×w “śU¨Angiosperm Trees3.53.5˙Ě ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM INITIAL DATA BASE AND MENUS CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. Adapted by Craig Myers, Phil Preston, and Sharon Preston Summer 2002×˙˙ CXAttdataWest€Lakota Freshman School€˙˙€% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ > 25.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€˙˙€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgg€ > 50.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€a Stipules / Stipule Scars Present ˙VStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg€ %Proximal (seed located close to stem) ˙@Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Proximal means that the seed is located closer to the peduncle than it is to the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located at the edge of the wing in proximal samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ Central (seed in the middle) ˙QVariations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Central means that the seed is located more or less at equal distances from the peduncle and the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located in the middle of the wing in central samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Smooth ¸Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. athelp95.jpg€Pubescent (fuzzy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp95.jpg€Prickly ŸSurface covered with stiff sharp multicellular trichomes or hairs that are usually macroscopically visible and can be felt (sometimes painfully) when rubbed. athelp95.jpg€Woody ŰWoody fruit is not pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are inflexible or marginally flexible when bent. The woody components of the fruit are opaque when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€˙˙€ Yellowish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Orangish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Reddish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€ Brownish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Purplish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Blackish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Greenish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Tannish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€Drupe (cherry-like) ˙A simple, fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel, consisting of skin like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony or woody endocarp that encloses a solitary seed. Also referred to as stone fruit. Common examples include peaches, cherries, and olives. ATHELP6.jpg€Berry řA fruit that develops from an ovary containing one to several carpels consisting of a skin like exocarp and a fleshy, juicy meso- and endocarp containing seeds with hard seed coats. Common examples include grapes, persimmon, tomatoes, and pawpaws. ATHELP6.jpg€Pome (apple-like) ˙>A fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a skin-like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a papery exocarp that surrounds multiple seeds with hard seed coats. The outer parts of the fruit develop from the expanded floral parts (often the hypanthium) and the receptacle. Common examples include apples and pears. ATHELP6.jpg€˙˙€Samara (wing-like) ˙aA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Nut ˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpg€Legume (pea pod-like) ˙QAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpg€˙˙€,Capsule (has 3 or more lines and many seeds) ˙WA fruit derived from a single compound pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along three or more sides (suture) or circular openings (pores). Common examples include fruits of buckeye, poplar, cottonwood, and willow trees. ATHELP7.jpg€˙˙€Husk not splitting ˙ňNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with no obvious lines of dehiscence. These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) degrade in random patterns overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Winged exocarp (raised ridges) ˙ËNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for winged exocarp if the external surface of the husk has distinct longitudinal raised ridges (wings) that raise above an otherwise smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€"Husk splitting all the way to base ˙gNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending from the apex all the way to the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€Smooth exocarp ˙ƒNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for smooth exocarp if the external surface of the husk has a smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€Waxy ÍSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the fruit an overall dull coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the daker more lustrous tissue that lies beneath. athelp95.jpg€`Milky Juice in Petioles ˙The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. To test for milky juice, break the petiole in half and squeeze the petiole. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the broken ends of the petiole. ATHELP30.jpg€Fleshy ŤFruit is pliable and remains partially deformed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€Pulpy (able to squeeze) ĘFruit is very pliable and a semi-solid fluid of various viscosity is expressed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€Papery ÖPapery fruit is not pliable when squeezed, but the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. Often the papery components of the fruit are fairly translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€Leathery ŇLeathery fruit is semi-pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. The leathery components of the fruit are not translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€˙˙€Coriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpg€˙˙€,-Strongly Angled in Cross Section (pentagonal) yWhen viewed in transverse plane, the bud has a very distinct pentagonal shape with five very sharp vertices well defined. ATHELP35.jpg€/Irregular PlatesgTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form plate like units that have various irregular shapes. ATHeLP17.jpg€aSlash Like Stipule Scars ˙ÂStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Slash like stipule scars are short horizontally elongated scars that only extend part way around the stem. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Milky Juice ­To test for milky juice, cut the fruit and squeeze the dissected parts. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the cut surface of the fruit. athelp95.jpg€˙˙€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg€$Opposite ˙eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg€˙˙€%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%Singly Compound ĹThe leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Doubly Compound ˙ The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€%Odd Pinnately Compound dThere is one terminal, unpaired leaflet at the end of the leaf. The total number of leaflets is odd. ATHELP1.jpg€% 3 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€PEuonymus€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€;Reddish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Greenish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€; Yellowish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Creamish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Whitish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Pinkish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Purplish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Simple iSimple fruits are derived from a single pistil which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. ATHELP24.jpg€Compound Multiple or Aggregate ˙ŠCompound fruits are derived from more than one pistil, each of which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. A multiple compound fruit is derived from the pistils of several flowers in an inflorescence. An aggregate compound fruit is derived from multiple pistils of a single flower. These subclassifications are grouped together here. Be sure to decide what type of fruitlet units comprise compound fruits. ATHELP24.jpg€O Juglandaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€&Oblong eHaving a leaf blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€&:Lanceolate (wide part near the base and narrows near apex) qHaving a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€˙˙€&Ovate (egg-shaped leaf) ]Having an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€&,Obovate (egg-shaped with wide part near top) lHaving an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€&'Elliptical (leaf twice as long as wide) €Having a leaf lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€&Oval ¤Having a leaf lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€&/Orbicular (more or less circular, length=width) mHaving a more or less circular leaf shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg€&Reniform (heart-shaped) 8Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaf. ATHELP10.jpg€&Rhombic (diamond shape) vHaving a more or less diamond-shaped leaf with straight margins. The widest part of the leaf lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€&Deltoid (triangular-shaped) ƒHaving a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaf. Often the sides of the leaf lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg€'Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€'Palmate ˙In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€' Pinnipalmate ˙ŽThe pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€(Acuminate (slender point) yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Acute uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€(Obtuse ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€)!Cuneate (tapers to a narrow base) đHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Acute wHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Obtuse Having a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP4.jpg€)Truncate (squared off shape) ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€)Cordate (heart-shaped) ¤Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€) Inequilateral ŒHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiole at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€*Serrate (saw-toothed) QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€˙˙€*$Doubly Serrate (doubly saw-toothed) ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€* Pinnately Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€*! Pinnately Cleft (deep lobes) ƒHaving a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€* Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg€+Glabrous (smooth) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€+ Pubescent (fuzzy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€˙˙€+ Scabrous (rough) vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€˙˙€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€P Ligustrum€PLonicera€˙˙€Glands on Leaflet Margin˙Glands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP31.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€O Leguminosae€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€,Terminal buds absent ˙‚These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud after setting this state as present. ATHELP35.jpg€,Naked - no bud scales ˙SLacking or having very reduced bud scales surrounding the terminal leaf primordia. This feature should only be used in late summer through late winter since during early spring to early summer, bud scales are not likely to have formed yet. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. ATHELP35.jpg€,!Valvate (clam-like meeting edges) ‰Bud scales meet at the edges but do not overlap like the bivalves of a clam. Usually associated with opposite arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€,Imbricate (overlapping) uBud scales overlap one another like shingles on a roof. Usually associated with alternate arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€0Exfoliating Layers ÂTwig has layers of outer bark that become entirely or partially detached from inner bark. The exfoliating layers can have vertical or horizontal strip-like, or irregular puzzle-shaped geometry.