DENDROLOGY Wood Anatomy Lab IV Angiosperm Wood I. The first part of this exercise will acquaint you with fundamental anatomical features of angiosperm wood via demonstrations using video microscopy. You may wish to review these features on your own - feel free to do so. The numbers in (parentheses) following each feature below refers to the slide number in the box labeled Angiosperm Wood Demos. The numbers in [brackets] refer to the specimen numbers in the wood identification collection. You will find the on-line help feature of the Angiosperm Wood component of the MUDES of use during this exercise. PLEASE RETURN ALL SLIDES TO THEIR APPROPRIATE SLOTS WHEN YOU ARE DONE VIEWING THEM! Specific objectives for you to strive to master include: a) What section (transverse X, radial longitudinal R, or tangential longitudinal T) is best to use in assessing a particular character state? Hints are provided via abbreviations in the outline below. b) What are the features associated with each character that will permit you to classify the state of that character? The NUMBERS in the following outline refer to feature numbers in the hardwood datasheet. NA implies that you will not encounter this feature in your study of our selection of North American woods. GROWTH RINGS Variation in vessel size within a growth ring 84. Distinct (examine transverse area of wood) 85. Ring porous Quercus (2) X [14] 86. Semi-ring porous Prunus (1) X [9] --. Diffuse porous Nyssa (3) X Acer [4] Guess users - code 85 & 86 Absent VESSELS Pattern of aggregation 1. Exclusively solitary Eucalyptus (4) X Quercus [14] --. Radial groups of 2-4 Carya [19] Guess users - code 1,2,3,4,5 Absent 2. Radial groups of 4 Amyris (5) X Ilex [6] 3. Radial or oblique Castanea (6) X [16] 4. Tangential arrangement Ulmus (25) X [11] 5. Pore clusters Gymnocladus (26) X Platanus [7] Perforation Plates 6. Perforation plate simple Castanea (6) RT [16] 7. Multiple perforation plate Liriodendron (7) RT [12] 8. Number of bars Liriodendron (7) RT [12] Pit and wall details 9. Spirals Magnolia (8) RT [10] 10. Pits minute Betula (9) R [13] 11. Pits opposite or scalariform Liriodendron (7) RT [12] or Magnolia (8) RT [10] --. Pits alternate Betula (9) RT [13] Guess users - code 11 Absent 12. Pits vestured (NA) 13. Vessels absent (NA) but NB. Absence of vessels in our material implies you are looking at a gymnosperm and therefore you should be using the softwood data sheet! Lumen features 14. Tyloses abundant Quercus alba (10) XRT [15] 15. Tyloses sclerosed (NA) 16. Deposits or gum (NA) Metric features Count the number seen in a 10X objective field: 17. Fewer than 5/sq. mm Carya illinoensis [19] 18. Fewer than 20/sq. mm --. 20-40/sq. mm Soft Maple [4] Guess users - code 17,18,19 Absent 19. More than 40/sq. mm Fagus [17] Tangential diameter. Determine this feature using wood samples: 20. < 50 microns - Not visible to naked eye. Ilex [6] 21. < 100 microns - Larger pores barely visible to naked eye. Soft Maple [4] --. 100-200 microns Betula [13] Guess users - code 20,21,22 Absent 22. > 200 microns - Distictly visible to naked eye. Carya illionensis [19] FIBERS, ETC. 23. Septate Canarium (11) RT 24. Thick walled Diospyros (12) XRT Fraxinus [1] 25. Pits distinctly bordered=fiber tracheids Diospyros (2) R Carya [18] 26. Tracheids Quercus (10) XR [14] 27. Spiral thickenings Ilex (13) RT [6] RAYS 28. Commonly > 1 mm high Ilex (13) T [6] Degree of seriation. 29. Exclusively 1-seriate Populus (14) T Tilia [3] --. Commonly 2-3-seriate Fraxinus nigra [2] Guess users - code 29,30,31 Absent. 30. Commonly 4-10-seriate Ilex (13) T [6] 31. Commonly > 10-seriate Platanus (15) T [7] 32. Aggregate rays Robinia (16) T 33. Two distinct widths Quercus (10) T [14] Type of marginal cells. 34. Homocellular Populus (14) RT Betula [13] --. 1-2 marginal rows Ochroma (17) RT Liriodendron [12] Guess users - code 34,35,36 Absent. 35. 4 or more marginal rows Nyssa (3) RT Ilex [6] 36. 10 or more marginal rows Gleospermum (18) RT 37. Bi- or tri- seriate parts narrow (NA) 38. Tile cells (NA) 39. Sheath cells (NA) 40. Canals or latex tubes (NA) 41. Storied (NA) Metric features. 42. Commonly < 4/mm Platanus (15) XT [7] --. 4-12/mm Castanea (6) XT [16] Guess users code 42,43 Absent. 43. Commonly > 12/mm (NA) 44. Ray parenchyma - vessel pits large Weinmannia (19) R Castanea [16] AXIAL PARENCHYMA Use polarized optics to facilitate identification. 45. Predominately apotracheal (includes diffuse, diffuse aggregate, and banded - see features 46 and 51). Lithocarpus (20) X Juglans cinerea [21] 46. Diffuse Malpighia (21) X Juglans cinerea [21] 47. Predominately paratracheal Castanea (6) X [16] 48. Vasicentric Weinmannia (19) X Ulmus [11] 49. Aliform or confluent Maclura (22) X Fraxinus [1] 50. Rare or absent Liquidambar (23) X [8] 51. Banded Maclura (22) X Fraxinus [1] 52. Bands 1-seriate Platanus (15) X [7] 53. Bands > 4 seriate Robinia (16) X 54. Bands > 6/mm Carya illinoiensis (24) X [19] 55. Storied (NA) 56. Fusiform cells common (NA) 57. Marginal/zonate Fraxinus (25) X [1] OTHER FEATURES 58 - 66. (NA) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 67. Dinstinct odour (NA) 68. Distinctive colour - look at the wood 69-71. (NA) GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS 74-79,81-83 (NA) 80. North America Time, resources, and scope of objectives limit this class to consideration of woods endemic to the continent of North America. That's not to say that there are not plenty of woods worthy of your attention outside the scope of this class, we simply do not have the time or money to investigate them. II. Keying woods. The second part of this exercise will give you practice in applying what you mastered in the first section. Using what you have learned relative to character state assessment identify the "unknown" angiosperm specimens 1-21, using the wood and XRT slide samples that are provided and the Angiosperm Wood component of the MUDES. ALL WOOD SAMPLES AND WOOD SECTIONS MUST BE REPLACED IN THE EXACT POSITION FROM WHICH YOU OBTAINED THEM!. ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE: YOU WILL BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY 21 KINDS OF HARD (ANGIOSPERM) WOOD EITHER BY SIGHT OR MICROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION.