×w iźjAngiosperm Trees3.53.5˙¨ ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM INITIAL DATA BASE AND MENUS CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. Modified by Tracy Cindric, Jennifer Regelski, and Eric Joreski. MUDES was modified for winter characterisitcs of angiosperms. The species list was modified to reflect those trees most likely to be represented in Franklin County, Ohio. Information was obtained for this from "Leaf Identification Key to Eighty-Eight Ohio Trees" from The Ohio State University. The final modification included providing defintions for terms in the Menus and Submenus in order to help 9-12 grade high school student more accurately identify unknown species. ×˙˙ CXAttdata < 2.0 meters ŮA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€2.1 - 5.0 meters ŮA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€5.1 - 10.0 meters ŮA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ > 15.0 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€ > 15.0 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€a Stipules / Stipule Scars Present ˙VStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg€ Proximal (at the end) ˙@Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Proximal means that the seed is located closer to the peduncle than it is to the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located at the edge of the wing in proximal samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ Central (in the middle) ˙QVariations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Central means that the seed is located more or less at equal distances from the peduncle and the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located in the middle of the wing in central samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ˙?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ˙?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ˙?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ˙?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 15.1 - 25.0 mm ˙?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ > 25.0 mm ˙?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg€ 1.0 - 2.5 mm ˙Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 mm ˙Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 5.1 - 7.5 mm ˙Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 7.6 - 15.0 mm ˙Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ 15.1 - 25.0 mm ˙Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ > 25.0 mm ˙Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg€ < 45 Degrees ˙-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 46 - 80 Degrees ˙-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€ 81 - 100 Degrees ˙-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€˙˙€ 161 - 180 Degrees or Greater ˙-Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg€Smooth ¸Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. athelp95.jpg€Pubescent (hairy) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp95.jpg€Prickly ŸSurface covered with stiff sharp multicellular trichomes or hairs that are usually macroscopically visible and can be felt (sometimes painfully) when rubbed. athelp95.jpg€Woody ŰWoody fruit is not pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are inflexible or marginally flexible when bent. The woody components of the fruit are opaque when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€ Whitish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Yellowish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Orangish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Reddish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Pinkish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Brownish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Purplish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Blackish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Greenish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Tannish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€Drupe (ex-olive) ˙A simple, fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel, consisting of skin like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony or woody endocarp that encloses a solitary seed. Also referred to as stone fruit. Common examples include peaches, cherries, and olives. ATHELP6.jpg€ Berry (grape) řA fruit that develops from an ovary containing one to several carpels consisting of a skin like exocarp and a fleshy, juicy meso- and endocarp containing seeds with hard seed coats. Common examples include grapes, persimmon, tomatoes, and pawpaws. ATHELP6.jpg€Pome (ex-apple) ˙>A fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a skin-like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a papery exocarp that surrounds multiple seeds with hard seed coats. The outer parts of the fruit develop from the expanded floral parts (often the hypanthium) and the receptacle. Common examples include apples and pears. ATHELP6.jpg€Achene (ex-dandylion "seed") ˙VA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp and spongy meso- and endocarp that is unattached to a single seed with a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include sunflower and dandylion "seed". Many achenes of tree species have long trichomes on their exocarp which aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Samara (ex-tree "helicopters" ˙aA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Nut (ex-acorn) ˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpg€Legume (ex-pea pod) ˙QAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Follicle (ex-sweetgum) ˙A fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing one or more seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along one side (suture). Common examples include fruits of magnolia and sweetgum trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Capsule (ex-buckeye) ˙WA fruit derived from a single compound pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along three or more sides (suture) or circular openings (pores). Common examples include fruits of buckeye, poplar, cottonwood, and willow trees. ATHELP7.jpg€< 1/3 ˙:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€Husk not splitting ˙ňNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with no obvious lines of dehiscence. These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) degrade in random patterns overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€ 1/3 TO 2/3 ˙:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€> 2/3 ˙:Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg€Husk splitting half-way to base ˙iNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending half- way from the apex toward the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€ Winged husk ˙ËNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for winged exocarp if the external surface of the husk has distinct longitudinal raised ridges (wings) that raise above an otherwise smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€!Circular cracks around bottom end ŘExamine the area around the apex of the nut viewed in transverse plane. Concentric grooves refer to the presence of at least one (there may be several) more or less circular cracks or crevasses surrounding the apex. ATHELP26.jpg€Distinct scales ˙aNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales. ATHELP28.jpg€Warty scales fused together ˙ Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small scales that fuse together to form warty protrusions that produce a pebbly texture. ATHELP28.jpg€Prickles ˙ŽNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules have hard stiff trichomes that form prickles of various lengths and degrees of sharpness. ATHELP28.jpg€ Conspicuous fringe (easy to see) ˙+Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales, which may have conspicuous hair-like extensions at their apices. In some species, the hair like extensions are confined to or are most prominent on the scales in the most apical portion of the cupule. ATHELP28.jpg€O Anacardiaceae€"Husk splitting all the way to base ˙gNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending from the apex all the way to the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg€ Smooth husk ˙ƒNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for smooth exocarp if the external surface of the husk has a smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpg€.Sharp ridges on endocarp (like a walnut shell) ˙Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are sharp if they form very acute angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows. ATHELP26.jpg€'Smooth ridges on endocarp (inside husk) ˙Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are smooth if they form very obtuse or rounded angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows . ATHELP26.jpg€Waxy ÍSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the fruit an overall dull coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the daker more lustrous tissue that lies beneath. athelp95.jpg€˙˙€ Fleshy ŤFruit is pliable and remains partially deformed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€ Pulpy ĘFruit is very pliable and a semi-solid fluid of various viscosity is expressed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€Papery ÖPapery fruit is not pliable when squeezed, but the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. Often the papery components of the fruit are fairly translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€Leathery ŇLeathery fruit is semi-pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. The leathery components of the fruit are not translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€PCatalpa€, Strongly Angled in Cross Section yWhen viewed in transverse plane, the bud has a very distinct pentagonal shape with five very sharp vertices well defined. ATHELP35.jpg€/Irregular PlatesgTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form plate like units that have various irregular shapes. ATHeLP17.jpg€aSlash Like Stipule Scars ˙ÂStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Slash like stipule scars are short horizontally elongated scars that only extend part way around the stem. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Milky Juice ­To test for milky juice, cut the fruit and squeeze the dissected parts. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the cut surface of the fruit. athelp95.jpg€$Interior Pubescent (hairy on inside) ˙$Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Examine the interior cup like region of the cupule (where the nut attaches) for the presence of trichomes or hairs (pubescence). ATHELP28.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PEuonymus€P Forsythia€P Hamamelis€P Hydrangea€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€<ECatkin or Ament (click only if present - see picture for description) ÝGroups of sessile, unisexual, apetalous (lacking petals), and usually bracteate flowers are borne on an unbranched, elongated, pendulous, deciduous axis. Be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91c.