: ornamental Interesting Facts: On the endangered species list according to the preservation of native flora of Florida. Mujomij means Cornus alternifolia in Anishinabe. They used the plant to bathe diseased eyes by steeping the root in water and straining the liquid for a curable solution. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/calternifolia.htm http://www.d.umn.edu/~mcanned1/ethano.html&y„aa" Data encoded by Sara Ernst, 2001 LM01com.jpg&221954-965102-103y„n#Data encoded by Nathan Howell, 2001 PM01com.jpg&y„9G "Data encoded by Catherine Dilley &559-560223-224290-291430-431184y„P,#Data encoded by Sarah Carrino, 2001 BT01com.jpg&265139,141y„? ÿ´Data encoded by Katrina Coveney, 2001 Native to Europe and Asia Minor. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are doubly serrate with impressed veins. Monoecious, pendulous catkins produced before foliage. Three-lobed bracts with light brown nutlets. Prominent axillary winter buds are long and partially curved around the twigs. Many branches occur low on trunk in a semi-whorled fashion [1] Bark texture is smooth with shallow vertical strips.Outer bark color is dark brown-black to dark ash grey while the inner bark is reddish to orange reddish. Major uses: as specimen or focal point for its dense, formal, symmetrically columnar or rounded shape. Often used to soften corners of large buildings. The species is rarely available, but cultivars, such as Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata', are more commonly attainable. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/plantlist/description/ca_tulus.html CB01com.jpg&4714293y„Q#Data encoded by Melissa Back, 2001. AM01com.jpg&759-760110282164y„31+ÿtSmall to medium sized native tree (shrub) of old fields and fence rows. Rarely planted as landscape tree. Thorns usually present. Red-orange pome in fall. Bad smelling, white flowers in early spring. Underside of leaf very pubescent early in growing season, less pubescent later. Yellow-orange rust spots common on leaves. Encoded by Tim King Botany 630 D Summer 2002 CM2002.jpg&y„  ÿPaper birch, White birch, Canoe birch Distinctive attributes: Medium tree, 15-20 m high, or shrub. Dark green shiny leaf has 5-9 veins per side. Bark papery and slighty powdery to the touch peeling in horizontal strips and rolls, underbark usually orangish. This is the tree the famous Native American birchbark canoes were covered with (the frame was made from other woods, often cedar). Habitat: Moist upland woods in the northern U. S. and Canada, farther south in alpine habitats. Often planted as an ornamental.betpap.erk.jpg& pp. 368-369y„š ÿ@Yellow Birch, Grey Birch, Silver Birch Distinguishing Characteristics: Large birch growing to 30 m high and nearly 1 m diameter, making it an important hardwood species. Leaves have pinnate veination with 9-11mostly unbranched veins on each side. The leaves andtwigs smell of wintergreen when crushed. The bark is shiny, ranging from yellow to grey, and peels horizontally into papery strips. Twigs and female catkins notably pubescent. Habitat: Moist uplands in the North Eastern U. S. and Canada ranging south in Alpine habitats, notably along the Alleghanies. betal.erk.jpg& pp. 364-365RFraxinusAcerTiliaFagusPrunusUlmusJuglansQuercus AceraceaeIlexPlatanus LiquidambarMagnolia LiriodendronBetulaCastaneaCarya JuniperusSequoiaTaxodiumPiceaLarix PseudotsugaPinusCorylusOstryaCarpinusPopulusSalixCeltisZelkovaMorusMacluraEucommiaCercidiphyllumSyringa Chionanthus Diospyros PaulowniaCatalpaSorbusPyrusMalus Crataegus SassafrasAlbizzia GleditsiaCercis Gymnocladus CladrastisSophoraRobinia Phellodendron HamamelisAesculus AilanthusNyssaCornusAsiminaRhamnusEuonymus LigustrumLoniceraViburnum Hydrangea ForsythiaRhus Amelanchier KalopanaxMyrica Euonymous Staphylea KoelreuteriaLinderaAlnus ElaeagnusHalesiaCotinusHederaParthenocissusBerberisAronia-Oleaceae Aceraceae TiliaceaeFagaceaeRosaceaeUlmaceae Juglandaceae Aquifoliaceae PlatanaceaeHamamelidaceae Magnoliaceae Betulaceae CupressaceaePinaceae SalicaceaeMoraceae EucommiaceaeCercidiphyllaceae EbennaceaeScuophulariaceae Bignoniaceae Lauraceae MinosaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeFabaceaeRutaceae AceeraceaeHippocastanaceae Simaroubaceae Cornaceae Annonaceae RhamnaceaeScrophulariaceae CelastraceaeCaprifoliaceae Hydrangeaceae Anacardiaceae Araliaceae Myricaceae Staphyleaceae Sapindaceae Elaeagnaceae StyracaceaeVitaceae Berbidaceaeÿÿ CXDatablock†1,ƒ0€0H$ЄŒÆ – X'Œ!„T@((6H0Èh† Ø!ð€2˜(ø H$Àà €€0,€8Ê„ ˆ!ü2(øŒÈ'À@ !(¸… €1(€€(È„ ` „!ÆáPDù$Ð$Ä€„P €€±€$€Œ„†‚@† Ã8† $(8P8 € €!  g°… Àñ€˜Ä‡X„B0 €sà $»$P Á D€ €@ €À±€† ƒÌ#ˆ€H0$( „`D€`€ PMÆ 0 1@@…†@ ŒBCL€$xD €(lBB0³ÀX„‡Èƒ 8†1@8DPƒf €  ‡@ 1 €„° ‡˜ "ˆÁš$Pƒ Ä€ 0! …P‡ €@3 Ä…bŒ€!"ˆ$P ƒ Dˆˆ€€@àLü‡(€0„‰ ˆ<λ#‘2€HÐŒD h ‚„@$(>@$H¨–ŒAŒ!H2(øŒH À„ $à1‚(€…Œ  ‚Œ!"2(øŒH À !`,(€(€1€Œˆ…„€` †1"Ð$P@0È$À`@P€DD€ ² („†0 Ã02@($P FH À‚  €± @3€˜ä ƒ C@ Š @(€$(0! 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