• 3. Direction of cell differentiation
  • a. Secondary Xylem to inside of VC accumulates in annual growth rings
  • b. Secondary Phloem to outside of VC and inside older secondary phloem and periderm is crushed and is eventually lost via periderm

  •    
  • c. Vascular Cambium is perpetuated via tangential cell divisions & expansion to maintain VC continuity through time