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Simple (ex-acorn) iSimple fruits are derived from a single pistil which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. ATHELP24.jpg€-Compound Multiple or Aggregate (ex-raspberry) ˙ŠCompound fruits are derived from more than one pistil, each of which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. A multiple compound fruit is derived from the pistils of several flowers in an inflorescence. An aggregate compound fruit is derived from multiple pistils of a single flower. These subclassifications are grouped together here. Be sure to decide what type of fruitlet units comprise compound fruits. ATHELP24.jpg€O Juglandaceae €OHamamelidaceae €O Bignoniaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€P Ligustrum€PLonicera€PViburnum€˙˙€˙˙€aStipules Persistant˙CStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures on both sides of the leaf petiole at the node region of the twig. Persistant stipules are found on the twig throughout the growing season. athelp61.jpg€O Leguminosae€˙˙€O Myricaceae€˙˙€˙˙€."Small (hard to see with naked eye) ůWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Small and inconspicuous scars are leaf scars that you need a hand lens to see clearly. ATHELP36.jpg€.Readily Visible ćWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Readily visible leaf scars can be seen easily with the unaided eye. ATHELP36.jpg€.Round ˙#When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Round leaf scars have more or less the same diameter in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions giving them a circular shape. ATHELP36.jpg€. Half Round ˙:When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Half Round leaf scars have a semi-circular geometry with the truncated part of the circle on the side of the scar oriented toward the tip of the shoot. ATHELP36.jpg€.Narrow ˙}When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Narrow leaf scars have a transversely flattened geometry with the longest part of the scar oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the twig. The longitudinal diameter is much less than half the transverse diameter. ATHELP36.jpg€.U Shaped ˙#When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. U Shaped leaf scars have a curved horseshoe-like geometry with the concave part of the scar oriented toward the tip of the twig. ATHELP36.jpg€.V Shaped ˙When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. V Shaped leaf scars have a more or less straight V geometry with the open part of the V oriented toward the tip of the twig. ATHELP36.jpg€..Encircling (goes around circumference of twig) ˙gWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Encircling leaf scars have a more or less incomplete torus geometry with the open part of the torus oriented toward the tip of the twig and an axillary bud located in the central part of the torus. ATHELP36.jpg€2Whitish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Greenish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2 Dark brownish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Brownish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Tannish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Pinkish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€2Orangish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€-Long and Short Shoots ˙&Branches consist of stems of two distinct lengths: The longer, usually more or less horizontally oriented stems bear distinctly shorter "spur" shoots that are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the long shoots. Typically the reproductive structures are borne on the short spur shoots. ATHELP33.jpg€-Unbranched Thorns ĽA thorn is a sharp stiff modified branch. Look for them at the end of a twig, in the axial of a leaf or on the bark. Unbranched thorns are linear with no offshoots. ATHELP33.jpg€-Branched Thorns äThorns are sharp stiff modified branches. Look for them terminating a twig, in the leaf axis or on the bark. Branched thorns are linear with one or more offshoots oriented more of less perpendicular to the parent thorn branch. ATHELP33.jpg€-Spines ˙Spines are sharp stiff modified leaves or stipules. Look for these in the node region of the stem where you would expect to find leaves or stipules. Spines that are modified stipules are found in pairs on either side of the leaf or leaf scar in the node region of the stem. ATHELP33.jpg€,,Terminal buds absent (no bud at end of twig) ˙‚These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud after setting this state as present. ATHELP35.jpg€,Naked - no bud scales ˙SLacking or having very reduced bud scales surrounding the terminal leaf primordia. This feature should only be used in late summer through late winter since during early spring to early summer, bud scales are not likely to have formed yet. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. ATHELP35.jpg€,Valvate (like a clam shell) ‰Bud scales meet at the edges but do not overlap like the bivalves of a clam. Usually associated with opposite arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€,Imbricate (shingles on a roof) uBud scales overlap one another like shingles on a roof. Usually associated with alternate arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€O Elaeagnaceae€PCotinus€P Amelanchier€PHalesia€P Elaeagnus€PAlnus€PRhus€P Staphylea€PLindera€PMyrica€0'Exfoliating Layers (peeling-off layers) ÂTwig has layers of outer bark that become entirely or partially detached from inner bark. The exfoliating layers can have vertical or horizontal strip-like, or irregular puzzle-shaped geometry.€a(Stipules / Stipule Scars Encircling Stem ˙‘Stipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Encircling stipules or stipule scars extend completely around the stem forming a circle just below the node region. athelp61.jpg€-Square ‘Twig has four definite corners, not rounded, as viewed in cross section. The corners may have ridges of bark (cork wings) associated with them. ATHELP33.jpg€0Smooth QTwig has smooth texture that is only interupted by lenticels, leaf and bud scars.€0Rough ÁTwig has rough texture that reflects the uneven development of the outer bark. Leaf and bud scars at node regions typically have a smoother texture than that of internode regions of the twig.€0#Corky Wings (wing-like projections) ŚTwig has longitudinally oriented regions of extensive cork build up separated by smoother areas of outer bark. The corky wings project above the surface of the twig.€P Kalopanax€P Koelreuteria€˙˙€˙˙€NVine Growing on a TreegWhile obviously not a tree you might encounter several vine like plants climbing up the trunks of trees€0Glabrous (smooth, no hairs) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.€0 Pubescent (small hairs) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€1Round ˙eLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Round lenticels have more or less the same diameter in the transverse and longitudinal dimensions. ATHELP14.jpg€1Horizontally long ˙sLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Horizontally elongated lenticels are longer in the transverse dimension compared to the longitudinal dimension. ATHELP14.jpg€0 Silvery Scales ŢSurface is covered by small flat, silvery scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€1Vertically long ˙qLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Vertically elongated lenticels are longer in the longitudinal dimension compared to the transverse dimension. ATHELP14.jpg€1Grouped together in chains ˙qLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Some species develop closely spaced lenticels that form contiguous transverse or longitudinal lines or chains. ATHELP14.jpg€PHedera€PParthenocissus€˙˙€˙˙€1Warty (large bumps) ˙Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Warty lenticels accumulate loose cork cells to form a region that is raised above the surface of the surrounding outer bark. ATHELP14.jpg€5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5BRidges and Furrows (long, continuous, grooves and raised sections) ŽTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€54Plate like scales (flat, separated, raised sections) čTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€7Rounded Ridges UOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Scaly Ridges ]Outer-most part of the ridges are more or less flat and textured with small scale-like units. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Corky Ridges nRidges are very pliant when you push against them with your finger, much like a cork from good bottle of wine. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Irregular Ridge Pattern DNo regular pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Diamond Ridge Pattern WA regular diamond or rhomboid pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€5!Warty (smooth texture with bumps) ŚTrunk bark has mostly more or less smooth texture with isolated regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5#Corky Wings (wing-like projections) ćTrunk bark has regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths that are longitudinally extended to form wing-like projections. Surrounding bark texture may be smooth or rough. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5%Papery (easy to pull off thin sheets) ˜Trunk bark has more or less smooth texture with outer bark peeling off in thin paper-like sheets. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€/Puzzle-shaped Plates ŠTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat jigsaw puzzle shaped units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHELP17.jpg€/Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. ATHELP17.jpg€Horizontal Strips ’Outer bark peels away from inner bark in horizontally elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€6Thin (< 0.6 cm) ƒMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Thin bark usually has a smooth, strip, or plate-like texture. ATHELP19.jpg€6$Average Thickness (0.6 cm to 2.5 cm) ŽMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Average thickness bark usually has a plate-like or ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpg€6Very Thick (> 2.5 cm) yMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Very Thick bark usually has a ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpg€Vertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in vertically elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€8Very thin (< 3 mm) ţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Broad (> 25 mm) ţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Narrow (3 to 25 mm) ţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€3Brownish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Grayish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Whitish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3 Yellowish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Orangish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Reddish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Blackish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Greenish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€3Tannish ˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Whitish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4 Yellowish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Orangish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Reddish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Greenish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Tannish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Brownish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Grayish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€4Blackish ˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Salicaceae €OUlmaceae €OOleaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PAronia€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OFabaceae €O Cornaceae €O Platanaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€M 1.0 - 2.5 mm ˙8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M 2.6 - 5.0 mm ˙8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M 5.1 - 7.5 mm ˙8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M 7.6 - 15.0 mm ˙8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€M > 15.0 mm ˙8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg€ > 10.0 meters ŮA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.