w *jAngiosperm tree trail3.03.0 ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON CXAttdata < 2.0 meters A mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.2.1 - 5.0 meters A mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.5.1 - 10.0 meters A mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg< 0.1 cm (Sessile) The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg 0.1 - 0.6 cm The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg 0.7 - 1.2 cm The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg 1.3 - 2.5 cm The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 cm The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg 5.1 - 10.0 cm The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg10.1 - 25.0 cm The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg > 25.0 cm The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg 0.1 - 2.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg 5.1 - 10.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg10.1 - 25.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg25.1 - 50.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgg > 50.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpg 0.1 - 2.5 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg 5.1 - 10.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg10.1 - 25.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg25.1 - 50.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg > 50.0 cm The leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpg 1.0 - 2.5 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg 5.1 - 7.5 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg 7.6 - 15.0 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg > 15.0 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpg 1.0 - 2.5 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg 5.1 - 7.5 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg 7.6 - 15.0 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg > 15.0 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpga Stipules / Stipule Scars Present VStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg Proximal @Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Proximal means that the seed is located closer to the peduncle than it is to the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located at the edge of the wing in proximal samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg Central QVariations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed. Compared this to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle) and the longest perimeter of the wing like structure relative to this point. Central means that the seed is located more or less at equal distances from the peduncle and the farthest edge of the wing when you consider the entire samara. In general, the seed is located in the middle of the wing in central samaras, if they are viewed in isolation. ATHELP38.jpg 1.0 - 2.5 mm ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 mm ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg 5.1 - 7.5 mm ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg 7.6 - 15.0 mm ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg 15.1 - 25.0 mm ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg > 25.0 mm ?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg 1.0 - 2.5 mm Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 mm Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg 5.1 - 7.5 mm Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg 7.6 - 15.0 mm Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg 15.1 - 25.0 mm Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg > 25.0 mm Fruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg < 45 Degrees -Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg 46 - 80 Degrees -Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg 81 - 100 Degrees -Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg 101 - 160 Degrees -Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg 161 - 180 Degrees or Greater -Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpgSmooth Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. athelp95.jpg Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp95.jpgPrickly Surface covered with stiff sharp multicellular trichomes or hairs that are usually macroscopically visible and can be felt (sometimes painfully) when rubbed. athelp95.jpgWoody Woody fruit is not pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are inflexible or marginally flexible when bent. The woody components of the fruit are opaque when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg Whitish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Yellowish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Orangish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Reddish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Pinkish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Brownish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Purplish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Blackish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Greenish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Tannish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpgDrupe A simple, fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel, consisting of skin like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony or woody endocarp that encloses a solitary seed. Also referred to as stone fruit. Common examples include peaches, cherries, and olives. ATHELP6.jpgBerry A fruit that develops from an ovary containing one to several carpels consisting of a skin like exocarp and a fleshy, juicy meso- and endocarp containing seeds with hard seed coats. Common examples include grapes, persimmon, tomatoes, and pawpaws. ATHELP6.jpgPome >A fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a skin-like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a papery exocarp that surrounds multiple seeds with hard seed coats. The outer parts of the fruit develop from the expanded floral parts (often the hypanthium) and the receptacle. Common examples include apples and pears. ATHELP6.jpgAchene VA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp and spongy meso- and endocarp that is unattached to a single seed with a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include sunflower and dandylion "seed". Many achenes of tree species have long trichomes on their exocarp which aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpgSamara aA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpgNut xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpgLegume QAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpgFollicle A fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing one or more seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along one side (suture). Common examples include fruits of magnolia and sweetgum trees. ATHELP7.jpgCapsule WA fruit derived from a single compound pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along three or more sides (suture) or circular openings (pores). Common examples include fruits of buckeye, poplar, cottonwood, and willow trees. ATHELP7.jpg< 1/3 :Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpgHusk not splitting Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with no obvious lines of dehiscence. These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) degrade in random patterns overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpg 1/3 TO 2/3 :Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpg> 2/3 :Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELP40.jpgHusk splitting half-way to base iNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending half- way from the apex toward the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpgWinged exocarp Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for winged exocarp if the external surface of the husk has distinct longitudinal raised ridges (wings) that raise above an otherwise smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpgConcentric grooves around apex Examine the area around the apex of the nut viewed in transverse plane. Concentric grooves refer to the presence of at least one (there may be several) more or less circular cracks or crevasses surrounding the apex. ATHELP26.jpgDistinct scales aNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales. ATHELP28.jpgWarty scales fused together Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small scales that fuse together to form warty protrusions that produce a pebbly texture. ATHELP28.jpgPrickles Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules have hard stiff trichomes that form prickles of various lengths and degrees of sharpness. ATHELP28.jpgConspicuous fringe +Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The outer part of some cupules is subdivided into small overlapping scales, which may have conspicuous hair-like extensions at their apices. In some species, the hair like extensions are confined to or are most prominent on the scales in the most apical portion of the cupule. ATHELP28.jpg> TREE TRAIL #1 JSH CAMPUS "Husk splitting all the way to base gNuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Some species have husks with obvious lines of dehiscence extending from the apex all the way to the base of the nut, where it is attached to the peduncle (stem). These types of fleshy exocarps (husks) split open along these lines of dehiscence overtime, in nature, or are mechanically removed for commerical marketing of the bony meso- and endocarp. ATHELP26.jpgSmooth exocarp Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. Code for smooth exocarp if the external surface of the husk has a smooth or semi-smooth (usually slightly pebbly) texture. ATHELP26.jpgSharp ridges on endocarp Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are sharp if they form very acute angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows. ATHELP26.jpgSmooth ridges on endocarp Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy exocarp (husk) that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp are common to the Juglandaceae. To assess the ridges on the endocarp, the exocarp (husk) must first be removed to reveal the morphology of the longitudinal ridges and furrows. The ridges are smooth if they form very obtuse or rounded angles at their outermost extent with the adjacent furrows . ATHELP26.jpgWaxy Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the fruit an overall dull coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the daker more lustrous tissue that lies beneath. athelp95.jpg`Milky Juice in Petioles The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. To test for milky juice, break the petiole in half and squeeze the petiole. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the broken ends of the petiole. ATHELP30.jpg Fleshy Fruit is pliable and remains partially deformed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg Pulpy Fruit is very pliable and a semi-solid fluid of various viscosity is expressed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpgPapery Papery fruit is not pliable when squeezed, but the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. Often the papery components of the fruit are fairly translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpgLeathery Leathery fruit is semi-pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. The leathery components of the fruit are not translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpgLatex Strands in Leaf Blade Gently tear the leaf blade in half while slowly pulling the two halves apart. Look for small strings of white rubbery latex that stretch within the gap between the broken leaf lamina. ATHELP31.jpgCoriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpgPCatalpa, Strongly Angled in Cross Section yWhen viewed in transverse plane, the bud has a very distinct pentagonal shape with five very sharp vertices well defined. ATHELP35.jpg/Irregular PlatesgTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form plate like units that have various irregular shapes. ATHeLP17.jpgaSlash Like Stipule Scars Stipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Slash like stipule scars are short horizontally elongated scars that only extend part way around the stem. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg<Solitary Flowers are borne singly or alone. Individual flowers can be found in a terminal position at the end of branches or in a lateral position in the axils of leaves. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91a.jpg7 - 15 Stamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.16 - 50 Stamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.3 Stamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.4 Stamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.5 Stamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.6 Stamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.1 Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.2 Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.3 Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.4 Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.5 Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations. More than 5 Pistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A hand lens will facilitate your observations. Milky Juice To test for milky juice, cut the fruit and squeeze the dissected parts. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the cut surface of the fruit. athelp95.jpgInterior Pubescent $Nuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Examine the interior cup like region of the cupule (where the nut attaches) for the presence of trichomes or hairs (pubescence). ATHELP28.jpg< 0.1 cm (Sessile) Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg 0.1 - 0.6 cm Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg 0.7 - 1.2 cm Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg 1.3 - 2.5 cm Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 cm Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg 5.1 - 10.0 cm Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg10.1 - 25.0 cm Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg > 25.0 cm Petiolule length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaflet blade to the rachilla to the rachilla's point of attachment to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpg$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg$Opposite eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg$Whorled More than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP29.jpg%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg%Singly Compound The leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg%Doubly Compound The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg%Even Pinnately Compound cAll of the leaflets are paired. There is no terminal leaflet. The total number of leaflets is even. ATHELP1.jpg%Odd Pinnately Compound dThere is one terminal, unpaired leaflet at the end of the leaf. The total number of leaflets is odd. ATHELP1.jpg% 3 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpgXNovember Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.PEuonymusP ForsythiaP HamamelisP Hydrangea:Complete Flowers have all four major parts. (petals, sepals, stamen, pistil) Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg: Incomplete Flowers lack one or more of the four major parts. (petal, sepal, stamen, pistil) Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg: Perfect DFlowers are bisexual. They have both the male (stamen) and female (pistil) parts. Flowers may be perfect and incomplete at the same time. If flower is complete, then it must be perfect. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg: Imperfect Flowers are unisexual. They lack either the male (stamens) or female (pistil) reproductive structures. Imperfect flowers are necessarily incomplete flowers. If your specimen is imperfect, be sure to examine the dioecious, polygamous, and monoecious characteristics found in this menu. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg: Dioecious "All of the flowers on one tree are Imperfect (unisexual, either male or female) flowers. In dioecious species, there are seperate male and female trees. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg: Monoecious All flowers on one treet are Imperfect (unisexual) but the same tree bears both male and female flowers. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg;Reddish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg;Greenish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg; Yellowish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg;Creamish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg;Whitish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg;Pinkish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg;Purplish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg<Spike Groups of sessile flowers are borne on an unbranched, indeterminate elongated axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91b.jpg<Catkin or Ament Groups of sessile, unisexual, apetalous (lacking petals), and usually bracteate flowers are borne on an unbranched, elongated, pendulous, deciduous axis. Be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91c.jpg<Raceme Flowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on an unbranched, indeterminate main axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91d.jpg<Panicle Flowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on secondary branches connected to a branched, indeterminate main axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91f.jpg<Cyme Flowers are borne in a broad, more or less flat-topped, determinate cluster, in which the central flowers open first. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91g.jpg<Umbel iFlowers are borne on pedicels that all arise from the apex or central point of the peduncle or main axis. May be determinate or indeterminate with a flat-topped or convex shape. May be compound via development of more than one levels of branching. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91h.jpg<Head or Capitulum Many sessile or nearly sessile flowers are densely pack on an enlarged compund receptacle. May be determinate or indeterminate. Typically the centrally located disk flowers are actinomorphic and the peripherally located ray flowers are zygomorphic. Often the entire inflorescence is mistaken for one large flower. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91i.jpgSimple iSimple fruits are derived from a single pistil which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. ATHELP24.jpgCompound Multiple or Aggregate Compound fruits are derived from more than one pistil, each of which may consist of one carpel or several united carpels. A multiple compound fruit is derived from the pistils of several flowers in an inflorescence. An aggregate compound fruit is derived from multiple pistils of a single flower. These subclassifications are grouped together here. Be sure to decide what type of fruitlet units comprise compound fruits. ATHELP24.jpgO Juglandaceae OHamamelidaceae > TREE TRAIL #2 FHS CAMPUS&Linear Having a long and very narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpg&Oblong eHaving a leaf blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg& Lanceolate qHaving a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg& Oblanceolate Having a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg&Ovate ]Having an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg&Obovate lHaving an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg& Elliptical Having a leaf lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg& Oval Having a leaf lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg& Orbicular mHaving a more or less circular leaf shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg&Reniform (Cordate) 8Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaf. ATHELP10.jpg& Rhombic vHaving a more or less diamond-shaped leaf with straight margins. The widest part of the leaf lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg& Spatulate _Having a spoon-shaped or spatula-shaped leaf where the lamina is widest near the rounded apex. ATHELP10.jpg& Flabellate ZHaving a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaf with the broadest part of lamina at apex. ATHELP10.jpg&Deltoid Having a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaf. Often the sides of the leaf lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg'Pinnate In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg'Palmate In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg' Pinnipalmate The pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg 0.1 - 2.5 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg( Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg(Acute uHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg( Mucronate YHaving a tip that is terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip.( Cuspidate zHaving a tip that is abruptly and sharply constricted into an elongated, sharp-pointed tip or cusp (a sharp, rigid point).(Obtuse Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpg(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg(Truncate }Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP3.jpg(Retuse 5Having a shallow notch in a rounded or obtuse apex. ( Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex.)Cuneate Having a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiole. ATHELP4.jpg)Acute wHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg)Obtuse Having a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiole. ATHELP4.jpg)Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP4.jpg)Truncate ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg)Cordate Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiole. ATHELP4.jpg) Inequilateral Having an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiole at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg) Auriculate "Having ear-like lobes at the base. ATHELP4.jpg*Revolute HHaving margins rolled downward, or toward the lower surface of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg*Entire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg*Repand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg*Sinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane. ATHELP21.jpg* Crenate Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg* Crenulate Having a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg*Serrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg* Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpg*Doubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg* Dentate ^Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib. ATHELP22.jpg* Denticulate vHaving a margin with fine sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib (minutely dentate). ATHELP22.jpg*Aculeate !Having a spiny or prickly margin. ATHELP23.jpg* Pinnately Lobed Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg* Pinnately Cleft Having a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg* Pinnately Incised Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg* Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg+Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPG+ Puberulent Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.+ Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG+ Villous Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.+ Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.+ Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPG+ Glandular Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaf.+Lepidote Surface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.+Stellate Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. ATHELP60.JPG 2.6 - 5.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg 5.1 - 10.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg10.1 - 25.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg25.1 - 50.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg > 50.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpg 0.1 - 2.5 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg 2.6 - 5.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg 5.1 - 10.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg10.1 - 25.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgP LigustrumPLoniceraPViburnumGlands on Leaflet MarginGlands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP31.jpg Bristle TipscHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpgaStipules PersistantCStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures on both sides of the leaf petiole at the node region of the twig. Persistant stipules are found on the twig throughout the growing season. athelp61.jpg> TREE TRAIL #3 CCDS CAMPUS.Small and inconspicuous When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Small and inconspicuous scars are leaf scars that you need a hand lens to see clearly. ATHELP36.jpg.Readily Visible When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Readily visible leaf scars can be seen easily with the unaided eye. ATHELP36.jpg.Round #When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Round leaf scars have more or less the same diameter in the longitudinal and horizontal dimensions giving them a circular shape. ATHELP36.jpg. Half Round :When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Half Round leaf scars have a semi-circular geometry with the truncated part of the circle on the side of the scar oriented toward the tip of the shoot. ATHELP36.jpg.Narrow }When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Narrow leaf scars have a transversely flattened geometry with the longest part of the scar oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the twig. The longitudinal diameter is much less than half the transverse diameter. ATHELP36.jpg.U Shaped #When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. U Shaped leaf scars have a curved horseshoe-like geometry with the concave part of the scar oriented toward the tip of the twig. ATHELP36.jpg.V Shaped When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. V Shaped leaf scars have a more or less straight V geometry with the open part of the V oriented toward the tip of the twig. ATHELP36.jpg."Encircling / enclosing lateral bud gWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Encircling leaf scars have a more or less incomplete torus geometry with the open part of the torus oriented toward the tip of the twig and an axillary bud located in the central part of the torus. ATHELP36.jpg2Whitish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg2Greenish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg2 Dark brownish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg2Brownish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg2Tannish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg2Pinkish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg2Orangish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg-Long and Short Shoots &Branches consist of stems of two distinct lengths: The longer, usually more or less horizontally oriented stems bear distinctly shorter "spur" shoots that are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the long shoots. Typically the reproductive structures are borne on the short spur shoots. ATHELP33.jpg-Unbranched Thorns A thorn is a sharp stiff modified branch. Look for them at the end of a twig, in the axial of a leaf or on the bark. Unbranched thorns are linear with no offshoots. ATHELP33.jpg-Branched Thorns Thorns are sharp stiff modified branches. Look for them terminating a twig, in the leaf axis or on the bark. Branched thorns are linear with one or more offshoots oriented more of less perpendicular to the parent thorn branch. ATHELP33.jpg-Spines Spines are sharp stiff modified leaves or stipules. Look for these in the node region of the stem where you would expect to find leaves or stipules. Spines that are modified stipules are found in pairs on either side of the leaf or leaf scar in the node region of the stem. ATHELP33.jpg,Terminal buds absent These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud after setting this state as present. ATHELP35.jpg,Naked - no bud scales SLacking or having very reduced bud scales surrounding the terminal leaf primordia. This feature should only be used in late summer through late winter since during early spring to early summer, bud scales are not likely to have formed yet. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. ATHELP35.jpg,Valvate Bud scales meet at the edges but do not overlap like the bivalves of a clam. Usually associated with opposite arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg, Imbricate uBud scales overlap one another like shingles on a roof. Usually associated with alternate arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg0Exfoliating Layers Twig has layers of outer bark that become entirely or partially detached from inner bark. The exfoliating layers can have vertical or horizontal strip-like, or irregular puzzle-shaped geometry.a(Stipules / Stipule Scars Encircling Stem Stipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Encircling stipules or stipule scars extend completely around the stem forming a circle just below the node region. athelp61.jpg-Square Twig has four definite corners, not rounded, as viewed in cross section. The corners may have ridges of bark (cork wings) associated with them. ATHELP33.jpg0Smooth QTwig has smooth texture that is only interupted by lenticels, leaf and bud scars.0Rough Twig has rough texture that reflects the uneven development of the outer bark. Leaf and bud scars at node regions typically have a smoother texture than that of internode regions of the twig.0 Corky Wings Twig has longitudinally oriented regions of extensive cork build up separated by smoother areas of outer bark. The corky wings project above the surface of the twig.0Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence.0 Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.1Round eLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Round lenticels have more or less the same diameter in the transverse and longitudinal dimensions. ATHELP14.jpg1Horizontally elongate sLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Horizontally elongated lenticels are longer in the transverse dimension compared to the longitudinal dimension. ATHELP14.jpg0 Silvery Scales Surface is covered by small flat, silvery scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.1Vertically elongate qLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Vertically elongated lenticels are longer in the longitudinal dimension compared to the transverse dimension. ATHELP14.jpg1Grouped together in chains qLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Some species develop closely spaced lenticels that form contiguous transverse or longitudinal lines or chains. ATHELP14.jpg1Warty Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Warty lenticels accumulate loose cork cells to form a region that is raised above the surface of the surrounding outer bark. ATHELP14.jpg5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg5Ridges and Furrows Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg5Plate like scales Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg7Rounded Ridges UOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened. ATHELP16.jpg7 Scaly Ridges ]Outer-most part of the ridges are more or less flat and textured with small scale-like units. ATHELP16.jpg7 Corky Ridges nRidges are very pliant when you push against them with your finger, much like a cork from good bottle of wine. ATHELP16.jpg7 Irregular Ridge Pattern DNo regular pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg7 Diamond Ridge Pattern WA regular diamond or rhomboid pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg5Warty Trunk bark has mostly more or less smooth texture with isolated regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg5 Corky Wings Trunk bark has regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths that are longitudinally extended to form wing-like projections. Surrounding bark texture may be smooth or rough. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg5Papery Trunk bark has more or less smooth texture with outer bark peeling off in thin paper-like sheets. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg/Puzzle-shaped Plates Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat jigsaw puzzle shaped units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHELP17.jpg/Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. ATHELP17.jpgHorizontal Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in horizontally elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg6Thin (< 0.6 cm) Measure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Thin bark usually has a smooth, strip, or plate-like texture. ATHELP19.jpg6$Average Thickness (0.6 cm to 2.5 cm) Measure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Average thickness bark usually has a plate-like or ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpg6Very Thick (> 2.5 cm) yMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. Very Thick bark usually has a ridge/furrow texture. ATHELP19.jpgVertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in vertically elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg8Very thin (< 3 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg8Broad (> 25 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg8Narrow (3 to 25 mm) Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg3Brownish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3Grayish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3Whitish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3 Yellowish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3Orangish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3Reddish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3Blackish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3Greenish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg3Tannish Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Whitish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4 Yellowish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Orangish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Reddish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Greenish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Tannish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Brownish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Grayish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg4Blackish nThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg;Orangish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpgH Pyramidal >Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of the crown is much wider than the apex like the Aztec and Egyptian Pyramids. crowns.jpgHConical Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. Crown is cone-shaped with the base of the crown distinctly wider than the apex. There is not as great a difference between the base and apex in conical as compared to pyramidal shaped crowns. crowns.jpgHColumnar Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown shape is vertically very linear with more or less parallel sides, except for the very apex which may be pyramidial or conical. Branches within the columnar crown grow almost straight up. crowns.jpgH Spreading yCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown diverges outward in a horizontal direction with the branches grow more or less straight out in the horizontal plane in spreading crowns. crowns.jpgH Vase-shaped Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of crown is much narrower than than apex due to the 35 to 55 degree off-vertical orientation of the lateral branches. These inclined branches form a V-shaped pattern when the crown is viewed from the side. crowns.jpgHBroad Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown is distinctly wider than it is tall in broad shaped crown. Make sure that the entire crown is alive, since some diseases kill branches from the apex toward the base. crowns.jpgHRounded Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The overall outline or perimeter of the crown is well curved or rounded. (Well-rounded like your Miami education - BJ Hooven). The rounded shaped crown arises from the recurved more or less pendulous orientation of the branch system in the crown. crowns.jpg25.1 - 50.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpg > 50.0 cm The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgO Salicaceae OUlmaceae OOleaceae Linear Having a long and very narrow leaflet shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpgOblong hHaving a leaflet blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg Lanceolate tHaving a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg Oblanceolate Having a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpgOvate cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpgObovate rHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg Elliptical Having a leaflet lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg Oval Having a leaflet lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg Orbicular pHaving a more or less circular leaflet shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpgReniform (Cordate) ;Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaflet. ATHELP10.jpg Rhombic |Having a more or less diamond-shaped leaflet with straight margins. The widest part of the leaflet lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg Spatulate bHaving a spoon-shaped or spatula-shaped leaflet where the lamina is widest near the rounded apex. ATHELP10.jpg Flabellate ]Having a fan-shaped or broadly wedge-shaped leaflet with the broadest part of lamina at apex. ATHELP10.jpgDeltoid Having a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaflet. Often the sides of the leaflet lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpgPinnate In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpgPalmate In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaflet lamina at the petiolule connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg Pinnipalmate The pinnipalmate pattern is intermediate between the pinnate and palmate patterns. Near the base of the main midrib are two prominent secondary veins that are larger than the more apical secondary veins. The tertiary veins associated with the basal most secondary veins are larger than the tertiary veins associated with the more apical secondary veins that form a pinnate pattern off the midrib. ATHELP2.jpg Acuminate yHaving a long, slender, sharp point with a terminal angle less than 45 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpgAcute vHaving a sharp-pointed tip with a terminal angle between 45 and 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex.. ATHELP3.jpg Mucronate YHaving a tip that is terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP3.jpg Cuspidate zHaving a tip that is abruptly and sharply constricted into an elongated, sharp-pointed tip or cusp (a sharp, rigid point). ATHELP3.jpgObtuse Having a blunt or rounded tip, with the sides forming an angle of more than 90 degrees. Sides of apex can be straight to convex. ATHELP3.jpgRounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpgTruncate ~Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape.. ATHELP3.jpgRetuse 4Having a shallow notch in a rounded or obtuse apex. ATHELP3.jpg Emarginate -Having a shallow and broad notch at the apex. ATHELP3.jpgCuneate Having a sharp-pointed base with an angle less than 45 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. Base is wedge-shaped or triangular. Tapers to a narrow base with narrow part at point of attachment of lamina with petiolule. ATHELP4.jpgAcute yHaving a sharp-pointed base with an angle between 45 and 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpgObtuse Having a blunt or narrowly rounded base with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the position where the lamina joins the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpgRounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHLEP4.jpgTruncate ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpgCordate Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg Inequilateral Having an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiolule at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg Auriculate "Having ear-like lobes at the base. ATHELP4.jpgRevolute HHaving margins rolled downward, or toward the lower surface of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPGEntire BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpgRepand DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpgSinuate UHaving a margin that is shallowly indented and strongly wavy in the horizontal plane. ATHELP21.jpg Crenate Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg Crenulate Having a margin with minute shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth (minutely crenate). Teeth cut less than one-sixteenth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.JPGSerrate QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg Serrulate nHaving a very fine saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex (minutely serrate). ATHELP22.jpgDoubly Serrate ]Having a saw-toothed margin consisting of course teeth bearing minute teeth on their margins. ATHELP22.jpg Dentate _Having a margin with sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib.. ATHELP22.jpg Denticulate vHaving a margin with fine sharp teeth or indentions pointing outward at right angles to the midrib (minutely dentate). ATHELP22.jpgAculeate !Having a spiny or prickly margin. ATHELP23.jpg Pinnately Lobed Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg Pinnately Cleft Having a margin that is indented a little more than half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg Pinnately Incised Having a margin that is deeply indented towards the midrib (well over half to almost to the midrib). Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpgGlabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg Puberulent Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent. Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg Villous Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose. Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg Glandular Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaflet.Lepidote Surface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.Stellate Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. athelp60.jpg9Glabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp60.jpg9 Puberulent Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent..9 Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg9 Villous Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.9 Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.9 Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp60.jpg9 Glandular Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaflet.9Lepidote Surface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.9Stellate Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. athelp60.jpg9 Axillary Tufts There are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaflet lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.O Cornaceae O Platanaceae Lustrous Surface appears shiny.Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.9Lustrous Surface appears shiny. 9Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.+Lustrous Surface appears shiny. +Rugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.LGlabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. ATHELP60.JPGL Puberulent Surface has tiny hairs that are barely observable by the unaided eye. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Minutely pubescent.L Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPGL Villous Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose.L Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly.L Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. ATHELP60.JPGL Glandular Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the leaf.LLepidote Surface is covered by small flat, scurfy scales. Use a hand lens to see the scales clearly. A scale is a flattened disk-shaped multicellular trichome attached to a stalk that projects it above the surface of the lamina.LStellate Surface has star-shaped multicellular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these hairs clearly. Multiple elongated head cells radiate in star-shaped clusters from a central point of attachment with the stalk cell that projects the trichome above the surface of the lamina. ATHELP60.JPGLLustrous Surface appears shiny. LRugose fSurface is naturally wrinkled. Veins are sunken below surface of lamina forming a reticulate pattern.L Axillary Tufts There are small patches of dense hairs or trichomes in the axils of the veins on the under side of the leaf lamina. These tufts of hair are also referred to as domatia and often harbor small insects.M 1.0 - 2.5 mm 8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpgM 2.6 - 5.0 mm 8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpgM 5.1 - 7.5 mm 8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpgM 7.6 - 15.0 mm 8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpgM > 15.0 mm 8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg > 10.0 meters A mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.NWell Defined Trunk 7The main trunk is unbranched where it meets the ground. ATHELP96.jpgNMulti-Branched - No Main Trunk _Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. ATHELP96.jpg-Zig-Zag Internode Pattern  When successive internodes along a twig are viewed along its longitudinal axis, there is a distinct abrupt change in the angle of orientation of successive internodes, usually between 15 and 35 degrees, that alternates between successive internodes. ATHELP33.jpg+Glaucous Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.LGlaucous Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.Glaucous Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaf an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.9Glaucous Surface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the leaflet an overall bluegreen coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the greener lamina tissue that lies beneath.2 Stamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.`Glands on Petiole 4The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If there are glands on the petiole, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. ATHELP30.jpg*Glands on Leaf Margin Glands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP21.jpg`Petiole Pubescent 7The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If it is pubescent, then there are "hairs" on the petiole which may be readily visible or detected by lightly rubbing the petiole. In some species, the use of a hand lens may be required to see the hairs. ATHELP30.jpg: Polygamous Each tree bears both Imperfect (unisexual) flowers and Perfect (bisexual) flowers. Some tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg2Grayish The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg Grayish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg Bluish Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpgO Mimosaceae O Magnoliaceae OHippocastanaceae O Lauraceae ORosaceae O Annonaceae O Tiliaceae OMoraceae PJuglans O Ebennaceae O Aquifoliaceae O Betulaceae PCarya O Aceraceae OFagaceae PFagus PQuercus PUlmus PFraxinus PMagnolia PPrunus PMalus P Crataegus PAcer PTilia PAesculus PCornus * Bristle Tips cHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpgP Phellodendron LWhitish sThe underside of the leaf has a distinct whitish appearance. May or may not be associated with glaucous condition.QGlabrous :Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. athelp81.jpgQ Villous Surface covered with long, silky, fine, straight hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. Also spelled villose. athelp81.jpgQResinous Bud scales are covered with a viscous sticky resin. Pinching the bud lightly with your fingers will cause the resin to stick to them. Resin may have characteristic odor, so smell the bud or your fingers if this feature is present. athelp81.jpgQ Tomentose lSurface is covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpgQ Pubescent _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpgQ Scabrous vSurface is covered with short stiff hairs that make it rough to the touch. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp81.jpgQ Glandular Surface has either unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or trichomes. Use a hand lens to see these glandular hairs clearly. They typically consist of a round head component that is supported by a cylindrical stalk that projects the gland above the surface of the bud scale. athelp81.jpgR Yellowish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgRBrownish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgRReddish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgRGrayish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgRBlackish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgRGreenish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgRBluish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgRWhitish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpgS Alternate vThere is only one leaf scar at each node. Scars at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP82.jpgSOpposite dTwo leaf scars are found directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of scars associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of scars in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP82.jpgSWhorled More than two leaf scars are found at each node region of the twig. Scars are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of scars associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP82.jpgT Yellowish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgTGreenish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgTBrownish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgTReddish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgTGrayish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgUContinuous homogeneous 2The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Continuous homogeneous pith appears uniform in structure throughout its longitudinal extent. athlp32a.jpgUContinuous diaphragmed The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Continuous diaphragmed pith appears uniform in structure throughout its longitudinal extent but larger lighter areas are interrupted at intervals by narrower transverse bars that are darker in color. athlp32a.jpgUSpongy (porous) iThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Spongy pith is filled with minute irregular cavities, much like a household sponge. Use of a hand lens will facilitate observation of this featue. athlp32a.jpgU Chambered gThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Chambered pith is hollow except for periodic transverse solid partitions that segment the pith into fairly large isolated hollow chamber regions. athlp32a.jpgUHollow (excavated) kThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. Hollow pith is either partially or entirely excavated, with only small remnants of parenchyma tissue found around the circumference of the pith area. athlp32a.jpgVTerete (circular) HThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Terete or circular pith has more or less equal length diameter in all radial directions as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpgV Stellate (star-shaped or angled) [The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Stellate pith has a distinct more or less regular five pointed star shape or more or less pentagonal shape as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpgV Triangular ^The pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. Triangular pith has a distinct more or less regular three pointed star shape or more or less triangular shape as viewed in the transverse plane. athlp32b.jpgWWhitish Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgWTannish Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgWBrownish Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgWBlackish Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgWOrangish Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgXMarch Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.XApril Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.XMay Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.XJune Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.XJuly Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.XAugust Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.X September Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.XOctober Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.YActinomorphic (regular) Flowers which are radially symmetical, that is, you can draw more than one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpgYZygomorphic (irregular) Flowers which are bilaterally symmetical, that is, you can draw only one line of symmetry through the flower to obtain identical halves that form mirror images of one another. athelp72.jpgZHypogynous (Superior Ovary) This is a superior ovary, because the ovary is inserted above (higher than) the place of insertion of the other flower parts. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpgZ-Perigynous (Inferior Ovary with a Hypanthium) Outer floral parts are attached to a floral tube, or a hypanthium, and not directly to the receptacle. The ovary is inserted below (inferior position) relative to position of insertion of rest of floral parts because of the hypanthium. The hypanthium shape may resemble a tube, a flat disk, a bowl, or a flask. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpgZEpigynous (Inferior Ovary) RThe point of insertion of the outer floral parts is not at the receptacle, but on or above the ovary wall. This positions the ovary in an inferior position below the place of insertion of the other floral parts. Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpgPSyringa P Chionanthus =Persistant Ovate Bract Light green to tannish ovate shaped foliaceous bracts from which the peduncle of the infructescence emerges from its center (bearing one to many nutlets) is very distinctive of the genus Tilia. ATHELP85.jpg. Three Lobed (When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Three Lobed leaf scars have two lateral lobes on either side of a contiguous central lobe that is located slightly lower on the stem. ATHELP36.jpgRPurplish ^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg1 Inconspicuous qLenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Inconspicuous lenticels are not readily visible to the unaided eye. You need a hand lens to see them clearly. ATHELP14.jpgPAsimina TOrangish Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgPSalix PBetula WGrayish Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgPOstrya = Bladder-like (Papery Sac) Bracts Foliaceous bract completely encloses the fruit in a papery like sac or bladder-like structure. You will have to dissect the bladder to see the fruit. ATHELP85.jpg<1.0 mm These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpgPIlex PCarpinus =Three Lobed Bract Fruit is subtended by foliaceous bract that has three distinct lobes. Typically the middle lobe is larger than the two lateral lobes. ATHELP85.jpgPCorylus ;Brownish Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpgPPopulus PCeltis PMaclura P Liriodendron PEucommia PZelkova P Gleditsia PCercis P Cladrastis P Sassafras PCercidiphyllum PSorbus P Gymnocladus PAlbizzia PRobinia PSophora PNyssa P Liquidambar <Corymb RFlowers with individual elongated pedicels are borne on a flat-topped or convex, unbranched, indeterminate main axis. The flowers on the lower or outer portions of the inflorescence have the longest pedicels and open first. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. ATHLP91e.jpgUnpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.PRhamnus PCastanea PMorus PPyrus P Diospyros P Paulownia P Plantanus P Ailanthus d CXMenudataAngiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg>_a[ !"#NHOPق MATURE HEIGHTA mature tree is one that is capable of sexual reproduction. Do not use this feature if you have not observed flowers or fruits on your specimen. Some species of trees do not reach sexual maturity for over 30 years.$قLEAF BLADE LENGTHThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Length is measured from where blade joins the petiole straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP71.jpgقLEAF BLADE WIDTHThe leaf blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaf (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP71.jpgق_LEAF PETIOLE LENGTHThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. Petiole length is measured from the point of attachment of the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. ATHELP71.jpg ق BUD LENGTHThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud length is measured from the position of insertion of the basal-most bud scale to the tip of the bud. ATHELP34.jpgق BUD WIDTHThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These measurements pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. Bud width is measured at the broadest position of the bud, perpendicular to bud length measurements. ATHELP34.jpg !"#قUNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgefق!STRIP-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICSOuter bark peels away from inner bark in elongated strips of various widths. Assess the orientation of the long axes of the strips relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpgAEق?ANGLE BETWEEN DOUBLE SAMARA,A samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species of Aceraceae. To assess this angle, extrapolate lines along the midribs (backs) of the wings of both samaras and estimate the smaller of the angles of intersection of these lines with one another. ATHELP25.jpg34567ق?SINGLE SAMARA SEED LOCATIONA samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. Determine the relative location of the seed compared to the point of attachment of the fruit to the supporting stem (peduncle). ATHELP38.jpg%&ق# FRUIT LENGTH?Fruit length pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit length is measured from the point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle) to its longest dimension which is typically parallel to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle. ATHELP24.jpg'()*+,ق# FRUIT WIDTHFruit width pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. Fruit width is measured at the widest part of the fruit that is perpendicular to the the longitudinal axis of the fruit and attaching stem (peduncle). ATHELP24.jpg-./012ق# FRUIT COLORFruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg <@?>=D:BEA8Cق# FRUIT TYPEFFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. FGHIJKLMNق@CUPULE / NUT LENGTH RATIONuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. Cupule length is measured from the point of attachment of the cup platform to the stem (peduncle) to the apical most extent of the cup. Nut length is measured from its point of attachment to the cupule to its apex. Estimate the ratio of the cupule length to the nut length on the basis of the above measurements. ATHELp40.jpgOQRق@NUT MORPHOLOGYxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP26.jpgPS[\T]^Uق@CUPULE MORPHOLOGYNuts derived from a single pistil composed of an indehiscent leathery exocarp surrounding a single typically oil rich seed that is subtended by a highly modified branch structure (involucre) that forms a cup-like platform (cupule) at the peduncle are typical of the Fagaceae. The cupule may or may not abscise with the nut, so examine tree branches if a cupule is not found attached or adjacent to nuts on the ground. ATHELP28.jpgVWYXyق#FRUIT MORPHOLOGYUExamine the external texture and internal structure of the fruit of your specimen to code these features. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg 8_9:abxcd;ق"NUMBER OF STAMENSStamens are the male parts of flowers. Stamens are usually subdivided into an bulbous ovular head (anther) attached to a long stalk (filament) near the middle of the flower. Pollen is released from the anther portion of the stamen. A hand lens will facilitate your observations..nopqlmق"NUMBER OF PISTILSPistils are the female parts of flowers. Pistils are typically flask shaped. The upper-most part (stigma) is where pollen lands. The elongated interconnecting tissue through which pollen tubes grow is called the style. The bulbous lower part (ovary) develops into the fruit, and encloses the ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization has occurred. A pistil may consist of a single carpel or it may consist of two or more fused carpels. A hand lens will facilitate your observations.rstuvwق2SINGLY AND DOUBLY COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICSThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPG 9قLEAFLET PETIOLULE LENGTHWThe petiolule is the stalk extending from the base of the leaflet lamina to the rachis. ATHELP8.jpgz{|}~قLEAFLET BLADE LENGTHThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Length is measured from where the leaflet blade joins the rachilla straight to the tip of the leaf (perpendicular to the width). ATHELP8.jpgقLEAFLET BLADE WIDTHThe leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaf. Width is measured at the widest part of the leaflet (perpendicular to the length). ATHELP8.jpgcdق LEAFLET SHAPEThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.hijklmnopqrstuقLEAFLET VENATIONVenation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaflet blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgvwxق LEAFLET APEXThe singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The apex of a leaflet is the top half or the tip of the leaflet. ATHELP3.jpg yz{|}~ق LEAFLET BASE?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpgقLEAFLET MARGIN The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina.قLEAFLET UPPER SURFACELook at the top surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. *قGENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. ATHELP70.jpg%$قTWIG CHARACTERISTICSThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. athelp80.jpg-M,QR.S0T1W2UVقTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.5/78346قFLOWER CHARACTERISTICSMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.X:Y;<ZقFRUIT CHARACTERISTICSFFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened.  =?@قLEAF ARRANGEMENTLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpgقLEAF COMPLEXITYLeaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg ق[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade.ق[SIMPLE LEAF VENATIONA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgق[SIMPLE LEAF APEXfA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The apex is the tip of the leaf blade. ATHELP3.jpg ق[SIMPLE LEAF BASEA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgق[SIMPLE LEAF MARGINjA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina.1`ق[SIMPLE LEAF UPPER SURFACELook at the top surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. (ق BUD MORPHOLOGY^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. ATHELP35.jpghق UNUSUAL TWIG CHARACTERISTICSbThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP33.jpg  ' ق LEAF SCAR SHAPE?When a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Also look for stipule scars associated with the leaf scars. The Stipule/Stipule Scar is a seperate Menu item that should be consulted if these are present. ATHELP36.jpg ق!SCALE-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICSTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat plate-like units. Assess the overall shape of the plate-like units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHeLP17.jpg?@iق TWIG BARK TEXTUREThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig texture characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. Look at the surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the twig between your fingers to determine the texture. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens (),!"ق LENTICEL SHAPEIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. These lenticel characteristics refer to those found on dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. ATHELP14.jpg*+-3.ق PITH COLORThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal or cross section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith characteristics. hcolor.jpg  4ق!OUTER BARK COLOR Examine outer bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg KNMLPQIJOق!INNER BARK COLORnThe inner bark can sometimes be seen where there are cracks or furrows in the outer bark. Examine inner bark color of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if color changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age inner bark color are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. hcolor.jpg RUTSVWXYZق!TRUNK BARK TEXTURE Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. ATHELP15.jpg4><65=ق!BARK THICKNESSDMeasure the depth of the furrows or the total thickness of the bark. ATHELP19.jpgBCDق!BARK RIDGE CHARACTERISTICSTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges. ATHeLP16.jpg789:;ق!BARK FURROW CHARACTERISTICSTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpgFHGقLEAFLET LOWER SURFACELook at the bottom surface of the leaflet lamina. Gently rub the leaflet between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaflet lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens. +ق"GENERAL FLOWER CHARACTERISTICSSome tree flowers are small so you may need a hand lens or you may need to do some dissecting to determine which characteristics apply. ATHELP20.jpg3ق" FLOWER COLORMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg [ق"INFLORESCENCE / INFRUCTESCENCEAn inflorescence/infructescence is the pattern of arrangement of the flowers/fruits on a floral axis. In species with imperfect (unisexual) flowers be sure to examine both the male and female inflorescence types. kق#FRUIT BRACT CHARACTERISTICSSome species have fruits or infructescences that are subtended by foliaceous bracts that can facilitate identification. These bracts are typically located around the basal point of attachment of the fruit to the stem (peduncle). ATHELP85.jpgق TREE TRAILZق#SAMARA FEATURESA samara fruit is derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Variations in the location of the seed and the angle between the wings of double samaras are useful features for identifying species that bear samara fruit. ق# NUT FEATURESxFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed.قققققققق CROWN SHAPEThe crown refers to the system of secondary lateral branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruit that emerge from the main vertically oriented stem axis (either single or multiple stems). Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. crowns.jpg\]^_`abقققق[SIMPLE LEAF LOWER SURFACELook at the bottom surface of the leaf lamina. Gently rub the leaf between your fingers to determine the texture of the top of the leaf lamina. Visually observe the effects that rubbing has on the color of the lamina. Observations can be facilitated by using a hand lens.b)ق TWIG WIDTH8These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig width measurements should be taken mid-way along the length of a two year old twig segment. athelp80.jpg !"#قTRUNK BRANCHING^The trunk is the main vertically oriented stem axis of the tree from which secondary lateral branches emerge to form the crown (branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit) component of the tree. The trunk stem is continuous with the underground multi-branched root system, that typically occupies as much volume underground as the crown does above ground. ATHELP96.jpg%&قFAMILIESIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!OGLMKPCE@>IgFeHfقGENERAIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!:Y[Ng\XQTJUWaVRZSق BUD SCALE SURFACE^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. athelp81.jpgcgdfhieق BUD SCALE COLOR^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. hcolor.jpg qljopkmnق LEAF SCAR ARRANGEMENTWhen a leaf falls off of a tree, a scar remains at the node region on the twig. These scars are especially helpful in the winter for identifying deciduous trees. Leaf scar arrangement pertains to the number of scars at each node region of the twig and how these scars are oriented relative to one another. Examine the leaf scars at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP82.jpgrstق TWIG BARK COLORMThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. These twig color characteristics refer to dormant one year old twigs or to a two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgxuvwyق PITH COMPOSITIONThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a longitudinal section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith composition characteristics. athlp32a.jpgz{|}~ق PITH SHAPE IN CROSS SECTIONThe pith is the cylinder of parenchyma tissue found at the very center of the twig. You will need to make a transverse section of a two or three year old twig segment to assess pith shape characteristics. athlp32b.jpgق LENTICEL COLORIdentify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Lenticels are small areas of loosely packed cork cells that typically differ in color from the surrounding outer bark. Lenticel color refers to lenticels found on dormant one year old twigs or on two year old twig segment on nondormant trees. hcolor.jpgق"FLOWERING TIME ق"FLOWER SYMMETRYIf a line is drawn from the tip of a petal, through the center of the flower (staying within one plane) and two identical halves result on either side of the line, a line of symmetry exists within the flower. Amazingly, many creations of nature have symmetry. athelp72.jpgق"OVARY POSITION;Ovary position is determined by relative point of attachment of the ovary to the receptacle compared with the point of attachment of the outer floral part (stamens, petals, and/or sepals). Longitudinal dissections and observation with a hand lens is the best way to determine which state applies to your specimen. athelp94.jpgقSIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'(*)&+LققققPETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpg`ق_UNUSUAL PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. athelp30.jpg20`ق&STIPULE / STIPULE SCAR CHARACTERISTICSVStipules of most tree species are present for one to two weeks in early spring, after which time the stipules abscise, leaving a stipule scar. Look for two small leaf-like structures, or two stipule scars on both sides of the leaf petiole or leaf scar at the node region of the twig. Use of a hand lens may be required to see stipule scars. athelp61.jpg$jقق\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.pTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.bManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.UManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.@ CXItemname> Ash, Blue> Ash, Brown>? 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