€a(Stipules / Stipule Scars Encircling Stem ˙‘Stipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Encircling stipules or stipule scars extend completely around the stem forming a circle just below the node region. athelp61.jpg€˙˙€0Smooth QTwig has smooth texture that is only interupted by lenticels, leaf and bud scars.€0Rough ÁTwig has rough texture that reflects the uneven development of the outer bark. Leaf and bud scars at node regions typically have a smoother texture than that of internode regions of the twig.€0 Corky Wings ŚTwig has longitudinally oriented regions of extensive cork build up separated by smoother areas of outer bark. The corky wings project above the surface of the twig.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€0Glabrous (smooth) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.€0Pubescent (fuzzy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€˙˙€˙˙€0Silvery Scales ŢSurface is covered by small flat, silvery scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Ridges and Furrows ŽTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Plate like scales čTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€5Warty ŚTrunk bark has mostly more or less smooth texture with isolated regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5 Corky Wings ćTrunk bark has regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths that are longitudinally extended to form wing-like projections. Surrounding bark texture may be smooth or rough. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Papery ˜Trunk bark has more or less smooth texture with outer bark peeling off in thin paper-like sheets. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€/Puzzle-shaped Plates ŠTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat jigsaw puzzle shaped units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHELP17.jpg€/Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. ATHELP17.jpg€Horizontal Strips ’Outer bark peels away from inner bark in horizontally elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Vertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in vertically elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€3Brownish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Grayish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Whitish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3 Yellowish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Orangish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Reddish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Blackish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Greenish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Tannish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Whitish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4 Yellowish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Orangish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Reddish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Greenish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Tannish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Brownish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Grayish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Blackish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Salicaceae €OUlmaceae €OOleaceae €˙˙€Oblong hHaving a leaflet blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€:Lanceolate (wide part near the base and narrows near apex) tHaving a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€7Oblanceolate (wide part near top and narrows near base) ‰Having a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg€Ovate (egg-shaped leaflet) cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€,Obovate (egg-shaped wtih wide part near top) rHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€*Elliptical (leaflet twice as long as wide) †Having a leaflet lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€Oval ŞHaving a leaflet lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€Acuminate (slender point) yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€Acute vHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€!Cuneate (tapers to a narrow base) ôHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Acute yHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Obtuse ƒHaving a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHLEP4.jpg€Truncate (squared off shape) ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€Cordate (heart-shaped) ŚHaving a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€ Inequilateral ŽHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiolule at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€ Repand (wavy) DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€Crenate (round teeth) ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€"Crenulate (slightly rounded teeth) ˇHaving a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPG€Serrate (saw-teeth) QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€Serrulate (small saw teeth) nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Pinnately Lobed (indented) „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Glabrous (smooth) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg€˙˙€Pubescent (fuzzy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€9Glabrous (smooth) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg€9Puberulent (tiny hairs) †Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent..€9Pubescent (fuzzy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€˙˙€9Tomentose (dense hairs) lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Platanaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Lustrous (shiny) Surface appears shiny.