€NWell Defined Trunk 7The main trunk is unbranched where it meets the ground. ATHELP96.jpg€NMulti-Branched - No Main Trunk ˙_Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. ATHELP96.jpg€-Zig-Zag Internode Pattern  ůWhen successive internodes along a twig are viewed along its longitudinal axis, there is a distinct abrupt change in the angle of orientation of successive internodes, usually between 15 and 35 degrees, that alternates between successive internodes. ATHELP33.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€2Grayish ŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Grayish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€ Bluish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€O Eucommiaceae €OScrophulariaceae €OCaesalpiniaceae €˙˙€ORutaceae €O Magnoliaceae €˙˙€˙˙€OHippocastanaceae €O Simaroubaceae €O Lauraceae €ORosaceae €O Annonaceae €O Tiliaceae €OMoraceae €PJuglans €˙˙€O Aquifoliaceae €O Betulaceae €PCarya €O Aceraceae €OFagaceae €PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €PMagnolia €PPrunus €PMalus €P Crataegus €PAcer €PTilia €PAesculus €PCornus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€P Phellodendron €˙˙€QGlabrous (smooth, no hairs) :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp81.jpg€Q# Villous (long, straight hairs) †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose. athelp81.jpg€QResinous (sticky hairs) čBud scales are covered with a viscous sticky resin. Pinching the bud lightly with your fingers will cause the resin to stick to them. Resin may have characteristic odor, so smell the bud or your fingers if this feature is present. athelp81.jpg€Q Tomentose (matted hairs) lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€Q% Pubescent (small, velvety hairs) _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€Q( Scabrous (scratchy, like sandpaper) vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpg€Q1Glandular (with lens hair looks like a lollipop) ˙Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the bud scale. athelp81.jpg€R Yellowish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBrownish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RReddish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGrayish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBlackish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RGreenish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RBluish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€RWhitish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€S Alternate vThere is only one leaf scar at each node. Scars at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP82.jpg€SOpposite ˙dTwo leaf scars are found directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of scars associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of scars in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP82.jpg€SWhorled ˙More than two leaf scars are found at each node region of the twig. Scars are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of scars associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP82.jpg€T Yellowish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGreenish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TBrownish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TReddish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€TGrayish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€U4Continuous homogeneous (same consistency throughout) ˙2The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Continuous homogeneous pith appears uniform in structure throughout its longitudinal extent. athlp32a.jpg€U1Continuous diaphragmed (lighter and darker areas) ˙The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Continuous diaphragmed pith appears uniform in structure throughout its longitudinal extent but larger lighter areas are interrupted at intervals by narrower transverse bars that are darker in color. athlp32a.jpg€USpongy (porous) ˙iThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Spongy pith is filled with minute irregular cavities, much like a household sponge. Use of a hand lens will facilitate observation of this featue. athlp32a.jpg€U,Chambered (alternating light and dark boxes) ˙gThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Chambered pith is hollow except for periodic transverse solid partitions that segment the pith into fairly large isolated hollow chamber regions. athlp32a.jpg€UHollow (excavated) ˙kThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Hollow pith is either partially or entirely excavated, with only small remnants of parenchyma tissue found around the circumference of the pith area. athlp32a.jpg€VTerete (circular) ˙HThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Terete or circular pith has more or less equal length diameter in all radial directions as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpg€V Stellate (star-shaped or