×w e˝iAngiosperm Trees3.03.0˙5 ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDED BY KRISTEN HOVEST AND ELIZABETH GOCEK×˙˙ CXAttdata˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ > 25.0 cm űThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgg€ > 50.0 cm ŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Latex Strands in Leaf Blade şGently tear the leaf blade in half while slowly pulling the two halves apart. Look for small strings of white rubbery latex that stretch within the gap between the broken leaf lamina. ATHELP31.jpg€Coriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€< 0.1 cm (Sessile) ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.1 - 0.6 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.7 - 1.2 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 1.3 - 2.5 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€ > 25.0 cm ”Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg€$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg€$Opposite ˙eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg€$Whorled ˙More than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP29.jpg€%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%Singly Compound ĹThe leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Doubly Compound ˙ The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg€%Even Pinnately Compound cAll of the leaflets are paired. There is no terminal leaflet. The total number of leaflets is even. ATHELP1.jpg€%Odd Pinnately Compound dThere is one terminal, unpaired leaflet at the end of the leaf. The total number of leaflets is odd. ATHELP1.jpg€% 3 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OJuglandaceae (Walnut Family) ˙&LEAF: deciduous, alternate, pinnately compound, estipulate, aromatic. FLOWER: monoecious, axillary staminate aments, and terminal pistillate solitary spikes. FRUIT: drupaceous nut ECONOMIC: lumber, edible fruits, dyes, tannins. RANGE: North, South and Central America, W. Indes, Europe and Asia€˙˙€˙˙€&Linear Having a long and very narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpg€&Oblong eHaving a leaf blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€& Lanceolate qHaving a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€& Oblanceolate †Having a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg€&Ovate ]Having an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€&Obovate lHaving an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€& Elliptical €Having a leaf lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€& Oval ¤Having a leaf lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€& Orbicular mHaving a more or less circular leaf shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg€&Reniform (Cordate) 8Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaf. ATHELP10.jpg€& Rhombic vHaving a more or less diamond-shaped leaf with straight margins. The widest part of the leaf lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€& Spatulate _Having a spoon-shaped or spatula-shaped leaf where the lamina is widest near the rounded apex. ATHELP10.jpg€& Flabellate ZHaving a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaf with the broadest part of lamina at apex. ATHELP10.jpg€&Deltoid ƒHaving a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaf. Often the sides of the leaf lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg€'Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€'Palmate ˙In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€' Pinnipalmate ˙ŽThe pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€( Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Acute uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€( Mucronate YHaving a tip that is terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip.€( Cuspidate zHaving a tip that is abruptly and sharply constricted into an elongated, sharp-pointed tip or cusp (a sharp, rigid point).€(Obtuse ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€(Truncate }Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP3.jpg€(Retuse 5Having a shallow notch in a rounded or obtuse apex. €( Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex.€)Cuneate đHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Acute wHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Obtuse Having a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP4.jpg€)Truncate ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€)Cordate ¤Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€) Inequilateral ŒHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiole at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€) Auriculate "Having ear-like lobes at the base. ATHELP4.jpg€*Revolute HHaving margins rolled downward, or toward the lower surface of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€*Repand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€*Sinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane. ATHELP21.jpg€* Crenate ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€* Crenulate ˇHaving a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€*Serrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€* Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg€*Doubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg€* Dentate ^Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib. ATHELP22.jpg€* Denticulate vHaving a margin with fine sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib (minutely dentate). ATHELP22.jpg€*Aculeate !Having a spiny or prickly margin. ATHELP23.jpg€* Pinnately Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€* Pinnately Cleft ƒHaving a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€* Pinnately Incised Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€* Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg€+Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€+ Puberulent …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€+ Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€+ Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€+ Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€+ Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€+ Glandular ˙Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaf.€+Lepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€+Stellate ˙Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. ATHELP60.JPG€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€25.1 - 50.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ > 50.0 cm żThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg€ 0.1 - 2.5 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 2.6 - 5.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ 5.1 - 10.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€10.1 - 25.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Glands on Leaflet Margin˙Glands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP31.jpg€ Bristle TipscHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€25.1 - 50.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€ > 50.0 cm ŽThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg€O$Salicaceae (Willow or Poplar Family) ˙)LEAF: deciduous, alternate, simple, stipulate, often with glands on petiole. FLOWER: dioecious, both male and female born in aments. FRUIT: one celled, 2-4 valved capsule containing tufted seeds. ECONOMIC: coppice growth, ornamental, fast growing, wood pulp, box and crate lumber. RANGE: worldwide€OUlmaceae (Elm Family) ˙sLEAF: deciduous, alternate, simple, stipulate, pinnate venation, usually serrate or double serrate, usually inequilateral bases. FLOWER: perfect or imperfect, 4-6 stamens, 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule and 2 styles. FRUIT: samara, drupe, nut. ECONOMIC: ornamental shade trees, strong wood. RANGE: temperate regions of northern and southern hemisphere. few tropical species.€OOleaceae (Olive Family) ˙mLEAF: opposite, simple or pinnately compound, estipulate. FLOWER: regular, perfect/imperfect, 2 stamens (some with 3 or 5), 2 celled ovary with 1 style, 2 lobed stigma. FRUIT: samara, capsule, berry or drupe. ECONOMIC: edible drupe and oil, ornamental, furniture, veneer, weaving and wooden handles. RANGE: temperate and tropical regions of the Northern hemisphere.€Linear ’Having a long and very narrow leaflet shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpg€Oblong hHaving a leaflet blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€ Lanceolate tHaving a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€ Oblanceolate ‰Having a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg€Ovate cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€Obovate rHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€ Elliptical †Having a leaflet lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€ Oval ŞHaving a leaflet lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€ Orbicular pHaving a more or less circular leaflet shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg€Reniform (Cordate) ;Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaflet. ATHELP10.jpg€ Rhombic |Having a more or less diamond-shaped leaflet with straight margins. The widest part of the leaflet lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€ Spatulate bHaving a spoon-shaped or spatula-shaped leaflet where the lamina is widest near the rounded apex. ATHELP10.jpg€ Flabellate ]Having a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaflet with the broadest part of lamina at apex. ATHELP10.jpg€Deltoid ‰Having a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaflet. Often the sides of the leaflet lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg€Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€Palmate ˙In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaflet lamina at the petiolule connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€ Pinnipalmate ˙ŽThe pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg€ Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€Acute vHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.. ATHELP3.jpg€ Mucronate YHaving a tip that is terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP3.jpg€ Cuspidate zHaving a tip that is abruptly and sharply constricted into an elongated, sharp-pointed tip or cusp (a sharp, rigid point). ATHELP3.jpg€Obtuse ‚Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg€Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€Truncate ~Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape.. ATHELP3.jpg€Retuse 4Having a shallow notch in a rounded or obtuse apex. ATHELP3.jpg€ Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex. ATHELP3.jpg€Cuneate ôHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Acute yHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Obtuse ƒHaving a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHLEP4.jpg€Truncate ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€Cordate ŚHaving a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€ Inequilateral ŽHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiolule at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€ Auriculate "Having ear-like lobes at the base. ATHELP4.jpg€Revolute HHaving margins rolled downward, or toward the lower surface of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPG€Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€Repand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€Sinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane. ATHELP21.jpg€ Crenate ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€ Crenulate ˇHaving a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPG€Serrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€ Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg€Doubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg€ Dentate _Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib.. ATHELP22.jpg€ Denticulate vHaving a margin with fine sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib (minutely dentate). ATHELP22.jpg€Aculeate !Having a spiny or prickly margin. ATHELP23.jpg€ Pinnately Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€ Pinnately Cleft ƒHaving a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€ Pinnately Incised Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€ Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg€Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg€ Puberulent …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€ Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€ Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€ Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€ Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€ Glandular ˙Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaflet.€Lepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€Stellate ˙Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. athelp60.jpg€9Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg€9 Puberulent †Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent..€9 Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€9 Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€9 Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€9 Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg€9 Glandular ˙Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaflet.€9Lepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€9Stellate ˙Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. athelp60.jpg€9 Axillary Tufts ËThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaflet lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OCornaceae (Dogwood family) äLEAF: simple, estipulate, opposite or alternate. FLOWER: perfect, 4-merous or imperfect, polygamo-diecious. FRUIT: drupe ECONOMIC: ornamental, plywood, veneer and wood pulp. RANGE: Eastern North America, Mountains of New Mexico.€OPlatanaceae (Sycamore Family) ˙,LEAF: alternate, simple, 3-7 palmately lobed with big teeth, palmate venation, foliacious stipules. FLOWER: imperfect. FRUIT: multiple globous head of elongate achenes. ECONOMIC: lumber and veneer, wood pulp, hearty city street tree. RANGE: temperate regions of Northern hemisphere, Mexico and India.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Lustrous Surface appears shiny.€Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€9Lustrous Surface appears shiny. €9Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€+Lustrous Surface appears shiny. €+Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€LGlabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG€L Puberulent …Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.€L Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€L Villous †Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.€L Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.€L Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG€L Glandular ˙Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaf.€LLepidote ÝSurface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.€LStellate ˙Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. ATHELP60.JPG€LLustrous Surface appears shiny. €LRugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.€L Axillary Tufts ČThere are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaf lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€+Glaucous ĚSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€LGlaucous ĚSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€Glaucous ĚSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€9Glaucous ĎSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaflet an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€*Glands on Leaf Margin ˙Glands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OMagnoliaceae (Magnolia Family) ˙$LEAF: alternate, simple, stipulate, scars encircle twig. FLOWER: large, showy perfect and numerous spirally arranged stamens and pistils. FRUIT: conelike aggregates of follicles or samaras. ECONOMIC: veneer, wood pulp, ornamental. RANGE: Eastern USA, Central America, West Indes, Brazil, Asia€˙˙€˙˙€O!Hippocastanaceae (Buckeye Family) úLEAF: opposite, palmately compound, estipulate. FLOWER: perfect/imperfect, zygomorphic. FRUIT: leathery capsule with 1-6 large brown seeds. ECONOMIC: wood, ornamental, crates. RANGE: North,South, Central America, Mexico, SE Europe, E Asia, and India.€˙˙€˙˙€ORosaceae (Rose Family) śLEAVES: variable FLOWER: perfect, regular, 5-merous. FRUIT: pome, drupe, capsule, follicle or achene. ECONOMIC: higly prized ornamentals, edible fruits, cherry wood. RANGE: worldwide€˙˙€O#Tiliaceae (Linden, Basswood Family) ˙LEAF: alternate, simple, stipulate, serrate, and inequalateral base. FLOWER: perfect, regular, 5-merous, 1,2-10 celled pistil. FRUIT: capsule, drupe, berry, nut-like. ECONOMIC: wood, soil improvement, nectar source, ornamental. RANGE: worldwide, mostly tropics€OMoraceae (Mulberry Family) ˙LEAF: alternate, simple, stipulate, latex. FLOWER: imperfect, 4 sepals, 4 stamens, 2 carpellate pistil. FRUIT: usually mulitple fruit of drupes or achenes. ECONOMIC: ornamental, edible fruit, silkworm food, latex for rubber. RANGE: mostly tropical, few temperate species.€PJuglans €˙˙€˙˙€OBetulaceae (Birch Family) ˙fLEAF: deciduous, alternate, simple, stipulate, double serrate. FLOWER: monoecious, axillary staminate aments, axillary pistillate short spike like aments. FRUITS: small to medium sized winged/unwinged nut subtended by papery or semi-woody bract. ECONOMIC: ornamental, veneer, furniture lumber, fuel wood, edible hazelnut. RANGE: North temperate latitudes.€PCarya €OAceraceae (Maple Family) ˙2LEAF: opposite, simple, mostly estipulte, palmate lobing and venation or pinnately compound. FLOWER: regular, perfect/imperfect, 4-12 stamens, 2 lobed, 2celled pistil w/wings along back. FRUIT: double samara. ECONOMIC: lumber, methanol distillation, maple sugar and syrup, ornamental. RANGE: N. hemisphere€OFagaceae (Beech Family) ˙8LEAF: deciduous or persistent, alternate, simple, stipulate, usually pinnate venation. FLOWER: monoecious, axillary staminate aments or heads, axillary pistillate spikes. FRUIT: nut with basal cupule. ECONOMIC: #1 hardwood lumber, tannins, edible fruits, ornamental, cork. RANGE: Eastern and Western N. America.€PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €PMagnolia €PPrunus €PMalus €P Crataegus €PAcer €PTilia €PAesculus €PCornus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€* Bristle Tips cHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€LWhitish sThe underside of the leaf has a distinct whitish appearance. May or may not be associated with glaucous condition.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSyringa €P Chionanthus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSalix €PBetula €˙˙€POstrya €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCarpinus €˙˙€PCorylus €˙˙€PPopulus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCeltis €PMaclura €P Liriodendron €˙˙€PZelkova €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSorbus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Unpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.€˙˙€PCastanea €PMorus €PPyrus €˙˙€˙˙€P Plantanus €˙˙d˙˙ CXMenudata˙˙Angiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg_[OPق˙˙قLEAF BLADE LENGTHŹThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgقLEAF BLADE WIDTHˆThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpgق_LEAF PETIOLE LENGTHűThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg ق˙˙ق˙˙قUNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgefÎق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق2SINGLY AND DOUBLY COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICS˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPG 9قLEAFLET PETIOLULE LENGTHWThe petiolule is the stalk extending from the base of the leaflet lamina to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpgz{|}~€Ů‚LEAFLET BLADE LENGTHżThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg˝čéęëěقLEAFLET BLADE WIDTHThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgíîďđcdق LEAFLET SHAPE˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.hijklmnopqrstuقLEAFLET VENATIONÚVenation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaflet blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgvwxق LEAFLET APEX˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The apex of a leaflet is the top half or the tip of the leaflet. ATHELP3.jpg yz{|}~€ق LEAFLET BASE˙?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰قLEAFLET MARGIN˙ The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina.ôŠ‹ŒŽ‘’“”•ő–—˜™قLEAFLET UPPER SURFACE˙Look at the top surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. *š›œžŸ Ą˘قGENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSčLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. ATHELP70.jpg%$ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قLEAF ARRANGEMENTůLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpg‚ƒ„Ů‚LEAF COMPLEXITY˙Leaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg …†‡‰Šˆ‹Œق[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade.Ź­ŽŻ°ą˛ł´ľśˇ¸šŮ‚[SIMPLE LEAF VENATION˙A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgşťźŮ‚[SIMPLE LEAF APEXfA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The apex is the tip of the leaf blade. ATHELP3.jpg žżŔÁÂĂÄĹĆق[SIMPLE LEAF BASE—A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgÇČÉĘËĚÍÎق[SIMPLE LEAF MARGINjA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina.1ĎĐŃŇÓÔŐÖ×ŘŮÚ`ŰÜÝŢق[SIMPLE LEAF UPPER SURFACE˙Look at the top surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. (ßŕáâăäĺćçق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قLEAFLET LOWER SURFACE˙Look at the bottom surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. +ŁŹ¤ĽŚ§¨ŠŞŤق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق[SIMPLE LEAF LOWER SURFACE˙Look at the bottom surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.b)ق˙˙ق˙˙قFAMILIES˙đIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!OMÂPCŠ@IgĂFeHfقGENERA˙ďIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!Y[ŁNĐź•\ĽXQTJž˝UWŃŸŐ§VŇRœĆ”ZSŔق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قSIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'(*)&+Lق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قPETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpgق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.pTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.bManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.UManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.X˙˙ CXItemnameApple, Common or Wild>ƒ> Ash, Blue>ƒ Ash, Brown>ƒ= Ash, European>ƒ? 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Oak, Willow>ƒ: Osage-Orange>ƒ Pear, Common>ƒPecan>ƒSycamore>ƒ&Tuliptree; Yellow Poplar; Tulip-poplar>ƒb"Tupelo, Black; Blackgum or Sourgum>ƒ Walnut, Black>ƒ Walnut, English or Persian>ƒWalnut, Japanese>ƒ%Washington Hawthorn; Washington Thorn>ƒ4 Willow, Black>ƒ8 Zelkova TreeX>ƒZ campestre>ƒVginnala>ƒTgriseum>ƒYnegundo>ƒnigrum>ƒXpalmatum>ƒU platanoides>ƒWpseudoplatanus>ƒ rubrum>ƒ saccharinum>ƒ saccharum>ƒ`carnea>ƒ_flava>ƒ]glabra>ƒ^ hippocastanum>ƒnigra>ƒ2 caroliniana>ƒ cordiformis>ƒ illinoensis>ƒ laciniosa>ƒovata>ƒ" mollissima>ƒ7 occidentalis>ƒA virginicus>ƒr alternifolia>ƒcflorida>ƒdmas>ƒ0avellana>ƒI crus-galli>ƒ phaenopyrum>ƒ grandifolia>ƒ! sylvatica>ƒ americana>ƒ= excelsior>ƒ nigra>ƒ? pennsylvanica>ƒ> quadrangulata>ƒ ailantifolia>ƒcinerea>ƒnigra>ƒ regia>ƒ tulipifera>ƒ:pomifera>ƒE acuminata>ƒ grandiflora>ƒG macrophylla>ƒh soulangeana>ƒHstellata>ƒF virginiana>ƒ coronaria>ƒ sylvestris>ƒ9alba>ƒb sylvatica>ƒ1 virginiana>ƒ occidentalis>ƒ3 deltoides>ƒavium>ƒserotina>ƒcommunis>ƒ alba>ƒ'bicolor>ƒ)cerris>ƒ/coccinea>ƒ- imbricaria>ƒ%lyrata>ƒ# macrocarpa>ƒ$ Muehlenbergii>ƒ* palustris>ƒ.phellos>ƒ(prinus>ƒ&robur>ƒ rubra>ƒ, Shumardii>ƒ+velutina>ƒ4nigra>ƒacuparia>ƒ@vulgaris>ƒ americana>ƒ[cordata>ƒveuchlora>ƒ\europaea>ƒp platyphyllos>ƒo tomentosa>ƒ5 americana>ƒwglabra>ƒ6 parvifolia>ƒrubra>ƒ8serratax˙˙ CXItemrec Fraxinus americana FACOM.jpg647162439347376ďƒ9 Acer saccharum ASCOM.jpg57913441470336ďƒ2 Acer nigrum ANCOM.jpg57313641874336ďƒ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ďƒ$MTilia americana TACOM.jpg597280352855324653999ďƒFagus grandifolia FGCOM.jpg380268276325226ďƒ 9Prunus serotina PSCOM.jpg506380380661282ďƒV Ulmus rubra URCOM.jpg423358241871231ďƒR' Juglans nigra JNCOM.jpg358200253428222ďƒDG Quercus rubra QR1COM.jpg407248309703226ďƒJ; 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