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€+Lustrous (shiny) Surface appears shiny. €˙˙€LGlabrous (smooth) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€LPuberulent (tiny hairs) …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€LPubescent (fuzzy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€L-Axillary Tufts (dense hairs where veins meet) ČThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaf lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€NWell Defined Trunk 7The main trunk is unbranched where it meets the ground. ATHELP96.jpg€NMulti-Branched - No Main Trunk ˙_Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. ATHELP96.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€LWaxy ĚSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€˙˙€9Glaucous (waxy) ĎSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaflet an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€`Glands on Petiole ˙4The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If there are glands on the petiole, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. ATHELP30.jpg€˙˙€`Petiole Pubescent (fuzzy) ˙7The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If it is pubescent, then there are "hairs" on the petiole which may be readily visible or detected by lightly rubbing the petiole. In some species, the use of a hand lens may be required to see the hairs. ATHELP30.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OCaesalpiniaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OHippocastanaceae €O Simaroubaceae €˙˙€ORosaceae €˙˙€˙˙€OMoraceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Betulaceae €PCarya €O Aceraceae €OFagaceae €PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €˙˙€PPrunus €PMalus €P Crataegus €PAcer €˙˙€PAesculus €˙˙€O Celastraceae €OCaprifoliaceae €˙˙€* Bristle Tips cHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€LWhitish sThe underside of the leaf has a distinct whitish appearance. May or may not be associated with glaucous condition.€QGlabrous (smooth) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp81.jpg€˙˙€QResinous (sticky) čBud scales are covered with a viscous sticky resin. Pinching the bud lightly with your fingers will cause the resin to stick to them. Resin may have characteristic odor, so smell the bud or your fingers if this feature is present. athelp81.jpg€QTomentose (dense hairs) lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€QPubescent (fuzzy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€R Yellowish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBrownish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RReddish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGrayish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBlackish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGreenish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€RWhitish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€S Alternate vThere is only one leaf scar at each node. Scars at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP82.jpg€SOpposite ˙dTwo leaf scars are found directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of scars associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of scars in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP82.jpg€SWhorled ˙More than two leaf scars are found at each node region of the twig. Scars are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of scars associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP82.jpg€T Yellowish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGreenish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TBrownish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TReddish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGrayish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€XMarch ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XApril ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XMay ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJune ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€YRadially symmetrical łFlowers which are radially symmetrical, that is, you can draw more than one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpg€YBilaterally symmetrical °Flowers which are bilaterally symmetical, that is, you can draw only one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSalix €PBetula €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PPopulus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCeltis €PMaclura €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€P Gleditsia €PCercis €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Unpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.€˙˙€˙˙€PMorus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€P Plantanus €P Ailanthus d˙˙ CXMenudata˙˙Angiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg _a[ !"#NOPقLOCATIONقLEAF BLADE LENGTHŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgقLEAF BLADE WIDTHˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpgق_LEAF PETIOLE LENGTHűThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg قBuilding locationق˙˙قUNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgfÎق!STRIP-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS˝Outer bark peels away from inner bark in elongated strips of various widths. Assess the orientation of the long axes of the strips relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpgAEق˙˙ق?SINGLE SAMARA SEED LOCATION˙ęA samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed compared to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle). ATHELP38.jpg%&ق˙˙ق˙˙ق# FRUIT COLOR˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg?>=DBEACق# FRUIT TYPE˙FFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. §¨FGHJKLNق˙˙ق@ NUT STRUCTURE˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP26.jpgP[\Tق˙˙ق#FRUIT STRUCTURE˙UExamine the external texture and internal structure of the fruit of your specimen to code these features. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg 8_9:abxcd;ق˙˙ق˙˙ق2SINGLY AND DOUBLY COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICS˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPG 9قLEAFLET PETIOLULE LENGTHWThe petiolule is the stalk extending from the base of the leaflet lamina to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpgz{|}قLEAFLET BLADE LENGTHżThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg˝čéęëقLEAFLET BLADE WIDTHThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgíîďđق LEAFLET SHAPE˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.ijklmnoقLEAFLET VENATIONÚVenation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaflet blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgvقLEAFLET APEX (tip of leaflet)˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The apex of a leaflet is the top half or the tip of the leaflet. ATHELP3.jpgyz~ق LEAFLET BASE˙?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg‚ƒ„…†‡ˆقLEAFLET MARGIN˙ The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina.ô‹ŒŽ‘–قLEAFLET UPPER SURFACE˙Look at the top surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.šœقGENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSčLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. ATHELP70.jpg%$قTWIG CHARACTERISTICS˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. athelp80.jpg,QRS0TقTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS˙$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.5/34قFLOWER CHARACTERISTICSŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.XY;قFRUIT CHARACTERISTICS˙FFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened.  ?@قLEAF ARRANGEMENTůLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpg‚ƒŮ‚LEAF COMPLEXITY˙Leaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg …†‡Šˆ‹Œق[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade. ­Ž°ą˛ł´ľśšŮ‚[SIMPLE LEAF VENATION˙A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgşťźŮ‚[$SIMPLE LEAF APEX (tip of leaf blade)fA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The apex is the tip of the leaf blade. ATHELP3.jpgžżÂĂق[SIMPLE LEAF BASE—A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgÇČÉĘËĚÍق[SIMPLE LEAF MARGINjA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina.ĐŐ×`ŰÜŢق[SIMPLE LEAF UPPER SURFACE˙Look at the top surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.ßáäق BUD STRUCTURE˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. ATHELP35.jpghق˙˙ق˙˙ق!SCALE-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS´Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat plate-like units. Assess the overall shape of the plate-like units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHeLP17.jpg?@iق TWIG BARK TEXTURE˙óThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig texture characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the twig between your fingers to determine the texture. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens (),!"ق˙˙ق˙˙ق!OUTER BARK COLOR˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg KNMLPQIJOق!INNER BARK COLOR˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg RUTSVWXYZق!TRUNK BARK TEXTURE˙ Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. ATHELP15.jpg4><65=ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قLEAFLET LOWER SURFACE˙Look at the bottom surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.+Ł¤Ľ§ق˙˙ق" FLOWER COLOR×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpgž™œ›šŸŮ‚˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق#SAMARA FEATURES˙›A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed and the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. ق# NUT FEATURES˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed.ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق[SIMPLE LEAF LOWER SURFACE˙Look at the bottom surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.b)ق˙˙قTRUNK BRANCHING˙^The trunk is the main vertically oriented stem axis of the tree from which secondary lateral branches emerge to form the crown (branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit) component of the tree. The trunk stem is continuous with the underground multi-branched root system, that typically occupies as much volume underground as the crown does above ground. ATHELP96.jpg%&قFAMILIES˙đIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!OM=^]PCŠ÷IgĂFeDfقGENERA˙ďIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!Y[֝NźÂXQTÁńň˝WŃŐ§VRœSق BUD SCALE SURFACE˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. athelp81.jpgcgfeق BUD SCALE COLOR˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgqljokmnق LEAF SCAR ARRANGEMENT˙žWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Leaf scar arrangement pertains to the number of scars at each node region of the twig and how these scars are oriented relative to one another. Examine the leaf scars at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP82.jpgrstق TWIG BARK COLOR˙MThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgxuvwyق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق"FLOWERING TIME‡ˆ‰Šق"FLOWER SYMMETRY˙If a line is drawn from the tip of a petal, through the center of the flower (staying within one plane) and two identical halves result on either side of the line, a line of symmetry exists within the flower. Amazingly, many creations of nature have symmetry. athelp72.jpgق˙˙قSIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'(*)&+Lق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قPETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpg`ق_UNUSUAL PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSšThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. athelp30.jpg20`ق&STIPULE / STIPULE SCAR CHARACTERISTICS˙VStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg$jق˙˙ق˙˙&\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1996. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.TEyewitness Handbooks Trees. 1992. Coombes A. J. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.JThe Families of Flowering Plants. 1973. Hutchinson, J. Oxford Univ. PressFlora of Japan. Ohwi.IFlora of North America. 1997. Torrey and Gray., Oxford University Press.KFlora of the Northeast. 1999. Magee, D. W. Univ. Mass. Press. Amherst, MA>The Glory of the Tree. 1966. Boom, B. and Kleijn. Doubleday.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.NHow To Identify Flowering Plant Families. 