angled) ˙[The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Stellate pith has a distinct more or less regular five pointed star shape or more or less pentagonal shape as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpg€V Triangular ˙^The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Triangular pith has a distinct more or less regular three pointed star shape or more or less triangular shape as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpg€WWhitish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WTannish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WBrownish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WBlackish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€WOrangish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSyringa €P Chionanthus €=$Persistant Ovate Bract (see picture) ÂLight green to tannish ovate shaped foliaceous bracts from which the peduncle of the infructescence emerges from its center (bearing one to many nutlets) is very distinctive of the genus Tilia. ATHELP85.jpg€. Three Lobed ˙(When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Three Lobed leaf scars have two lateral lobes on either side of a contiguous central lobe that is located slightly lower on the stem. ATHELP36.jpg€RPurplish ˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg€1Inconspicuous (hard to see) ˙qLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Inconspicuous lenticels are not readily visible to the unaided eye. You need a hand lens to see them clearly. ATHELP14.jpg€PAsimina €TOrangish ˙ Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€PSalix €PBetula €WGrayish óLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg€POstrya €=.Bladder-like (Papery Sac) Bracts (see picture) –Foliaceous bract completely encloses the fruit in a papery like sac or bladder-like structure. You will have to dissect the bladder to see the fruit. ATHELP85.jpg€<1.0 mm ˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg€PIlex €PCarpinus €=@Three Lobed Bract (looks like three baby "leaves" at friut base) †Fruit is subtended by foliaceous bract that has three distinct lobes. Typically the middle lobe is larger than the two lateral lobes. ATHELP85.jpg€PCorylus €˙˙€PPopulus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCeltis €PMaclura €P Liriodendron €PEucommia €PZelkova €P Gleditsia €PCercis €P Cladrastis €P Sassafras €PCercidiphyllum €PSorbus €P Gymnocladus €˙˙€PRobinia €PSophora €PNyssa €P Liquidambar €˙˙€˙˙€PRhamnus €PCastanea €PMorus €PPyrus €P Diospyros €P Paulownia €P Plantanus €P Ailanthus d˙˙ CXMenudata˙˙Angiosperm Trees athelp90.jpga !#NOPق MATURE HEIGHTŮA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.$ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق BUD LENGTH˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpgق BUD WIDTH˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpgĄ !"#ق˙˙ق!STRIP-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS˝Outer bark peels away from inner bark in elongated strips of various widths. Assess the orientation of the long axes of the strips relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpgAEق?2ANGLE BETWEEN DOUBLE SAMARA (two connected samara)˙,A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg3457ق?SINGLE SAMARA SEED LOCATION˙ęA samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed compared to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle). ATHELP38.jpg%&ق# FRUIT LENGTH˙?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg'()*+,ق# FRUIT WIDTH˙Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg-./012ق# FRUIT COLOR˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg <@?>=D:BEA8Cق# FRUIT TYPE˙FFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. §¨FGHIJKLMNق@CUPULE / NUT LENGTH RATIO˙ŢNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELp40.jpgOQRق@NUT MORPHOLOGY (see pictures)˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP26.jpgPS[\T]^Uق@.CUPULE (acorn "cap") MORPHOLOGY (see pictures)˙˘Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. ATHELP28.jpgVWYXyق#FRUIT MORPHOLOGY˙UExamine the external texture and internal structure of the fruit of your specimen to code these features. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg 8_9:abxcd;ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قTWIG CHARACTERISTICS˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. athelp80.jpg-M,QR.S0T1W2UVقTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS˙$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.5/78346ق˙˙ق'FRUIT / FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS ********˙FFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. < =?@ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق BUD MORPHOLOGY˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. ATHELP35.jpghق UNUSUAL TWIG CHARACTERISTICS˙bThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP33.jpg  ' ق LEAF SCAR SHAPE˙?When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Also look for stipule scars associated with the leaf scars. The Stipule/Stipule Scar is a seperate Menu item that should be consulted if these are present. ATHELP36.jpg üýţ˙—ق!SCALE-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS´Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat plate-like units. Assess the overall shape of the plate-like units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHeLP17.jpg?@iق TWIG BARK TEXTURE *********˙óThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig texture characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the twig between your fingers to determine the texture. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens (),!"ق +LENTICEL (small, raised dots on bark) SHAPE˙’Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. ATHELP14.jpg™*+-3.ق 3PITH (cylinder of tissue in center of branch) COLORŃThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg  4ق!OUTER BARK COLOR˙ Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg KNMLPQIJOق!INNER BARK COLOR˙nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg RUTSVWXYZق!TRUNK BARK TEXTURE˙ Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. ATHELP15.jpg4><65=ق!BARK THICKNESSDMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. ATHELP19.jpgBCDق!BARK RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS˙Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges. ATHeLP16.jpg789:;ق!BARK FURROW CHARACTERISTICSţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpgFHGق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق#CATKIN OR AMET PRESENTÝGroups of sessile, unisexual, apetalous (lacking petals), and usually bracteate flowers are borne on an unbranched, elongated, pendulous, deciduous axis. Be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types.ĄŮ‚#FRUIT BRACT CHARACTERISTICSĺSome species have fruits or infructescences that are subtended by foliaceous bracts that can facilitate identification. These bracts are typically located around the basal point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle). ATHELP85.jpg–¤ ق˙˙ق##SAMARA FEATURES (tree "helicopter")˙›A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed and the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. ق# NUT FEATURES˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed.ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق TWIG WIDTH˙8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg !"#قTRUNK BRANCHING˙^The trunk is the main vertically oriented stem axis of the tree from which secondary lateral branches emerge to form the crown (branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit) component of the tree. The trunk stem is continuous with the underground multi-branched root system, that typically occupies as much volume underground as the crown does above ground. ATHELP96.jpg%&'قFAMILIES˙đIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!OZGLMŤ=Â;ÁPŞCŠE÷@IůgĂF?e<DHfقGENERA˙ďIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!GY[ÖŽšŁNĐgźĹ•Ă\ĽXÓżQTÁÇ‘/’˘J#$ńžĚň˝UWŃËŸÔ0aŐ§VŇRĎÉœÄĘĆ”ZSóŔق BUD SCALE SURFACE˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. athelp81.jpgcgdfhieق BUD SCALE COLOR˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg qljop˜kmnق LEAF SCAR ARRANGEMENT˙žWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Leaf scar arrangement pertains to the number of scars at each node region of the twig and how these scars are oriented relative to one another. Examine the leaf scars at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP82.jpgrstق TWIG BARK COLOR˙MThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgx›uvwyق 9PITH (cylinder of tissue in center of branch) COMPOSITIONÔThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. athlp32a.jpgz{|}~ق PITH SHAPE IN CROSS SECTIONĚThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. athlp32b.jpg€ق +LENTICEL (small ,raised dots on bark) COLOR˙…Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpg‚†ƒ„ž…ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق&STIPULE / STIPULE SCAR CHARACTERISTICS˙VStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg$öjق˙˙ق˙˙&\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1996. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.TEyewitness Handbooks Trees. 1992. Coombes A. J. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.JThe Families of Flowering Plants. 1973. Hutchinson, J. Oxford Univ. PressFlora of Japan. Ohwi.IFlora of North America. 1997. Torrey and Gray., Oxford University Press.KFlora of the Northeast. 1999. Magee, D. W. Univ. Mass. Press. Amherst, MA>The Glory of the Tree. 1966. Boom, B. and Kleijn. Doubleday.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.NHow To Identify Flowering Plant Families. 1982. Baumgardt, J. P. Timber PressWThe Illustrated Book of Trees. 1983. Grimm, W. C. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.nThe Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 1980. Mohlenbrock, R. H. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale, IL.^Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 12. 1952. Gleason, H. A.cManual of Cultivated Broad Leaved Trees and Shrubs. 1984. Krussmann, G. Timber Press. Portland ORUManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.MManual of the Trees of North America. 1905. Sargent, C. S., Dover Publ. NY.VManual of the Trees of North America. 1922. Sargent, C. S., Houghton Mifflin Co. NY.lManual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1968. Radford, A.E. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. NC‡Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1991. Gleason and Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden. NYbManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL."Michigan Trees. Barnes and WagnerxThe New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern Unived States and Adjacent Canada. 1956. Gleason H. A.%North American Trees. Preston, R. J.Oxford Book of Trees.DOxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. 1981. Oxford Univ. Press+Peterson's Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs.^The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2000. Rhoads, A. F. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.@Pruning: A Practical Guide. 1993. McHay, P. Abbeville Press. NY&Shrubs of Indiana. 1932. Deam, C. C.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.KTextbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, J. W. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.MTrees of Indiana. 1953. Deom, C. C. The Bookwalter Co. Inc. Indianapolis, INDTrees of North America and Europe. 1978. Phillips, R. Random HousepTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.3Tree, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Kansas. Stephens.LVascular Plant Taxonomy. 1988. Walters D. C. and D. J. Keil. Hunt Publ. Co.˜The Woody Plants of Ohio Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized and Escaped. 1961. Braun, E.L. Ohio State University Press. Columbus OHN˙˙ CXItemnameApple, Common or Wild>ƒ? 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pennsylvanica>ƒL triacanthos>ƒNdioicus>ƒ– aquifolium>ƒopaca>ƒcinerea>ƒnigra>ƒ€benzoin>ƒ styraciflua>ƒ tulipifera>ƒ:pomifera>ƒE acuminata>ƒG macrophylla>ƒHstellata>ƒ coronaria>ƒ‰ floribunda>ƒ‘ sieboldii>ƒ sylvestris>ƒ9alba>ƒsrubra>ƒb sylvatica>ƒ1 virginiana>ƒ occidentalis>ƒ3 deltoides>ƒavium>ƒz cerasifera>ƒcerasus>ƒ•maackii>ƒserotina>ƒg calleryana>ƒcommunis>ƒ alba>ƒ'bicolor>ƒ/coccinea>ƒ- imbricaria>ƒ# macrocarpa>ƒ$ Muehlenbergii>ƒ* palustris>ƒ rubra>ƒ+velutina>ƒ aromatica>ƒ„typhina>ƒQ pseudoacacia>ƒt babylonica>ƒ“discolor>ƒexigua>ƒ4nigra>ƒJalbidum>ƒ@vulgaris>ƒ americana>ƒ5 americana>ƒrubraš˙˙ CXItemrecFraxinus americana FACOM.jpg&647347376439162ۃ,Acer saccharum ASCOM.jpg&57970336414134ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ  Ilex opaca IOCOM.jpg&564402405275ۃ#KTilia americana TACOM.jpg&597999653855324352280ۃFagus grandifolia FGCOM.jpg&380325226276268ۃ 6Prunus serotina PSCOM.jpg&506661282380380ۃM Ulmus rubra URCOM.jpg&423871231241358ۃH  Juglans nigra JNCOM.jpg&358428222253200ۃ3@ Quercus rubra QR1COM.jpg&407703226309248ۃ79 Quercus alba QACOM.jpg&382686226288256ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ* Acer rubrum ARCOM.jpg&57764336423140ۃ+Acer saccharinum AS1COM.jpg&57868336424142ۃD0 Platanus occidentalis POCOM.jpg&456632230236ۃC" Liquidambar styraciflua LSCOM.jpg&453485233240ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃF# Liriodendron tulipifera LTCOM.jpg&436489253222244ۃ  Betula nigra BNCOM.jpg&366134224343ۃI+Crataegus phaenopyrum CPCOM.jpg&479275290393ۃ Carya ovata COCOM.jpg&352178222260204ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃJuglans cinerea JCCOM.jpg&356427222256198ۃABB$Coded by Bill Amberg. ra20com.jpg&344162ۃ;8)Pyrus communis PC1COM.jpg&509683290384ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ 2 Prunus avium pa1com.jpg&495648282380375ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ Carya laciniosa CLCOM.jpg&350177222263206ۃ+*Malus sylvestris PMCOM.jpg&491282372ۃ(*Malus coronaria PCCOM.jpg&490282370ۃ Carya cordiformis CC1COM.jpg&345175222271210ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ0=Quercus macrocarpa QMCOM.jpg&395692226291258ۃ1>Quercus muehlenbergii QM1COM.jpg&399693226303262ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ6:Quercus bicolor QBCOM.jpg&384687226303260ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ2?Quercus palustris QP1COM.jpg&403697226319252ۃ/AQuercus velutina QVCOM.jpg&410704226311250ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ5<Quercus imbricaria QICOM.jpg&391690226330ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ4;Quercus coccinea QC1COM.jpg&385698226318255ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ/ Ostrya virginiana OVCOM.jpg&374573224348308ۃ  Carpinus caroliniana CCCOM.jpg&372172224348306ۃ 1Populus deltoides PDCOM.jpg&322639218367ۃKH Salix nigra SNCOM.jpg&335218358326ۃLUlmus americana UACOM.jpg&419870231240354ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃCeltis occidentalis CO1COM.jpg&414192231246362ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ., Morus alba MA1COM.jpg& 430557236248240ۃ8$ Maclura pomifera MPCOM.jpg&429504236249408ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃFraxinus pennsylvanica FPCOM.jpg&651349376441164ۃ"J#Syringa vulgaris SVCOM.jpg&828376187ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ'Catalpa speciosa CSCOM.jpg&664183405449188ۃ&% Magnolia acuminata MACOM.jpg&437506253217404ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ%& Magnolia macrophylla MFCOM.jpg&439253222ۃ'' Magnolia stellata MSCOM.jpg&517253ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ>I,Sassafras albidium SA1COM.jpg&450783264227242ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ.Gleditsia triacanthos GTCOM.jpg&523362304388214ۃ=/Cercis canadensis CC2COM.jpg&518199304391400ۃ!0Gymnocladus dioicus GDCOM.jpg&524364304391212ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ$D3Robinia pseudoacacia RPCOM.jpg&526753298392216ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ)Acer platanoides APCOM.jpg&57559336154ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ( Acer negundo AN1COM.jpg&57248336426144ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ6Aesculus glabra AG2COM.jpg&58383334411157ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ6DThis species was formally known as Aesculus octandra Aesculus flava AOCOM.jpg&58685334410ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃE7Ailanthus altissima AACOM.jpg&53992433232ۃG.8Nyssa sylvatica NSCOM.jpg&620567358402402ۃ9Cornus florida CFCOM.jpg&615234358397181ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ9 :Asimina triloba ATCOM.jpg&446119225398ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ:7)Coded by Eric Chapman. pc20acom.jpg&468262368-369ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃAForsythia suspensa fs2com.jpg&339376ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ۃ9Cornus alternifolia&ۃ--@$H¨–ŒAŒ!H2(řŒH Ŕ„ $ŕ1‚(€…Œ  ‚Œ!"2(řŒH Ŕ !`,(€(€1€Œˆ…„€` †1"Đ$P@0Č$Ŕ`@P€DD€ ˛ („†0 Ă02@,$P FH Ŕ‚  €ą @3€˜ä ƒ C@Š @(€$(0! 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