V. Nucleus
1. Double membrane (nuclear envelope) permeated with nuclear pores surrounding
a. Nucleoplasm
b. Chromatin (DNA + proteins)
c. Nucleoli (one or more regions of high
concentration of RNA + protein)
2. Controls
cell activity via Transcription (DNA ----> mRNA, ---->tRNA, ---->rRNA)
VI. Ribosomes
1. Composed of rRNA + proteins
2. Found outside rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, free in Cytoplasm, in Nucleus, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria
3. Essential to Translation (mRNA + tRNA ----> polypeptides)
VII. Mitochondria
1. Double membrane bound structure with tubular or plate like projections in interior (Cristae) which contain enzymes for electron transport system (oxidative phosphorylation)
2. Matrix contains
a. Enzymes of Krebs cycle
b. Ribosomes
c. DNA
3. Self replicating via fissure of existing mitochondria
4. Essential to cellular respiration along with glycolysis that occurs in cytoplasm
VIII. Plastids
1. Double membrane
bound structures containing various pigments and storage products
| NAME | COLOR and CONTENTS | FUNCTION |
| Chloroplast (Image) | Green Chlorophylls + Accessory Pigments | Photosynthesis |
| Chromoplast | Yellow, Orange, or Red Carotenes | Attraction of Pollinators |
| Amyloplast | Unpigmented Starch | Storage |
| Elaioplast | Unpigmented Fats, Oils, Proteins | Storage |
a. Contain DNA + Ribosomes
VIII. Ergastic Substances
1. Cell inclusions
in cytoplasm and organelles that are products of metabolism
| CATEGORY | ORIGIN | FUNCTION | ||||||
| Starch | Synthesized in Chloroplasts, broken down, transported, resynthesized and stored in Amyloplasts | Stored carbohydrate | ||||||
| Protein | Can be amorphous and/or Cuboidal Crystals free in Cytoplasm or in Elaioplasts | Stored protein especially in repoductive structures | ||||||
| Fats (Solid) and Oils (Liquid) | Seed formation, specialized tissues that secrete essential or volatile oils associated with reproductive organs | Stored Fatty Acids, Attraction of Pollinators and Deseminators | ||||||
| Calcium Carbonate (Cystoliths) | Extracellular ingrowths into lumens of cells called Lithocysts | |||||||
| Calcium Oxalate Crystals | In vacuoles via self assembly
|
Considered waste deposits |