1982. Baumgardt, J. P. Timber PressWThe Illustrated Book of Trees. 1983. Grimm, W. C. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.nThe Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 1980. Mohlenbrock, R. H. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale, IL.^Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 12. 1952. Gleason, H. A.cManual of Cultivated Broad Leaved Trees and Shrubs. 1984. Krussmann, G. Timber Press. Portland ORUManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.MManual of the Trees of North America. 1905. Sargent, C. S., Dover Publ. NY.VManual of the Trees of North America. 1922. Sargent, C. S., Houghton Mifflin Co. NY.lManual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1968. Radford, A.E. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. NC‡Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1991. Gleason and Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden. NYbManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL."Michigan Trees. Barnes and WagnerxThe New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern Unived States and Adjacent Canada. 1956. Gleason H. A.%North American Trees. Preston, R. J.Oxford Book of Trees.DOxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. 1981. Oxford Univ. Press+Peterson's Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs.^The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2000. Rhoads, A. F. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.@Pruning: A Practical Guide. 1993. McHay, P. Abbeville Press. NY&Shrubs of Indiana. 1932. Deam, C. C.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.KTextbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, J. W. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.MTrees of Indiana. 1953. Deom, C. C. The Bookwalter Co. Inc. Indianapolis, INDTrees of North America and Europe. 1978. Phillips, R. Random HousepTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.3Tree, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Kansas. Stephens.LVascular Plant Taxonomy. 1988. Walters D. C. and D. J. Keil. Hunt Publ. Co.˜The Woody Plants of Ohio Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized and Escaped. 1961. Braun, E.L. Ohio State University Press. Columbus OH˙˙ CXItemname? Ash, Green>ƒ Ash, White>ƒBeech>ƒBirch, River or Red>ƒ_Buckeye, Yellow or Sweet>ƒCherry, Black, Wild or Rum>ƒ3Cottonwood, Northern>ƒ‰Crabapple, Japanese Flowering.>ƒ5 Elm, American>ƒ Elm, Northern>ƒ7 Hackberry>ƒHickory>ƒk Honey suckle>ƒL(Honeylocust; Sweet-locust; Thorny Locust>ƒY(Maple, Ashleaf or Manitoba; or Box-Elder>ƒ #Maple, Red, Soft, Scarlet, or Swamp>ƒ Maple, Silver, Soft or White>ƒMaple, Sugar or Hard>ƒs Mulberry, Red>ƒ Oak, Red>ƒ Oak, White>ƒ: Osage-Orange>ƒj#Privet, European or Common; or Prim>ƒMRedbud, Eastern; or Judas-tree>ƒSycamore>ƒaTree-of-Heaven>ƒ%Washington Hawthorn; Washington Thorn>ƒ4 Willow, Black>ƒiWinged Euonymous>ƒYnegundo>ƒ rubrum>ƒ saccharinum>ƒ saccharum>ƒ_flava>ƒa altissima>ƒnigra>ƒovata>ƒ7 occidentalis>ƒM canadensis>ƒ phaenopyrum>ƒialatus>ƒ grandifolia>ƒ americana>ƒ? pennsylvanica>ƒL triacanthos>ƒjvulgare>ƒkmaackii>ƒ:pomifera>ƒ‰ floribunda>ƒsrubra>ƒ occidentalis>ƒ3 deltoides>ƒserotina>ƒ alba>ƒ rubra>ƒ4nigra>ƒ5 americana>ƒrubraš˙˙ CXItemrec .Fraxinus americana is located at LFS and West. FACOM.jpg&647347376439162yƒ*Acer saccharum is located at LFS and West. ASCOM.jpg&57970336414134yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ %Fagus grandifolia is located at West. FGCOM.jpg&380325226276268yƒ#Prunus serotina is located at West. PSCOM.jpg&506661282380380yƒ Ulmus rubra is located at LFS. URCOM.jpg&423871231241358yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ Quercus rubra is located at LFS. QR1COM.jpg&407703226309248yƒ Quercus alba is located at West. QACOM.jpg&382686226288256yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ&Acer rubrum is located at LFS and West ARCOM.jpg&57764336423140yƒ#Acer saccharinum is located at LFS. AS1COM.jpg&57868336424142yƒ (Platanus occidentalis is located at LFS. POCOM.jpg&456632230236yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ Betula nigra is located at LFS. BNCOM.jpg&366134224343yƒ +(Crataegus phaenopyrum is located at LFS. CPCOM.jpg&479275290393yƒ Carya ovata is located at LFS. COCOM.jpg&352178222260204yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ%Populus deltoides is located at West. PDCOM.jpg&322639218367yƒSalix nigra is located at LFS. SNCOM.jpg&335218358326yƒ#Ulmus americana is located at West. UACOM.jpg&419870231240354yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ 'Celtis occidentalis is located at West. CO1COM.jpg&414192231246362yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ Maclura pomifera is at LFS. MPCOM.jpg&429504236249408yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ2Fraxinus pennsylvanica is located at LFS and West. FPCOM.jpg&651349376441164yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ .(Gleditsia triacanthos is located at LFS. GTCOM.jpg&523362304388214yƒ /-Cercis canadensis is located at LFS and West. CC2COM.jpg&518199304391400yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ'Acer negundo is located at LFS and West AN1COM.jpg&57248336426144yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ6gThis species was formally known as Aesculus octandra Aesculus flava. This is located at LFS and West. AOCOM.jpg&58685334410yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ7'Ailanthus altissima is located at West. AACOM.jpg&53992433232yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ <!#Euonymus alatus is located at West. EACOM.jpg&633312192yƒ=%Ligustrum vulgare is located at West. privet.jpg&1151797483376yƒ >",Lonicera maackii is located at LFS and West. honey.jpg&943495418yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒTData encoded by Matt Peachey, 2000; and Nathan Howell, 2001. It is located at West. mr20com.jpg&xxxxxyƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yƒ*UIntroduced from Japan in 1862. Coded by Bill Amberg. 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