I.  Historical Development of terms and concepts parallels that of microscope optic development

    A.  Robert Hooke (1665) coins term "cell" in reference to cavities seen in cork and charcoal

    B.  1665 - 1838 Various researchers propose theories on how cells form

            1.  Robert Brown (1831) describes nucleus in orchid roots.
            2.  Hugo von Mohl borrows term "protoplasm" from zoology, proposes this is the living component.
            3.  Schleiden and Schwann independently/jointly propose "The Cell Theory"
                    a.  The fundamental unit of living organisms is the cell.
 
II.  There are different ways of contemplating plant cells :
 

Abstract Contemplation

Transmission Electron Microscope Contemplation

Scanning Electron Microscope Contemplation

Light Microscope Contemplation: Bright Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Polarized Light Fluorescence

Confocal Laser Microscope Contemplation

III.  Cell Membranes

    A.  Double layer of phospholipids (bilipid layer) that self assemble to form a  thixothrophic barrier that has hydro- phyllic & -phobic properties

    B.  Various structural proteins are embedded

    C.  Proportions of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate varies

    D.  Fluid Mosaic Model
 

MAJOR MEMBRANE SYSTEMS	LOCATION AND FUNCTION	IMAGE
Tonoplast	Forms boundaries of vacuoles, which primarily sequester water, which is the driving force for cell expansion.  Regulates molecular traffic in and out of vacuoles.
Nuclear membrane	Forms boundary of nucleus.  Regulates molecular traffic in and out of nucleus.
Endoplasmic reticulum    A.  Smooth    B.  Rough with ribosomes	Forms spatial/temporal dynamic system between Nuclear membrane, Golgi bodies.  Rough ER involved in translation.  Sequesters and transports translation products.  Gives rise to microbodies that fuse with other membrane systems. Interconnects adjacent cells through desmotubule portion of plasmadesmata.
Golgi bodies (Dictyosomes)	Forms spatial/temporal dynamic system between Endoplasmic reticulum and Plasmalemma. Modify various molecules especially proteins and polysaccharides. Gives rise to microbodies that fuse with other membrane systems.	Dynamic Membrane Animation
Microbodies    A.  Peroxisomes    B.  Glyoxysomes	Forms spatial/temporal dynamic system between Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and Plasmalemma. Form boundaries around enzyme systems   A.  Enzymes of glycolate pathway of photosynthesis    B. Enzymes of B-oxidation of fatty acids in glyoxylate cycle
Plasmalemma (Cell Membrane)	Forms boundary of cytoplasm (protoplasm + nucleus). Regulates molecular traffic in and out of protoplasm. Interconnects adjacent cells through outer portion of plasmadesmata.

IV.  Elongated structures composed of subunits
 
 

NAME	SUBUNIT	FUNCTION
Microfilaments	Actin	Involved in Cyclosis
Microtublules	Tubulin	Establishment and maintenance of cell shape.   A.  Parallel to orientation of innermost microfibril orientation.   B.  Forms Preprophase band where new cell walls will form   C.  Forms Spindle Apparatus during mitosis and meiosis   D.  Participates in formation of Metaphase Plate during cytokinesis